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PDF - 120K, Supplementary Methods and legends for Supplementary Figures 1 through 3.

PDF - 254K, Supplemental Figure 1: In vivo proliferation of angiogenic and non-angiogenic cell clones. Supplemental Figure 2: Chromosomal locations of genes with relative overexpression in either angiogenic or revertant clones. Supplemental Figure 3: Canonical pathways overrepresented in angiogenic and revertant clones.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and have received significant attention for their potential application in field effect transistors (FETs), owing to their inherent characteristics. Among the various reported 2D TMD materials, monolayer (ML) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is being considered as a promising channel material for the fabrication of future transistors with gate lengths as small as ∼1 nm. In this work, we present chemical vapor deposition-grown triangular ML MoS2 with a lateral size of ∼22 μm and surface coverage of ∼47%, as well as a PMMA-based wet transfer process for depositing the as-grown triangular ML MoS2 flakes onto a SiO2 (∼100 nm)/p++-Si substrate. Additionally, we demonstrate the fabrication of an n-type MoS2-based FET device and study its electrical characteristics as a function of the gate voltage. Our FET device shows an excellent on/off ratio of ∼106, an off-state leakage current of less than 10– 12 A, and a field effect mobility of ∼10.4 cm2/Vs at 300 K.

Zinc plating using the principle of sacrificial anode is used to prevent steel corrosion. Pure zinc plating has some problems and Zn-Mn alloy plating has been studied as one of the measures to increase the corrosion resistance. Zn-Mn alloy plating can be applied to automotive parts requiring high corrosion resistance despite high plating cost. In this study, Zn-Mn alloy plating was electrodeposited in acidic chloride solution. The effects of electrolytic conditions on the composition of the alloy plating in the chloride bath were investigated. As the current density increased, the Zn content decreased and the Mn content increased. As the temperature of the electrolyte increased, the Zn content decreased and the Mn content increased.

Nanoscale superlattice thin films generally exhibit larger phonon and electron scattering at the interface in the direction of the cross-plane of the samples. Therefore, it is very important to further detailed study of especially phonon transport of the superlattice films. Here, we report temperature dependent thermal conductivity anisotropy in phonon transport of Bi2 Te3 /Bi0.5 Sb1.5 Te3 superlattice thin films at 200–500 K. Thermal conductivity of these thin films for in- and cross-plane thermal conductivities were determined to be approximately 0.74 and 0.4 W m–1 K–1 at 200–500 K, respectively, clearly indicating ∼185% suppression in- and cross-plane thermal conductivities of the superlattice thin films with a large anisotropic behavior. Such large anisotropy in the thermal conductivity can be attributed to enhanced phonon scattering occurring at the interface of the Bi2Te3 and Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 layer.

The thermoelectric (TE) effect in nanoscale materials is of great interest as an ideal platform for small-scale energy harvesting and micro-cooling technologies. In this regard, two-dimensional (2D) metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) can be considered as a promising material for TE applications owing to their superior electronic and phonon transport properties provided by a favorable large energy band gap and an atomically thin layer, which serves as an ideal quantum well structure. We investigate and conduct a direct comparison of the cross-plane Seebeck coefficients of various TMDC films prepared by using the chemical vapor deposition method. In particular, these coefficients for MoS2, WSe2, and WS2 thin films are determined to be approximately 115, 129, and 211 μV K−1 at 300 K, respectively. The chemically formed holey structure of MoS2 thin films with a thickness of ∼7 nm exhibits superior in-plane Seebeck coefficients of ∼742 μV K−1, showing strong anisotropic behavior with a ratio of ∼6.5 along in- and cross-plane directions at 300 K. Such behavior can be explained by the energy filtering effect in the holey MoS2 film in the in-plane direction. Moreover, an extremely high anisotropic ratio (∼2.4 × 108) of the power factor was observed owing to the large in-plane Seebeck coefficients and the electrical conductivity of the MoS2 films across the samples. This study is the first to assess the cross-plane Seebeck coefficients of large-scale MoS2, WS2, and WSe2 thin films at 300 K and analyze the anisotropic behavior of the MoS2 film. The results reported here confirm the importance of providing reliable Seebeck coefficient information on films formed by using TMDC materials for further application on TE devices.

We experimentally investigate the cross-plane figure of merit (ZT) for an Al2O3/ZnO (AO/ZnO) superlattice film by measuring cross-plane electrical and thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient using the 3-ω method and an in-house Seebeck coefficient measurement system recently developed for 300–500 K and examine how ZT factors depend on the AO layer inside the AO/ZnO superlattice film using measured thermoelectric properties. The AO/ZnO superlattice film exhibited maximum power factor of ∼276.2 μW/m K2 with low thermal conductivity (∼0.31 W/m K), producing ZT ≥ 0.45 at 500 K, which is approximately 2,650% improvement compared with an undoped ZnO film (∼0.017). The enhanced ZT performance of the AO/ZnO superlattice film can be explained by enhanced phonon scattering at the interface and minority carrier blocking at the interfacial barrier due to the AO layer, suggesting that the interfacial AO layer is important to enhance ZT in oxide-based films. These results open new applications for micro- or nanosc...

We report on the electrical properties of natural p-type GeSe nanoflakes, which were mechanically exfoliated from GeSe single crystals by the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp method, using a back-gate field effect transistor (FET) measured in a vacuum probe station at room temperature. In this study, we used two contact metals, including Au and Cr metals, as the Ohmic contacts to the GeSe nanoflake FETs, resulting in an Ohmic behavior with the Au contacts, with a total resistance of 5.5 × 106 Ω. We also found that the 40-nm-thick GeSe nanoflake FET exhibits clear p-type semiconductor behavior with a field-effect mobility of ∼1.0 × 10–3 cm2/(V · s) and a current on/off ratio of ∼104 at room temperature.

Directional anisotropy transport in particular in nanostructured superlattice films could be crucial to understanding their thermoelectric properties, including figure-of-merit (ZT). However, few experimental studies have considered anisotropic properties in superlattice films. Therefore, this study investigated electronic and phonon transport anisotropy for atomic layer deposition Al2O3 (AO)/ZnO superlattice films on SiO2/Si substrates at 77–500 K using the four-point-probe 3-ω method and in-house Seebeck measurement system as a first step toward understanding corresponding superlattice film properties. In-plane and out-of-plane ZT values for AO/ZnO superlattice films were determined as 0.00017–0.19 and 0.00035–0.44, respectively, at 77–500 K. Higher ZT for both directions can be explained by synergistic combination of enhanced phonon scattering and bidirectional energy filtering in phonon and electronic transport compared to undoped ZnO films over the temperature range. We also found that out-of-plane thermal conductivity suppression was mostly attributable to increased ZT anisotropy in the out-of-plane direction rather than enhanced AO/ZnO superlattice film Seebeck and power factors.

School of materials Science and engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea(Received March 13, 2015 ; revised April 27, 2015 ; accepted April 28, 2015)AbstractNickel is a commercially important and versatile element in electroplating. The applications of nickel elec-troplating fall into three main categories: decorative, functional and electroforming. In decorative applications,electroplated nickel is most often applied in combination with electrodeposited chromium. Nickel is depositedon surfaces to improve corrosion and wear resistance or modify magnetic and other properties. Electroformingis electroplating applied to the fabrication of products of various kinds. Nickel is deposited onto a substrateand then removed from it to create a part made entirely of nickel. In this study, mechanical property ofNi electrodeposits in various manufacturing condition such as temperature, current density, pH and electrolytecontent, was investigated to understand effect of electrolysis condition on mechanical property. Vickers hardnessincreased as the temperature and pH increased and current density and electrolyte content decreased andpH increased. The results were explained by cathode overvoltage and hydrogen evolution.

In this study, effect of core-shell structure on compaction behavior of harmonic powder is investigated.Harmonic powders are made by electroless plating method on Fe powders. Softer Cu shell encloses harder Fe core, andthe average size of Fe core and thickness of Cu shell are 34.3 µm and 3.2 µm, respectively. The powder compactionprocedure is processed with pressure of 600 MPa in a cylindrical die. Due to the low strength of Cu shell regions, theharmonic powders show better densification behavior compared with pure Fe powders. Finite element method (FEM) isperformed to understand the roll of core-shell structure. Based on stress and strain distributions of FEM results, it isconcluded that the early stage of powder compaction of harmonic powders mainly occurs at the shell region. FEMresults also well predict porosity of compacted materials. Keywords: Harmonic powder, Finite element method, Shell compaction region, Compaction behavior ······························································································································· ·································································································

In this study, in order to increase surface ability of hardness and corrosion of magnesium alloy, anodizingand sealing with nano-diamond powder was conducted. A porous oxide layer on the magnesium alloy was successfullymade at 85 o C through anodizing. It was found to be significantly more difficult to make a porous oxide layer in themagnesium alloy compared to an aluminum alloy. The oxide layer made below 73 o C by anodizing had no porous layer.The electrolyte used in this study is DOW 17 solution. The surface morphology of the magnesium oxide layer wasinvestigated by a scanning electron microscope. The pores made by anodizing were sealed by water and aqueous nano-diamond powder respectively. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy was increased by the anod-izing and sealing treatment with nano-diamond powder.Keywords: Magnesium, Anodizing, Sealing Treatment, Nano-diamond powder ·······························································································································································································································

School of materials science and engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea(Received June 10, 2014 ; revised June 15, 2014 ; accepted June 22, 2014)AbstractIn this study, in order to improve corrosion resistance and wear resistance of aluminum, surface treatmentwas made by anodizing with oxalic acid solution and sealing with nano-diamond powder. Average size ofnano-diamond powder was 30nm. Anodizing with oxalic acid made many pores in the aluminum oxide layer.Pore size and oxide thickness were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pore size increasedas temperature increased and voltage increased. It was possible to make oxide layer with pore diameter morethan 50 nm. Oxide thickness increased as temperature and voltage and treatment time increased. Oxide layerwith above 10µm thickness was made. Aluminum oxide layer with many pores was sealed by water withnano-diamond powder. Surface morphology was investigated by SEM. After sealing treatment with nano-diamond powder, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and hardness increased.

The addition of cyclo propane carbonyl (cpc) to chromium electroplating bath resulted in a chromium deposit which had greatly improved mechanical properties compared to conventional chromium deposits in condition of heat treatment at high temperature. The as-deposited layers had a Vicker`s hardness of about 1170, which is comparable to that of conventional chromium plating deposits. With annealing, the hardness goes through a maximum of 1650 at . Generally speaking, the hardness of conventional plating decreases monotonically with heat treatment. X-ray diffraction show that annealing up to above causes formation and growth of chromium crystallites and that chromium carbides form at above temperature.

The angiogenic switch, a rate-limiting step in tumor progression, has already occurred by the time most human tumors are detectable. However, despite significant study of the mechanisms controlling this switch, the kinetics and reversibility of the process have not been explored. The stability of the angiogenic phenotype was examined using an established human liposarcoma xenograft model. Nonangiogenic cells inoculated into immunocompromised mice formed microscopic tumors that remained dormant for approximately 125 days (vs. 95%) initiated angiogenic growth with second-order kinetics. These original, clonally derived angiogenic tumor cells were passaged through four in vivo cycles. At each cycle, a new set of single-cell clones was established from the most angiogenic clone and characterized for in vivo for tumorigenic activity. A total of 132 single-cell clones were tested in the second, third, and fourth in vivo passage. Strikingly, at each passage, a portion of the single-cell clones formed microscopic, dormant tumors. Following dormancy, like the original cell line, these revertant tumors spontaneously switched to the angiogenic phenotype. Finally, revertant clones were transcriptionally profiled and their angiogenic output determined. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the angiogenic phenotype in tumors is malleable and can spontaneously revert to the nonangiogenic phenotype in a population of human tumor cells. Implications: Leveraging the rate of reversion to the nonangiogenic phenotype and tumor dormancy may be a novel anticancer strategy. Mol Cancer Res; 12(5); 754–64. ©2014 AACR.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of carbapenem versus non-carbapenem antimicrobial therapy for pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 2006 to 2011, 42 episodes of UTI caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were diagnosed at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Patients were grouped according to the antimicrobials they received into a carbapenem group and a non-carbapenem group. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to assess treatment outcome, time to defervescence after initiation of treatment, and relapse rate. RESULTS There were 36 children with 42 episodes of UTI caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Twenty-seven cases (64%) had an underlying urologic disease, 28 (67%) cases were caused by Escherichia coli, and 14 (33%) cases were caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Four (10%) cases were treated with carbapenem, 23 cases (55%) were treated with non-carbapenem, and 15 (36%) cases were treated by switching from a carbapenem to a non-carbapenem and vice versa. There was no treatment failure at the time of antimicrobial discontinuation. Between the carbapenem and the non-carbapenem treatment groups, there were no significant differences in bacterial etiology (P = 0.59), time to defervescence after the initiation of antimicrobials (P = 0.28), and relapse rate (P = 0.50). In vitro susceptibility to non-carbapenem antimicrobials did not affect the time to defervescence after the initiation of antimicrobial treatment, and the relapse rate in the non-carbapenem group. CONCLUSIONS This study found no significant difference in the treatment outcome between pediatric patients treated with carbapenem and those treated with non-carbapenem antimicrobials for UTI caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, the initially administered non-carbapenem can be maintained in UTI patients showing clinical improvement.

This study simulated the operation of a steam injected gas turbine combined heat and power (CHP) system. A full off-design analysis was carried out to examine the change in the turbine blade temperature caused by steam injection. The prediction of turbine blade temperature was performed for the operating modes suggested in the previous study where the limitation of compressor surge margin reduction was analyzed in the steam injected gas turbine. It was found that both the fully injected and partially injected operations suggested in the previous study would cause the blade temperature to exceed that of the pure CHP operation and the under-firing operation would provide too low blade temperature. An optimal operation was proposed where both the turbine inlet temperature and the injection amount were modulated to keep both the reference turbine blade temperature and the minimum compressor surge margin. The modulation was intended to maintain a stable compressor operation and turbine life. It was shown that the optimal operation would provide a larger power output than the under-firing operation and a higher efficiency than the original partially injected operation.

In this study, electrolytic copper powders were consolidated by high-pressure torsion process (HPT) which is the most effective process to produce bulk ultrafine grained and nanocrystalline metallic materials among various severe plastic deformation processes. The bulk samples were manufactured by the HPT process at 2.5 GPa and 1/2, 1 and 10 turns. After 10 turns, full densification was achieved by high pressure with shear deformation and ultrafine grained structure (average grain size of 677 nm) was observed by electron backscatter diffraction and a scanning transmission electron microscope.

Solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid systems that use three gas turbines having different power outputs were devised and their performance was compared. The power shares of the gas turbine and fuel cell and the net system efficiency were compared among the three systems, and their variations with the design fuel cell temperature were investigated. The system efficiency was predicted to be insensitive to the fuel cell temperature in the sub-MW system, but it increased with increasing fuel cell temperature in both the multi-MW and hundred-MW systems. The influence of air bypass around the fuel cell on the system performance was also investigated.

Cooling of hot sections, especially the turbine nozzle and rotor blades, has a significant impact on gas turbine performance. In this study, the influence of precooling of the cooling air on the performance of gas turbines and their combined cycle plants was investigated. A state-of-the-art F-class gas turbine was selected, and its design performance was deliberately simulated using detailed component models including turbine blade cooling. Off-design analysis was used to simulate changes in the operating conditions and performance of the gas turbines due to precooling of the cooling air. Thermodynamic and aerodynamic models were used to simulate the performance of the cooled nozzle and rotor blade. In the combined cycle plant, the heat rejected from the cooling air was recovered at the bottoming steam cycle to optimize the overall plant performance. With a 200K decrease of all cooling air stream, an almost 1.78% power upgrade due to increase in main gas flow and a 0.70 percent point efficiency decrease due to the fuel flow increase to maintain design turbine inlet temperature were predicted.

This study simulated the effect of steam injection on the performance and operation of a gas turbine combined heat and power (CHP) system. A commercial simple cycle gas turbine was analyzed. A full off-design analysis was carried out to investigate the variations in not only engine performance but also the operating characteristics of the compressor caused by steam injection. Variation in engine performance and operation characteristics according to various operation modes were examined. First, the impact of full steam injection was investigated. Then, operations aiming to guarantee a minimum compressor surge margin, such as under-firing and partial steam injection, were investigated. The former and latter were turned out to be relatively superior to each other in terms of power and efficiency, respectively. †† 1. 서 론 일반적으로 수백MW의 전력을 생산할 수 있는 대형 가스터빈에 비하여 수MW의 소형 가스터빈은 주로 자가발전을 포함한 분산 발전에 사용된다. 특히, 전력 공급이 원활하지 못한 지역이나 발전 요금이 고가인 피크부하 시간대에는 기존에 공급되는 전력 외에 소형 가스터빈으로 전력을 생산하여서 전력 수급을 용이하게 할 수도 있다. 또한 최근 가스터빈 열병합 발전을 이용한 Community Energy System(CES)이 각광을 받고 있는데, 역시 소형 가스터빈의 좋은 응용 분야이다

MW-class gas turbines are suitable for distributed generation systems such as community energy systems(CES). Recently, biogas is acknowledged as an alternative energy source, and its use in gas turbines is expected to increase. Steam injection is an effective way to improve performance of gas turbines. This study intended to examine the influence of injecting steam and using biogas as the fuel on the operation and performance a gas turbine combined heat and power (CHP) system. A commercial gas turbine of 6 MW class was used for this study. The primary concern of this study is a comparative analysis of system performance in a wide biogas composition range. In addition, the effect of steam temperature and injected steam rate on gas turbine and CHP performance was investigated.

Metastatic tumors can prepare a distant site for colonization via the secretion of factors that act in a systemic manner. We hypothesized that non- or weakly metastatic human tumor cells may act in an opposite fashion by creating a microenvironment in distant tissues that is refractory to colonization. By comparing cell lines with different metastatic potential, we have identified a tumor-secreted inhibitor of metastasis, prosaposin (Psap), which functions in a paracrine and endocrine fashion by stimulating the expression of thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1) in fibroblasts present in both primary tumors and distant organs, doing so in a p53-dependent manner. Introduction of Psap in highly metastatic cells significantly reduced the occurrence of metastases, whereas inhibition of Psap production by tumor cells was associated with increased metastatic frequency. In human prostate cancer, decreased Psap expression was significantly associated with metastatic tumors. Our findings suggest that prosaposin, or other agents that stimulate p53 activity in the tumor stroma, may be an effective therapy by inhibition of the metastatic process.

RFID, a core technology that can be used to create a ubiquitous society, is a non-contact recognition system in which a small chip attached to various types of products transmits and processes information regarding the product and the surrounding environment via wireless communication. As a wireless recognition technology, RFID consumes little power, is small, and allows one to communicate in virtually any environment. It is thus expected to be very convenient. However, due to these characteristics of RFID systems, it may also pose a serious threat to privacy. A number of studies are currently being conducted to address this problem. Most of these studies use secure communication channels between a database and a reader, and insecure communication channels between a reader and a tag. However, this paper proposes a secure authentication protocol to provide information to an authorized entity by applying recognition technology in an insecure communication channel even for the communication between the database and the reader.

Tumor dormancy is a critical yet poorly understood phenomenon affecting both the diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. This is due in large part to the lack of model systems available to study dormant tumor cells and the length of time needed to adequately examine the models that do exist. It has been demonstrated in several types of human cancer that tumor dormancy is a function of an impairment in angiogenesis. The intracellular signaling pathways regulating the expression of several pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins have been well characterized in human cancer cells. The intercellular signaling that takes place between tumor cells and the surrounding tumor-associated stroma has not been as extensively studied with regard to the regulation of angiogenesis, and as a result dormancy. In this review we define the key players in the regulation of angiogenesis and examine how their expression is regulated in the tumor-associated stroma. The resulting analysis is often seemingly paradoxical, underscoring the complexity of intercellular signaling within tumors and the need to better understand the environmental context underlying these signaling mechanisms.

RFID system is core technology that construct ubiquitous environment for replacement of barcode technology. Use ratio of RFID system rapidly increase because the technology has many good points such as identification speed, storage space, convenience etc. But low-cost tag operates easily by query of reader, so the system happened user privacy violent problem by tag information exposure. The system studied many ways for security application, but operation capability of low-cost tag is about gates, but only gates allocated security part. So it is difficult to apply security to the system. Therefore, this scheme uses dividing 64 bits and reduces arithmetic, so proposed scheme provide mutual authentication that can apply to low-cost RFID system. Existing methods divide by 4 and used 96 bits. However, that reduces 32 bits length for lightweight and reduced from communication number of times of 7 times to 5 times. Also, because offer security by random number than existing scheme that generate two random numbers, that is more efficient. However, uses hash function for integrity that was not offered by XOR arithmetic and added extension of proposed scheme. Extended scheme is not offered efficiency than methods that use XOR arithmetic, but identification distance is mode that is proposed secure so that can use in for RFID system.

Chromium plating has widely used as a surface treatment method, which has high wear resistance, hardness, and corrosion resistance. There are restrictions on the hard chromium plating to cause environmental pollution. The need to develop a wet plating method to replace this situation is being raised. Ni-W alloy plating has been reported to exhibit high hardness, wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability, such as catching a Chrome plating by a wet plating method to replace. For the precipitation mechanism and the plating solution of this Ni-W alloy plating research, it has long been carried out by many researchers. Ni-W alloy plating has recognized as Induced Co-deposition alloy. It reported that Ni-W alloy plating is amorphous and shows a tendency to decrease of the crystal grains as the W content is increased in the coating layer, the hardness increases due to the decrease of the crystal. In this study, mechanical property of Ni-W electrodeposits in various manufacturing condition such as temperature and current density was investigated to understand the effect of electrolysis temperature and current density on internal stress and Hardness. The overvoltage strength and thermal strength explained the results.

We report the synthesis and application of an elastic, wearable crosslinked polymer layer (XPL) that mimics the properties of normal, youthful skin. XPL is made of a tunable polysiloxane-based material that can be engineered with specific elasticity, contractility, adhesion, tensile strength and occlusivity. XPL can be topically applied, rapidly curing at the skin interface without the need for heat- or light-mediated activation. In a pilot human study, we examined the performance of a prototype XPL that has a tensile modulus matching normal skin responses at low strain (

Background: Microscopic human cancers can remain dormant for life . Tumor progression depends on sequential events, including a switch to the angiogenic phenotype, i.e., initial recruitment of new vessels . We previously demonstrated that human tumors contain tumor cell populations that are heterogeneous in angiogenic activity. Here, we separated angiogenic from nonangiogenic human tumor cell populations and compared their growth. Methods: Severe combined immunodefi cient (SCID) mice were inoculated with nonangiogenic human MDA-MB-436 breast adenocarcinoma, KHOS-24OS osteosarcoma, or T98G glioblastoma cells. Most of the resulting tumors remained microscopic (

Anthocyanins, which are bioactive phytochemicals, are widely distributed in plants and especially enriched in tart cherries. Based on previous observations that tart cherry anthocyanins and their respective aglycone, cyanidin, can inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, we conducted experiments to test the potential of anthocyanins to inhibit intestinal tumor development in Apc(Min) mice and growth of human colon cancer cell lines. Mice consuming the cherry diet, anthocyanins, or cyanidin had significantly fewer and smaller cecal adenomas than mice consuming the control diet or sulindac. Colonic tumor numbers and volume were not significantly influenced by treatment. Anthocyanins and cyanidin also reduced cell growth of human colon cancer cell lines HT 29 and HCT 116. The IC(50) of anthocyanins and cyanidin was 780 and 63 microM for HT 29 cells, respectively and 285 and 85 microM for HCT 116 cells, respectively. These results suggest that tart cherry anthocyanins and cyanidin may reduce the risk of colon cancer.

The cluster variation method (CVM) based on the octahedron and tetrahedron approximation was applied to the calculation of γ(TiAl, L10)/α 2(Ti3Al, D019) phase equilibrium in the Ti-Al-X (X=V, Mn, Nb, Cr, Mo, Ni, and Co) systems. The antiphase boundary (APB) energy, the long-range order (LRO) parameter, and the substitution behavior of the γ(TiAl, L10) were calculated. The results of calculations were in good agreement with the data determined experimentally.

The 〈100〉, 〈111〉 and 〈110〉 textures of copper electrodeposits obtained from copper sulfate baths changed to the 〈100〉, 〈100〉 and 〈 $$\sqrt {\text{3}} 10$$ 〉 textures, respectively, after recrystallization. The textures of chromium electrodeposits obtained from the standard Sargent bath remained unchanged after recrystallization. The results are in agreement with the prediction of the strain energy release maximization model, in which the recrystallized grains orient themselves so that their minimum elastic modulus direction can be parallel to the absolute maximum internal stress direction due to dislocations in the non-recrystallized grains.

The tensile strength and fracture mode changed with thickness of copper foil obtained from an acid copper sulfate bath under a same electrodeposition condition. The tensile strength decreased with increasing foil thickness due to an increase in average grain size of the foil. The tensile fracture mode changed from fractures normal to tensile axis to inclined fractures with increasing film thickness. The phenomena have been discussed based on a hardness distribution along the thickness and the local necking and fracture strains.