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Control over chemo- and regioselectivity is a critical issue in the heterobiaryl synthesis via C–H oxidative coupling. To address this challenge, a strategy to invert the normal polarity of indoles was developed.

A new type of sp

Betweenness centrality (BC) was proposed as an indicator of the extent of an individual's influence in a social network. It is measured by counting how many times a vertex (i.e., an individual) appears on all the shortest paths between pairs of vertices. A question naturally arises as to how the influence of a team or group in a social network can be measured. Here, we propose a method of measuring this influence on a bipartite graph comprising vertices (individuals) and hyperedges (teams). When the hyperedge size varies, the number of shortest paths between two vertices in a hypergraph can be larger than that in a binary graph. Thus, the power-law behavior of the team BC distribution breaks down in scale-free hypergraphs. However, when the weight of each hyperedge, for example, the performance per team member, is counted, the team BC distribution is found to exhibit power-law behavior. We find that a team with a widely connected member is highly influential.

The integration of two or more distinct sensory cues can help animals make more informed decisions about potential food sources, but little is known about how feeding-related multimodal sensory integration happens at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we show that multimodal sensory integration contributes to a stereotyped feeding behavior in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Simultaneous olfactory and mechanosensory inputs significantly influence a taste-evoked feeding behavior called the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Olfactory and mechanical information are mediated by antennal Or35a neurons and leg hair plate mechanosensory neurons, respectively. We show that the controlled delivery of three different sensory cues can produce a supra-additive PER via the concurrent stimulation of olfactory, taste, and mechanosensory inputs. We suggest that the fruit fly is a versatile model system to study multisensory integration related to feeding, which also likely exists in vertebrates.

The integration of two or more distinct sensory cues can help animals make more informed decisions about potential food sources, but little is known about how feeding-related multimodal sensory integration happens at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we show that multimodal sensory integration contributes to a stereotyped feeding behavior in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster Simultaneous olfactory and mechanosensory inputs significantly influence a taste-evoked feeding behavior called the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Olfactory and mechanical information are mediated by antennal Or35a neurons and leg hair plate mechanosensory neurons, respectively. We show that the controlled delivery of three different sensory cues can produce a supra-additive PER via the concurrent stimulation of olfactory, taste, and mechanosensory inputs. We suggest that the fruit fly is a versatile model system to study multisensory integration related to feeding, which also likely exists in vertebrates.

Simplicial complex (SC) representation is an elegant mathematical framework for representing the effect of complexes or groups with higher-order interactions in a variety of complex systems ranging from brain networks to social relationships. Here, we explore the homological percolation transitions (HPTs) of growing SCs using empirical datasets and a model proposed. The HPTs are determined by the first and second Betti numbers, which indicate the appearance of one- and two-dimensional macroscopic-scale homological cycles and cavities, respectively. A minimal SC model with two essential factors, namely, growth and preferential attachment, is proposed to model social coauthorship relationships. This model successfully reproduces the HPTs and determines the transition types as infinite order (the Berezinskii--Kosterlitz--Thouless type) with different critical exponents. In contrast to the Kahle localization observed in static random SCs, the first Betti number continues to increase even after the second Betti number appears. This delocalization is found to stem from the two aforementioned factors and arises when the merging rate of two-dimensional simplexes is less than the birth rate of isolated simplexes. Our results can provide topological insight into the maturing steps of complex networks such as social and biological networks.

Networks are ubiquitous in diverse real-world systems. Many empirical networks grow as the number of nodes increases with time. Percolation transitions in growing random networks can be of infinite order. However, when the growth of large clusters is suppressed under some effects, e.g., the Achlioptas process, the transition type changes to the second order. However, analytical results for the critical behavior, such as the transition point, critical exponents, and scaling relations are rare. Here, we derived them explicitly as a function of a control parameter $m$ representing the suppression strength using the scaling ansatz. We then confirmed the results by solving the rate equation and performing numerical simulations. Our results clearly show that the transition point approaches unity and the order-parameter exponent $\beta$ approaches zero algebraically as $m \to \infty$, whereas they approach these values exponentially for a static network. Moreover, the upper critical dimension becomes $d_u=4$ for growing networks, whereas it is $d_u=2$ for static ones., Comment: 9 Pages

Animals must detect aversive compounds to survive. Bitter taste neurons express heterogeneous combinations of bitter receptors that diversify their response profiles, but this remains poorly understood. Here we describe groups of taste neurons in Drosophila that detect the same bitter compounds using unique combinations of gustatory receptors (GRs). These distinct complexes also confer responsiveness to non-overlapping sets of additional compounds. While either GR32a/GR59c/GR66a or GR22e/GR32a/GR66a heteromultimers are sufficient for lobeline, berberine, and denatonium detection, only GR22e/GR32a/GR66a responds to strychnine. Thus, despite minimal sequence-similarity, Gr22e and Gr59c show considerable but incomplete functional overlap. Since the gain- or loss-of-function of Gr22e or Gr59c alters bitter taste response profiles, we conclude a taste neuron’s specific combination of Grs determines its response profile. We suspect the heterogeneity of Gr expression in Drosophila taste neurons diversifies bitter compound detection, improving animal fitness under changing environmental conditions that present a variety of aversive compounds., Taste sensilla are Drosophila sensory organs containing taste neurons, which have differential tuning for bitter compounds. Here, the authors systematically examine what combinations of gustatory receptor genes confer a specific taste response profile in different bitter taste neurons.

Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) calculated by six different institutions (Brazil Center for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies/CPTEC/INPE, European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites/EUMETSAT, Japan Meteorological Agency/JMA, Korea Meteorological Administration/KMA, Unites States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/NOAA, and the Satellite Application Facility on Support to Nowcasting and Very short range forecasting/NWCSAF) with JMA’s Himawari-8 satellite data and other common input data are here compared. The comparison is based on two different AMV input datasets, calculated with two different image triplets for 21 July 2016, and the use of a prescribed and a specific configuration. The main results of the study are summarized as follows: (1) the differences in the AMV datasets depend very much on the ‘AMV height assignment’ used and much less on the use of a prescribed or specific configuration; (2) the use of the ‘Common Quality Indicator (CQI)’ has a quantified skill in filtering collocated AMVs for an improved statistical agreement between centers; (3) Among the six AMV operational algorithms verified by this AMV Intercomparison, JMA AMV algorithm has the best overall performance considering all validation metrics, mainly due to its new height assignment method: ‘Optimal estimation method considering the observed infrared radiances, the vertical profile of the Numerical Weather Prediction wind, and the estimated brightness temperature using a radiative transfer model’. The “Space Science and Engineering Center” (SSEC) of the “University ofWisconsin-Madison” (UW) was funded to do this research by the “European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)”, through the “Satellite Application Facility on Support to Nowcasting and Very short range forecasting (NWCSAF)” “Visiting Scientist Activity (VSA)” program.

Animals discriminate nutritious food from toxic substances using their sense of taste. Since taste perception requires taste receptor cells to come into contact with water-soluble chemicals, it is a form of contact chemosensation. Concurrent with that contact, mechanosensitive cells detect the texture of food and also contribute to the regulation of feeding. Little is known, however, about the extent to which chemosensitive and mechanosensitive circuits interact. Here, we show Drosophila prefers soft food at the expense of sweetness and that this preference requires labellar mechanosensory neurons (MNs) and the mechanosensory channel Nanchung. Activation of these labellar MNs causes GABAergic inhibition of sweet-sensing gustatory receptor neurons, reducing the perceived intensity of a sweet stimulus. These findings expand our understanding of the ways different sensory modalities cooperate to shape animal behaviour., How different sensory modalities interact to control feeding is poorly understood. Here, authors show that in Drosophila, activation of labellar mechanosensory neurons causes inhibition of sweet-sensing gustatory receptor neurons, as a result, Drosophila prefer soft food at the expense of sweetness.

Since the discovery a half century ago that 1/r^2-type long-range interactions in the one-dimensional Ising model change the phase transition type, long-range interactions in diverse systems have received considerable attention. Recently, this interest extended to global suppression dynamics in the percolation transition, which changes a second-order transition to first order. Here, we investigate how the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition is changed by the global suppression effect. In fact, this effect often arises in real-world complex systems, yet it is not appropriately accounted for in models. We find that the BKT transition breaks down, but the features of infinite-, second-, and first-order transitions all emerge as the link occupation probability is controlled. Moreover, we find that such growing networks exhibit maximum diversity, causing the mean cluster size to diverge without formation of a giant cluster. We elucidate the underlying mechanisms and show that such anomalous transitions are universal.

The washout effect of summertime rain on surface air pollutants (O3, CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10) has been investigated over South Korea during 2002–2012 using routinely available air-monitored and meteorological data. Three new washout indices for PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO are developed to express the effect of precipitation scavenging on these pollutants. All of these pollutants show statistically significant negative correlations between their concentrations and rain intensity due to washout or convection. The washout effect is estimated for precipitation episodes classified by rain intensity (one set included all episodes and another included a subset of moderate intensity episodes that exclude Changma and typhoons), based on the log-transformed hourly data. The most sensitive air pollutant to the rain onset among these five air pollutants is PM10. The relative effect of the rainfall washout on the air pollutant concentrations is estimated to be: PM10 > SO2 > NO2 > CO > O3, indicating that PM10 is most effectively scavenged by rainfall. The analysis suggests that the O3 concentrations may increase due to vertical mixing leading to its downward transport from the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere. The concentrations of CO are reduced, probably due to both the washout and convection. The concentrations of NO2 are affected by the opposing influences of lightning-generation and washout and this are discussed as well.

Many kinds of liquid spray products are used in livelihood activities these days. Spray products can be distinguished by the target to be sprayed (like into the air or on human skin (body)). Because human can be exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from spray products, some considerations on safety or hazard of spray products should be needed. In this study, emission characteristics of VOCs were investigated against 10 types of liquid spray products (6 skin spray and 4 air spray products). The concentrations of benzene and toluene were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) equipped with a thermal desorber (TD). Their average concentrations from 6 skin spray products exhibited () and ppb(w), respectively. In contrast, those of 4 air spray samples had and ppb(w), respectively. If liquid contents in spray samples are completely vaporized in one cubic meter (1 m3) after spraying for 10 seconds, their mean concentrations of skin spray products are (benzene) and (toluene). In contrast, those of air spray products are (benzene) and (toluene). The estimated concentration levels of benzene from two types of products (31.7 and ) exceeded the Korean atmospheric environmental guideline (). The results of this study thus suggest that some measures should be made to reduce or suppress the contents of VOC in spray products.

Recent extensive studies of the explosive percolation (EP) model revealed that the EP transition is second order with an extremely small value of the critical exponent β associated with the order parameter. This result was obtained from static networks, in which the number of nodes in the system remains constant during the evolution of the network. However, explosive percolating behavior of the order parameter can be observed in social networks, which are often growing networks, where the number of nodes in the system increases as dynamics proceeds. However, extensive studies of the EP transition in such growing networks are still missing. Here we study the nature of the EP transition in growing networks by extending an existing growing network model to a general case in which m node candidates are picked up in the Achiloptas process. When m = 2, this model reduces to the existing model, which undergoes an infinite-order transition. We show that when m ≥ 3, the transition becomes second order due to the suppression effect against the growth of large clusters. Using the rate-equation approach and performing numerical simulations, we also show that the exponent β decreases algebraically with increasing m, whereas it does exponentially in a corresponding static random network model. Finally, we find that the hyperscaling relations hold but in different forms.

Various types of satellite (AIRS/AMSU, MODIS) and ground measurements are used to analyze temperature trends in the four vertical layers (skin/surface, mid-troposphere, and low stratosphere) around the Korean Peninsula (123–132°E, 33–44°N) during the period from September 2002 to August 2010. The ground-based observations include 72 Surface Meteorological Stations (SMSs), 6 radiosonde stations (RAOBs), 457 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) over the land, and 5 buoy stations over the ocean. A strong warming (0.052 K yr−1) at the surface, and a weak warming (0.004∼0.010 K yr−1) in the mid-troposphere and low stratosphere have been found from satellite data, leading to an unstable atmospheric layer. The AIRS/AMSU warming trend over the ocean surface around the Korean Peninsula is about 2.5 times greater than that over the land surface. The ground measurements from both SMS and AWS over the land surface of South Korea also show a warming of 0.043∼0.082 K yr−1, consistent with the satellite observations. The correlation average (r = 0.80) between MODIS skin temperature and ground measurement is significant. The correlations between AMSU and RAOB are very high (0.91∼0.95) in the anomaly time series, calculated from the spatial averages of monthly mean temperature values. However, the warming found in the AMSU data is stronger than that from the RAOB at the surface. The opposite feature is present above the mid-troposphere, indicating that there is a systematic difference. Warming phenomena (0.012∼0.078 K yr−1) are observed from all three data sets (SMS, AWS, MODIS), which have been corroborated by the coincident measurements at five ground stations. However, it should also be noted that the observed trends are subject to large uncertainty as the corresponding 95% confidence intervals tend to be larger than the observed signals due to large thermal variability and the relatively short periods of the satellitebased temperature records. The EOF analysis of monthly mean temperature anomalies indicates that the tropospheric temperature variability near Korea is primarily linked to the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and secondarily to ENSO (El Nino and Southern Oscillation). However, the low stratospheric temperature variability is mainly associated with Southern Oscillation and then additionally with Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Uncertainties from the different spatial resolutions between satellite data are discussed in the trends.

The new concept micro devices consisting of various biomolecules have been developed in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental fields. Particularly, various diagnostics using biomolecule related device have been investigated and commercialized to detect specific molecules in complex matrix. In recent days, biomolecules have been employed to electronic device to generate new alternatives of silicon based nano electronics by applying natural behaviors of biomolecules. We reviewed here the bioelectronic device consisting of proteins developed by mimicking natural phenomena. We surveyed the working principle, fabrication technologies, and memory function validation of metalloprotein based biomemory device.

For the immobilization of IgG, various techniques such as chemical linker, thiolated protein G methods, and fragmentation of antibodies have been reported [Y.M. Bae, B.K. Oh, W. Lee, W.H. Lee, J.W. Choi, Biosensors Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 103; W. Lee, B.K. Oh, W.H. Lee, J.W. Choi, Colloids Surf. B-Biointerfaces, 40 (2005) 143; A.A. Karyakin, G.V. Presnova, M.Y. Rubtsova, A.M. Egorov, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 3805]. Here, we modified the immunoglobulin Fc-binding B-domain of protein G to contain two cysteine residues at its C-terminus by a genetic engineering technique. The resulting recombinant protein, RPGcys, retained IgG-binding activity in the same manner as native protein G. RPGcys was immobilized on a gold surface by strong affinity between thiol of cysteine and gold. The orientations of both IgG layers immobilized on the base recombinant protein Gs were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, atomic force microscope (AFM), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Our data revealed that IgG-binding activity of RPGcys on gold surface significantly increased in comparison to wild type of protein G (RPGwild), which was physically adsorbed due to absence of cysteine residue. Immobilization of highly oriented antibodies based on cysteine-modified protein G could be useful for the fabrication of immunosensor systems.

PurposeTo explore the effect of acrylic acid polymerization and NaOH treatment of nylon‐6 on hemoglobin washability.Design/methodology/approachThe nylon‐6 was chemically grafted with acrylic acid and treated with NaOH for the purpose to improve the washability of hemoglobin as a blood protein soil. The structural change before and after graft polymerization was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The moisture regain, the contact angle, and the washability were each measured.FindingsGraft polymerization and NaOH treatment of nylon‐6 changed the surface energy and structure of nylon‐6 causing the washability of hemoglobin to improve. Compared to ungrafted nylon‐6, the hydrophilic properties were increased remarkable by graft polymerization and NaOH treatment, which reulted in the improvement of washability.Practical implicationsHemoglobin is one of the most difficult soils to remove from the fabric. The paper might be of interest to those who would consider purchasing fabrics that are good at both hydrophilic properties and washability.Originality/valueThe study on washability of hemoglobin as a blood protein soil for grafted fabric has not been reported so far. The results of this research may be used in a basic research for the development of new process which is capable of improving of hemoglobin washability.

Lyocell is drawing attention as a new material, environmentally friendly fiber. Precedent researches on lyocell are mostly on structure, characteristics, physical properties, and dyeability. There are few researches on interlining for lyocell clothes production. This study analyzes the correlation between the appearance-related performances of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric and the mechanical properties of fusible interlining, lyocell face fabric, and lyocell-interlining bonded fabric. The stiffness of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric correlates with LT, WT, G, 2HG, 2HG5, B, 2HB, WC, and RC of fusible interlining; LT, EMT, G, 2HG, 2HB, RC, and T of lyocell face fabric; LT, WT, G, 2HG, 2HG5, B, 2HB, and T of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric. The drapability of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric correlates with LT, WT, G, 2HG, 2HG5, B, 2HG, WC, and RC of fusible interlining; LT, EMT, G, 2HG, 2HG5 and RC of lyocell face fabric; LT, EMT, G, 2HG, 2HG5, B, 2HB, LC, RC, and T of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric. The crease recovery of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric correlates with RT, T, W, WT, G, and 2HG of fusible interlining; LC, W, LT, EMT, G, 2HG, and 2HG5 of lyocell face fabric; WC, T, LT, G, 2HG, and 2HG5 of lyocell-interlining bonded fabric.

The purpose of this study was intended to investigate influence of consumer`s brand loyalty, competitor`s brand price and brand switching intention in condition of discount sale of casual apparel products. The data for the study was obtained through the use of an experimental design which was mixed factorial design. The subjects were 730 college students. The data were analyzed by cluster analysis, ANOVA, simple interaction analysis and simple main-effect analysis. The following results were founded: First, The results indicated that the 3-way interaction effects among consumer`s brand loyalty competitor`s brand price and discount on brand switching of casual apparel products. Second, the results indicated that the 3-way interaction effects among consumer`s brand loyalty competitor`s brand price and discount on consumer preference of casual apparel products. These results indicated that low brand loyalty group on casual products showed high preference and high brand switching on competitors brand when competitor`s brand price was lower than preferred brand price and discount type was absolute frame. High bran loyalty group on casual apparel products preferred and switched high competitor`s brand when discount type was absolute frame.

Subaortic stenosis usually occurs without a previous heart operation, however, it can occur after heart surgery as well, with a condition known as a secondary subaortic stenosis (SSS). SSS has been reported after surgical repair of several congenital heart defects. There are only a few recorded cases of SSS after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Here we report a rare case of SSS that occurred 3 years after surgical repair of subarterial VSD. A follow-up echocardiogram is essential for detecting SSS caused by the newly developed subaortic membrane in patients who had cardiac surgery.

were developed for thecarbonate ion selective electrodes. Calix[4]arene lower rimwas utilized for the successful ion binding site frequentlydue to the proper size as well as rigidity. We introduced twotrifluoroacetyl benzyl moieties at the lower rim of calix-[4]arenes and investigated their binding properties. Two anion receptors 2a and 2b containing p-trifluoro-acetylbenzyl group at the lower rim of calix[4]arene areobtained in high yield by the reaction of calix[4]arene and p-trifluoroacetylbenzyl bromide in the presence of K

Organic electroluminescent (EL) device was fabricated with poly(N-(p-diphenylamine) phenylmethacrylamide) (PDPMA) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film as a hole transport material and Alq3 as an emitting material. The PDPMA LB film was prepared by using arachidic acid as an active material. The photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties of organic multi-layered device consisting of ITO/PDPMA LB film/Alq3/Al were investigated. Green emission with a luminance of 400 cd/m2 was achieved at DC drive voltage of 14 V. Especially, PDPMA LB film dramatically lowered the drive voltage of the device to 5 V.

The clinical features of ring chromosome 13 include mental and growth retardation, CNS anomalies, facial dysmorphism, cardiac defects, genital malformations, limb anomalies, skeletal deformities and anal malformations. Although many cases of ring chromosome 13 have been reported worldwide, only 6 cases have been reported in Korea, and the latter cases were not mosaic but pure ring chromosome 13. Here we report a case with mosaic ring chromosome 13. The baby boy was born at 37 weeks of gestation by induced vaginal delivery due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). He was the second baby of a 28-year-old hepatitis B carrier mother and a 32-year-old father. There was no family history of chromosomal anomalies. The baby was a symmetric IUGR with a birth weight of 1,860 g, length of 44.8 cm, and head circumference of 29.4 cm. The physical examination revealed microcephaly, trigonocephaly, flat occiput, large ears, short neck and dysmorphic facial features, including microophthalmia, hypertelorism, antimongoloid slanting palpebral fissures, a flat nasal bridge, and micrognathia. The karyotype of this patient performed by peripheral blood lymphocytes was 46,XY,r(13)(p13q34)/45,XY,-13/46,XY,dic r(13;13)(p13q34;p13q34). The baby showed failure to thrive, hypotonia, and developmental delay. We report the first case of mosaic ring chromosome 13 in a male baby in Korea and compare this case with other Korean cases of non-mosaic ring chromosome 13.

= Abstract = Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease characterized by the recurrent formation of branching mucoid bronchial casts that are large and more cohesive than those that occur in ordinary mucus plugging. Casts may vary in size and can be spontaneously expectorated, but some require bronchoscopy for removal. Plastic bronchitis can therefore present as an acute life-threatening emergency if obstruction of the major airways occurs. Three of 22 reported patients with eosinophilic casts were fatal, with death due to central airway obstruction. Here, we report a child with no history of atopy, allergy, or congenital heart disease who was diagnosed with plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic casts. Although he was administered intravenous (iv) antibiotics; iv corticosteroids; and a vigorous pulmonary toilet regimen, including chest physiotherapy and routine bronchoscopic removal of casts, he had brain death secondary to hypoxic brain damage. Plastic bronchitis can be fatal when casts obstruct the major airways, as in the present case. Clinicians should intervene early if a patient exhibits signs and symptoms consistent with plastic bronchitis. (Korean J Pediatr 2009;52:1048-1052)

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is presently considered an effective mode of treatment in intractable epilepsy. Its efficacy in children, however, has not been as well studied. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure in the pediatric age group. 6 patients who received VNS implantation in Chonnam National University Hospital from July 2006 to February 2008 have been evaluated about the efficacy of seizure control and the presence of side effects after VNS implantation for more than a year at least. Mean age of the patients at the time of VNS implantation were 10 years 3 months. Mean duration of follow-up was 14 months. Six patients included three cases with Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, one generalized tonic seizure, one generalized tonic clonic seizure, and one complex partial seizure. Three patients showed more than 50% reduction in seizure frequency compared with baseline at 3 months after the implantation. Among them, one showed complete seizure ablation, another showed no change in seizure frequency and the other showed increased frequency of seizure at 9 months after the implantation. The other three patients showed no change in seizure frequency. One of them, however, showed reduction of seizure intensity. Cough (2 cases), hoarseness (2), and wobbling voice (1) developed after VNS implantation. Most of these adverse effects disappeared without any treatment. In this study, one patient showed complete seizure ablation, but VNS was insignificant in five patients. Long-term follow up and adjustment of parameters such as output current, duty cycle are in need.

A pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), which is a sudden blockage in a pulmonary artery, usually due to a blood clot, is rare in children. The clinical presentation is often subtle or masked by the underlying clinical condition and the condition must be suspected during clinical testing. Although the choice of treatment depends on the clinical presentation, anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for children with PTE. We report the case of a healthy 1-month-old boy who presented with hemoptysis without hemodynamic instability. He was diagnosed based on chest computed tomography with angiography and 99mTc macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scintigraphy and treated with low-molecular-weight heparin.