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Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal cancers in South Korea, and it is a cancer of concern worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is commonly used as the first-line therapy for advanced GC; however, its side effects often limit the dosage range and impair patients’ quality of life. Due to the limitations of current chemotherapy, new anticancer therapies are urgently needed. 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) has been reported to have the ability to protect against various types of cancer. Our study aimed to elucidate the anticancer effect of DIM in GC when treated with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fu. In our results, combined treatment with DIM and 5-Fu resulted in higher apoptosis and lower cell proliferation than treatment with 5-Fu in SNU484 and SNU638 cell lines. Furthermore, when DIM and 5-Fu were administered together, cell invasion was diminished by mediated E-cadherin, MMP-9, and uPA; p-Akt and p-GSK-3β levels were reduced more significantly than when 5-Fu was administered alone. Moreover, in the Wnt signaling pathway, combined treatment of DIM and 5-Fu diminished β-catenin levels in the nucleus and inhibited cyclin D1and c-Myc protein levels. The Akt inhibitor, wortmannin, further inhibited the levels of β-catenin and c-Myc that were inhibited by DIM and 5-Fu. Furthermore, an animal xenograft model demonstrated that DIM combined with 5-Fu considerably reduced tumor growth without any toxic effects by regulating the Akt/GSK-3β and β-catenin levels. Our findings suggest that DIM significantly potentiates the anticancer effects of 5-Fu by targeting the Akt/GSK-3β and WNT/β-catenin because the combination therapy is more effective than 5-Fu alone, thereby offering an innovative potential therapy for patients with GC.

Despite various efforts have been made to prolong the liver patients’ survival rates, liver cancer is still one of the malignancies with a high mortality rate in worldwide. The clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatments has been investigated associated with PD-L1 levels, but, the relationship between hematologic and neurological expression 1(HN1) and immunosuppressive molecules PD1 and PD-L1 in liver cancer is not clearly understood. Here, we reported for the first time that HN1 acts as a novel negative regulator of PDL1, whose abnormal expression plays a crucial role in cancer immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. This study establishes a key molecular link between targeted therapy and immune surveillance and identifies that combination therapy with HN1 inhibition and an anti-PD-1 antibody has much better antitumor efficacy than either monotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Purpose: The Hippo pathway is a tumor suppressor in the liver. However, the clinical significance of Hippo pathway inactivation in HCC is not clearly defined. We analyzed genomic data from human and mouse tissues to determine clinical relevance of Hippo pathway inactivation in HCC.Experimental Design: We analyzed gene expression data from Mst1/2−/− and Sav1−/− mice and identified a 610-gene expression signature reflecting Hippo pathway inactivation in the liver [silence of Hippo (SOH) signature]. By integrating gene expression data from mouse models with those from human HCC tissues, we developed a prediction model that could identify HCC patients with an inactivated Hippo pathway and used it to test its significance in HCC patients, via univariate and multivariate Cox analyses.Results: HCC patients (National Cancer Institute cohort, n = 113) with the SOH signature had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without the SOH signature [P < 0.001 for overall survival (OS)]. The significant association of the signature with poor prognosis was further validated in the Korean (n = 100, P = 0.006 for OS) and Fudan University cohorts (n = 242, P = 0.001 for OS). On multivariate analysis, the signature was an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival (HR, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–2.28: P = 0.008). We also demonstrated significant concordance between the SOH HCC subtype and the hepatic stem cell HCC subtype that had been identified in a previous study (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Inactivation of the Hippo pathway in HCC is significantly associated with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(5); 1256–64. ©2015 AACR.

Purpose: Despite continual efforts to develop a prognostic model of gastric cancer by using clinical and pathologic parameters, a clinical test that can discriminate patients with good outcomes from those with poor outcomes after gastric cancer surgery has not been established. We aim to develop practical biomarker-based risk score that can predict relapse of gastric cancer after surgical treatment.Experimental Design: Microarray technologies were used to generate and analyze gene expression profiling data from 65 gastric cancer patients to identify biomarker genes associated with relapse. The association of expression patterns of identified genes with relapse and overall survival was validated in independent gastric cancer patients.Results: We uncovered two subgroups of gastric cancer that were strongly associated with the prognosis. For the easy translation of our findings into practice, we developed a scoring system based on the expression of six genes that predicted the likelihood of relapse after curative resection. In multivariate analysis, the risk score was an independent predictor of relapse in a cohort of 96 patients. We were able to validate the robustness of the six-gene signature in an additional independent cohort.Conclusions: The risk score derived from the six-gene set successfully prognosticated the relapse of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1850–7. ©2011 AACR.

Figure S1: Significant concordance between silence of Hippo signature and YAP1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Figure S2: Venn diagram of gene lists from two different gene expression signatures; Table S1: Genes in the SOH signature; Table S2: Functional categories of genes in the SOH signature; Table S3: Canonical Pathways enriched in the SOH signature; Table S4: Significant association between the SOH subtype and YAP1 protein expression in HCC; Table S5: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of recurrence-free survival with continuous SOH probability; Table S6: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of overall survival; Table S7: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of overall survival with continuous SOH probability; Table S8: Drop in concordance index in multivariable analysis; Table S9: Concordance of silence of Hippo signature with other prognostic HCC gene expression signatures in the NCI cohort; Table S10: Characteristics of HCC patients in the MSH cohort, stratified by SOH signature.

Supplementary Figures S1-S6; Supplementary Tables S1-S2.

Downregulation of the proapoptotic p53 target gene glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1 (GLIPR1) occurs frequently in prostate cancer, but the functional meaning of this event is obscure. Here, we report the discovery of functional relationship between GLIPR1 and c-Myc in prostate cancer where c-Myc is often upregulated. We found that the expression of GLIPR1 and c-Myc were inversely correlated in human prostate cancer. Restoration of GLIPR1 expression in prostate cancer cells downregulated c-myc levels, inhibiting cell-cycle progression. Downregulation was linked to a reduction in β-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcription of the c-myc gene, which was caused by GLIPR1-mediated redistribution of casein kinase 1α (CK1α) from the Golgi apparatus to the cytoplasm where CK1α could phosphorylate β-catenin and mediate its destruction. In parallel, GLIPR1 also promoted c-Myc protein ubiquitination and degradation by glycogen synthase kinase-3α- and/or CK1α-mediated c-Myc phosphorylation. Notably, genetic ablation of the mouse homolog of Glipr1 cooperated with c-myc overexpression to induce prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Together, our findings provide evidence for CK1α-mediated destruction of c-Myc and identify c-Myc S252 as a crucial CK1α phosphorylation site for c-Myc degradation. Furthermore, they reveal parallel mechanisms of c-myc downregulation by GLIPR1 that when ablated in the prostate are sufficient to drive c-Myc expression and malignant development. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7694–704. ©2011 AACR.

Supplementary Figure 5 from Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts

Supplementary Figure 2 from Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts

Supplementary Figure 1 from Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts

Supplementary Figure 4 from Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts

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Cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in the colonization of cancer cells to distant organs. Prostate cancer (PCa) has a propensity to metastasize to bone, and cadherin-11, which is an osteoblast cadherin aberrantly expressed in PCa cells derived from bone metastases, has been shown to play a role in the metastasis of PCa cells to bone. However, the mechanism by which cadherin-11 is involved in this process is not known. Here, we show that expression of cadherin-11 in cadherin-11–negative C4-2B4 cells increases their spreading and intercalation into an osteoblast layer and also stimulates C4-2B4 cell migration and invasiveness. The downregulation of cadherin-11 in cadherin-11–expressing metastatic PC3 cells decreases cell motility and invasiveness. Further, both the juxtamembrane (JMD) and β-catenin binding domains (CBS) in the cytoplasmic tail of cadherin-11 are required for cell migration and invasion, but not spreading. Gene array analyses showed that several invasion-related genes, including MMP-7 and MMP-15, are upregulated in cadherin-11–expressing, but not in cad11-ΔJMD–expressing or cad11-ΔCBS–expressing, C4-2B4 cells. These observations suggest that cadherin-11 not only provides a physical link between PCa cells and osteoblasts but also increases PCa cell motility and invasiveness that may facilitate the metastatic colonization of PCa cells in bone. Cancer Res; 70(11); 4580–9. ©2010 AACR.

Supplementary Methods from GLIPR1 Suppresses Prostate Cancer Development through Targeted Oncoprotein Destruction

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Supplementary Figure 3 from Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts

The purpose of this study is to find out the differences between the satisfaction of parents and teachers on infant sport according to the type of preschool educational institution. To this end, the data was collected for parents and teachers of national and public daycare centers, workplace daycare centers, and private daycare centers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, As a result of conducting frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis: CFA, reliability analysis, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA using SPSS 23.0 version and Amos 23.0, the following results were obtained. First, it showed significant differences between the overall satisfaction of infant sports and the sub-factors, such as facilities, effectiveness, physical education teachers, and program satisfaction, depending on the residential area of parents, and also it showed the significant differences in the overall satisfaction of infant sports according to the teacher position and the satisfaction on facilities and programs as sub-factors. Second, the parents’ overall satisfaction in infant sports by type of the preschool educational institution and the sub-factors of facilities, effectiveness, physical education teachers, and program satisfaction were all significantly different. Third, the teachers’ overall satisfaction in infant sports by type of the preschool educational institution and the sub-factors of facilities, effectiveness, physical education teachers, and program satisfaction were all significantly different.

Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from various plants, inhibits cell growth, metastasis, and tumorigenesis in various cancers. Chemotherapy resistance and the side effects of paclitaxel (PTX), a traditional chemotherapy reagent, have limited the curative effect of PTX in esophageal cancer. In this study, we investigate whether UA promotes the anti-tumor effect of PTX and explore the underlying mechanism of their combined effect in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Combination treatment with UA and PTX inhibited cell proliferation and cell growth more effectively than either treatment alone by inducing more significant apoptosis, as indicated by increased sub-G1 phase distribution and protein levels of cleaved-PARP and cleaved caspase-9. Similar to the cell growth suppressive effect, the combination of UA and PTX significantly inhibited cell migration by targeting uPA, MMP-9, and E-cadherin in ESCC cells. In addition, combination treatment with UA and PTX significantly activated p-GSK-3β and suppressed the activation of Akt and FOXM1 in ESCC cells. Those effects were enhanced by the Akt inhibitor LY2940002 and inverted by the Akt agonist SC79. In an in vivo evaluation of a murine xenograft model of esophageal cancer, combination treatment with UA and PTX suppressed tumor growth significantly better than UA or PTX treatment alone. Thus, UA effectively potentiates the anti-tumor efficacy of PTX by targeting the Akt/FOXM1 cascade since combination treatment shows significantly more anti-tumor potential than PTX alone both in vitro and in vivo. Combination treatment with UA and PTX could be a new strategy for curing esophageal cancer patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory on changes in the drinking habits of college students with drinking problems. Methods: This study included a total of 68 college students with drinking problems. These participants participated in 10 sessions of a moderate drinking program in which social cognitive theory was applied. Changes in the cognition and behaviors of the participants were then investigated. Results: The moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory for college students with drinking problems was effective in increasing the subjects' drinking-related knowledge (U=191.50, p

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of cytostatic agents available for the treatment of various cancers and diseases. Although numerous clinical and pre-clinical trials on the anticancer effects of panobinostat have been conducted, only a few reports have investigated its efficacy in gastric cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of panobinostat in gastric cancer cells. Panobinostat significantly inhibited the cell viability and proliferation of the gastric cancer cell lines SNU484 and SNU638 in a dose-dependent manner, it reduced the colony-forming ability of these cells. Moreover, it induced apoptosis as indicated by increased protein levels of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase and cleaved caspase-3. Panobinostat induced the G2/M cell cycle arrest in SNU484 and SNU638 cells and subsequently decreased the G2/M phase regulatory-associated protein expression of p-Wee1, Myt1, and Cdc2. Furthermore, panobinostat significantly inhibited the metastasis of SNU484 and SNU638 cells by regulating the expression of MMP-9 and E-cadherin. Further, it decreased the protein levels of p-Akt and forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1). These effects were reversed by the Akt agonist SC79 and were accelerated by the Akt inhibitor LY2940002. Moreover, tumor growth in xenograft animal experiments was suppressed by panobinostat. These results indicated that panobinostat inhibits the proliferation, metastasis, and cell cycle progression of gastric cancer cells by promoting apoptosis and inactivating Akt/FOXM1 signaling. Cumulatively, our present study suggests that panobinostat is a potential drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.

This study determined acculturative stress' effect on the life satisfaction of multicultural adolescents based on Roy's Adaptation Model and some earlier studies. Further, it examined the sequential multiple mediating effects of bicultural acceptance attitude, self-esteem, and social withdrawal on life satisfaction.Participants included 1,163 multicultural adolescents who participated in the sixth Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study. A hypothesis test was conducted using Hayes' Process Macro Model 81.Life satisfaction increased with a decline in acculturative stress. Each of bicultural acceptance attitude, self-esteem, and social withdrawal had a single mediating effect on the relationship between acculturative stress and life satisfaction in multicultural adolescents. The sequential multiple mediating effects of bicultural acceptance attitude and self-esteem were confirmed significant after their impact on the relationship between acculturative stress and life satisfaction was analyzed. Bicultural acceptance attitude and social withdrawal were found to have a significant sequential multiple mediating effect on the relationship, as well.This study's results demonstrate that acculturative stress reduction is critical to improving multicultural adolescents' life satisfaction. Bicultural acceptance attitude, self-esteem, and social withdrawal have a single mediating or sequential multiple mediating effect on the relationship between multicultural adolescents' acculturative stress and life satisfaction. The findings, which highlight mediating effects, indicate that by increasing bicultural acceptance attitude and self-esteem, and reducing social withdrawal, multicultural adolescents' life satisfaction can be improved.

최근 4년간 국내에서 발생한 저장⋅보관시설의 유출사건은 전체 382건 중 약 19.9%로 사고 위험이 비교적 높다. 저장탱크 주변에는 유출의 확산을 막기 위해 저장탱크의 높이와 지름을 고려하여 방류 벽이 설치된다. 방류벽의 단순 기능만 고려하면 물리적인 차단과 증발물질의 원활한 대기 확산이 필수적이다. 최근 안전시스템의 개발로 방류벽 내 누출감지 설비와 자동 유체처리 시스템을 적용하 면 회수시간이 줄어들어 인체에 미치는 독성 피해영향이 개선되는 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구는 불산(55%) 저장탱크에서 대량 유출시 자동 유체처리 방류벽과 기존 방류벽을 Probit 모델을 이용한 인체 피해 확률을 비교하여 개선 효과를 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the issues and problems associated with the physical education equipments and facilities in early childhood education institutions and to propose ways of improvement thereof. For this, I have collected data through open surveys on the issues and problems associated with the physical education equipments and facilities among teachers of early childhood education institutions in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and parents, conducted inductive analysis and drawn the following conclusions. First, physical education equipment manufacturers are advised to develop products suitable to infants and toddlers. Second, physical education equipment manufacturers are also recommended to take safety, hygiene, and quality into consideration in manufacturing their products based on the previously stated proposal on improvement. Third, the government should come up with policies to secure space sufficient enough for physical education activities in early childhood education institutions. Fourth, a variety of measures and ways of resolving issues and problems of physical education equipment and facilities should be legally institutionalized.

// Kwang Bok Lee 1, * , Hua Jin 2, * , Shuai Ye 1 , Byung Hyun Park 3 , Soo Mi Kim 2 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 561-180, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 561-180, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 561-180, Republic of Korea * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Soo Mi Kim, email: soomikim@jbnu.ac.kr Keywords: gastric cancer cell, rhBMP-2, Myc, AURKA, AURKB Received: March 06, 2016 Accepted: September 02, 2016 Published: September 12, 2016 ABSTRACT The detailed molecular mechanisms and safety issues of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) usage in bone graft substitution remain poorly understood. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of rhBMP-2 in gastric cancer cells, we used microarrays to determine the gene expression patterns related to the effects of rhBMP-2. Based on a gene ontology analysis, several genes were upregulated during the regulation of the cell cycle and BMP signaling pathway. MYC was found to be significantly decreased along with its downstream target genes, the aurora kinases ( AURKs ), by rhBMP-2 in the network analysis. We further confirmed this finding with western blot data that rhBMP-2 inhibited c-Myc, AURKs, and β-catenin in SNU484 and SNU638 cells. An AURK inhibitor significantly decreased c-Myc expression in gastric cancer cells. Combination treatment with rhBMP-2 and AURK inhibitor resulted in significantly decreased c-Myc expression compared with gastric cancer cells treated with an rhBMP-2 or AURK inhibitor, respectively. Similar effects for decreased c-Myc expression were observed when we silenced β-catenin in gastric cancer cells. These results indicate that rhBMP-2 attenuated the growth of gastric cancer cells via the inactivation of β-catenin via c-Myc and AURKs. Therefore, our findings suggest that rhBMP-2 could be safely used with patients who undergo gastric or gastroesophageal cancer surgery.

Ursolic acid (UA) possesses various pharmacological activities, such as antitumorigenic and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of UA against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (TE-8 cells and TE-12 cells). The cell viability assay showed that UA decreased the viability of ESCC in a dose-dependent manner. In the soft agar colony formation assay, the colony numbers and size were reduced in a dose-dependent manner after UA treatment. UA caused the accumulation of vacuoles and LC3 puncta, a marker of autophagosome, in a dose-dependent manner. Autophagy induction was confirmed by measuring the expression levels of LC3 and p62 protein in ESCC cells. UA increased LC3-II protein levels and decreased p62 levels in ESCC cells. When autophagy was hampered using 3-methyladenine (3-MA), the effect of UA on cell viability was reversed. UA also significantly inhibited protein kinase B (Akt) activation and increased p-Akt expression in a dose-dependent manner in ESCC cells. Accumulated LC3 puncta by UA was reversed after wortmannin treatment. LC3-II protein levels were also decreased after treatment with Akt inhibitor and wortmannin. Moreover, UA treatment increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ESCC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Diphenyleneiodonium (an ROS production inhibitor) blocked the ROS and UA induced accumulation of LC3-II levels in ESCC cells, suggesting that UA-induced cell death and autophagy are mediated by ROS. Therefore, our data indicate that UA inhibits the growth of ESCC cells by inducing ROS-dependent autophagy.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound naturally found in grapes, peanuts, and berries. Considerable research has been performed to determine the benefits of RSV against various human diseases, especially cancer. Despite numerous studies on the effect of RSV on cancer, correct understanding of its mechanism is still far from certainty. This review summarizes the recent results on the molecular mechanisms and pathways of actions of RSV against major cancers. According to investigations accomplished worldwide, RSV targets pathways such as cell cycle progression, autophagy, apoptosis, angiogenesis and invasion/metastasis to attenuate cancer progression mediated through PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt, ROS, NF-κB, BAX/Bcl-2, AMPK, ERK, MAPK signaling pathway. Considering the sideeffects and data of clinical trials, RSV can be used for its maximum benefits in human diseases. Available published data provide strong clues on the impact of RSV on cancer management.

This study was conducted to investigate the selected chemical properties of soils in Saururus chinensis Baill (Chinese lizard's tail) cultivation fields to provide optimal fertilizer application rates and to examine the growth and phar- maco-consitituents of Saururus chinensis Baill as influenced by different amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications. Based on the results of selected soil chemical properties in 37 cultivation sites of the plant, soil pH, organic matter content, and exchangeable K + concentration were lower than optimal values for cultivating general medicinal crops even though rel- atively high standard deviations were found in some of the values. At the harvesting stage of the plant aerial parts, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available P2O5, and exchangeable Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + decreased as comparing with those before transplanting the plant, whereas the concentration of exchangeable K + increased in the plot treated with N 100% and com- post. Fresh weight of the plant aerial parts were highest, 492.5 ㎏/10, in the N 100% treatment plot. Correlation equation between N levels treated (X) and yield of the plant aerial parts (Y) presented as Y = �2.1609X 2 + 30.082X + 344.12 (R 2 = 0.7113) and the optimal rate of N fertilizer application for the plant was 6.6 ㎏/10a. Carbon concentrations in the plant were not different among the different N levels applied. N and K concentrations in the plant were highest in the plot of N 100% with compost applications, the highest P concentration was in N 100% plot, and the highest Ca and S concentrations were in N 200% plot. Quercetin and quercitrin were highest in the N 150% plot and tannin was highest in N 100% or N 100% with compost application plot.

To understand the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) - induced acute kidney injury (AKI), the present study defined changes in renal function, plasma renotropic hormones and its receptors in the kidney 2, 5, or 7 days after 45 min-renal ischemia in rats. Blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, and osmolarity increased 2 days after I/R injury and tended to return to control level 7 days after I/R injury. Decreased renal function tended to return to control level 5 days after I/R injury. However, plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and renin did not change. In control kidney, natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-A, -B and -C mRNAs were highly expressed in medulla (ME), inner cortex (IC), and outer cortex (OC), respectively, and tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), auqaporin-2 (AQP-2) and eNOS mRNAs were highly expressed in ME. NPR-A and -B mRNA expressions were markedly decreased 2 days after I/R injury. On 5 days after I/R injury, NPR-A mRNA expression increased in OC and recovered to control level in IC but not in ME. NPR-B mRNA expression was increased in OC, and recovered to control level in IC and ME. NPR-C mRNA expression was markedly decreased in OC 2 and 5 days after I/R injury. TonEBP, APQ-2 and eNOS mRNA expressions were markedly decreased 2 days after I/R injury and did not recover in ME 7 days after I/R injury. Therefore, we suggest that there is a regional heterogeneity of regulation of renal NPRs, TonEBP, and APQ-2 mRNA in AKI.

Although 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) has been suggested to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, the underlying biological mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DIM on the migratory and invasive activities of the human colorectal cancer cell lines DLD-1 and HCT116. DIM significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells as assessed by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. The migratory ability of the DLD-1 and HCT116 cells was significantly reduced by DIM at 24 and 48 h. DIM also significantly inhibited the invasion rate of the DLD-1 and HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression levels of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) were significantly attenuated, whereas expression of E-cadherin mRNA was significantly enhanced, following DIM treatment. DIM also decreased the protein levels of uPA and MMP9, yet significantly increased E-cadherin protein expression. In addition, DIM significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of FOXM1 in the DLD-1 and HCT116 cells. Our results suggest that DIM can influence the cell migratory and invasive properties of human colorectal cancer cells and may decrease the invasive capacity of colorectal cancer through downregulation of uPA and MMP9 mediated by suppression of the transcription factor FOXM1.

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is overexpressed in gastric cancer, suggesting that it is important in gastric cancer oncogenesis. However, no studies have investigated the role of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), a component of cruciferous vegetables, in the regulation of FOXM1 and its signaling pathway in gastric cancer. Here, we report for the first time that DIM effectively downregulated Akt/FOXM1 in gastric cancer cells. Combination treatment with DIM and paclitaxel significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of SNU638 cells when compared to treatment with DIM or paclitaxel alone. Colony formation of SNU638 cells was significantly attenuated by treatment with DIM and paclitaxel, and DIM potentiated the inhibition of colony formation in SNU638 cells by paclitaxel when compared to treatment with a single agent. Treatment with DIM plus paclitaxel substantially increased apoptosis as indicated by increased levels of cleaved polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and cleaved caspase-9 protein. DIM dose-dependently sensitized gastric cancer cells through downregulation of FOXM1 and potentiated the effects of paclitaxel. FOXM1 effector genes such as CDK4, p53 and cyclin D1 were downregulated in gastric cancer cells by combination treatment with DIM and paclitaxel. In addition, DIM significantly and dose-dependently inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and potentiated paclitaxel-induced inhibition of Akt function in gastric cancer cells. Therefore, our results indicate that DIM effectively potentiates the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel by downregulation of the Akt/FOXM1 signaling cascade in gastric cancer cells. Our findings suggest that DIM enhances the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in gastric cancer and is a potential clinical anticancer agent for the prevention and/or treatment of gastric cancer.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound that naturally occurs in grapes, peanuts and berries. Considerable research has been conducted to determine the benefits of RSV against various human cancer types. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an AU-rich element-binding protein that regulates mRNA stability and has decreased expression in human cancer. The present study investigated the biological effect of RSV on TTP gene regulation in colon cancer cells. RSV inhibited the proliferation and invasion/metastasis of HCT116 and SNU81 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, RSV induced a dose-dependent increase in TTP expression in HCT116 and SNU81 cells. The microarray experiment revealed that RSV significantly increased TTP expression by downregulating E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), a downstream target gene of TTP and regulated genes associated with inflammation, cell proliferation, cell death, angiogenesis and metastasis. Although TTP silencing inhibited TTP mRNA expression, the expression was subsequently restored by RSV. Small interfering RNA-induced TTP inhibition attenuated the effects of RSV on cell growth. In addition, RSV induced the mRNA-decaying activity of TTP and inhibited the relative luciferase activity of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (cIAP2), large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2), E2F1, and lin‑28 homolog A (Lin28) in HCT116 and SNU81 cells. Therefore, RSV enhanced the inhibitory activity of TTP in HCT116 and SNU81 cells by negatively regulating cIAP2, E2F1, LATS2, and Lin28 expression. In conclusion, RSV suppressed the proliferation and invasion/metastasis of colon cancer cells by activating TTP.

The development of esophageal squamous carcinomas (ESC) results from numerous genetic alterations. Our previous study demonstrated that p63 is highly expressed in human ESC cells and stimulates their growth; however, the mechanism by which p63 regulates ESC cell adhesion and invasion remains unclear. In the present study, we further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which p63 regulates metastasis in ESC cells. Knockdown of p63 significantly diminished the invasion of ESC cell lines TE-8 and TE-12, whereas overexpression of p63 significantly increased the migration rates of BE3 and OE33 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of vimentin, twist, SUSD2, and uPA were significantly decreased in p63-knockdown ESC cells, while overexpression of p63 induced an increase in vimentin, SUSD2, and uPA. In addition, knockdown of p63 in ESC cells significantly reduced levels of β-catenin and c-Myc, while overexpression of p63 increased β-catenin, but reduced p-β-catenin level. Therefore, p63 regulates the migration and invasion of ESC cells through activation of the β-catenin/c-Myc pathway. Our results suggest that targeting p63 may constitute a potential therapeutic strategy for ESC.

The Hippo pathway is often dysregulated in many carcinomas, which results in various stages of tumor progression. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural compound that exists in many herbal plants, is known to obstruct cancer progression and exerts anti-carcinogenic effect on a number of human cancers. In this study, we aimed to examine the biological mechanisms of action of UA through the Hippo pathway in gastric cancer cells. MTT assay showed a decreased viability of gastric cancer cells after treatment with UA. Following treatment with UA, colony numbers and the sizes of gastric cancer cells were significantly diminished and apoptosis was observed in SNU484 and SNU638 cells. The invasion and migration rates of gastric cancer cells were suppressed by UA in a dose-dependent manner. To further determine the gene expression patterns that are related to the effects of UA, a microarray analysis was performed. Gene ontology analysis revealed that several genes, such as the Hippo pathway upstream target gene, ras association domain family (RASSF1), and its downstream target genes (MST1, MST2, and LATS1) were significantly upregulated by UA, while the expression of YAP1 gene, together with oncogenes (FOXM1, KRAS, and BATF), were significantly decreased. Similar to the gene expression profiling results, the protein levels of RASSF1, MST1, MST2, LATS1, and p-YAP were increased, whereas those of CTGF were decreased by UA in gastric cancer cells. The p-YAP expression induced in gastric cancer cells by UA was reversed with RASSF1 silencing. In addition, the protein levels in the Hippo pathway were increased in the UA-treated xenograft tumor tissues as compared with that in the control tumor tissues, thus, UA significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer in vivo in xenograft animals. Collectively, UA diminishes the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer via the regulation of Hippo pathway through Rassf1, which suggests that UA can be used as a potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.

Recent studies have revealed that 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM) has antitumor effects in both in vivo and in vitro tumor models. However, the biological function of DIM in human gastric cancer cells is unknown. Genetic and biological studies have confirmed the importance of the novel Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, organ size and tumorigenesis in mammals. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of DIM in human gastric cancer cells and to elucidate whether DIM induces cell death by activating the Hippo signaling pathway. Two human gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-1 and SNU-484) were used to investigate the DIM response. DIM significantly inhibited the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of G1 phase cells increased 24 h following DIM treatment. DIM reduced CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin D1 protein levels, while increasing p53 protein levels. DIM induced the levels of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cleaved-caspase-9, and diminished pro-caspase-3 protein production. In addition, DIM increased pLATS1, Mob1, pMob1, pYAP and Ras association domain family 1 (RASSF1) protein levels and reduced Yap protein production levels. DIM stimulated the binding of RASSF1 with the Mst1/2-LATS1-Mob1 complex, promoting an active Hippo signaling pathway and favoring YAP phosphorylation (pYAP) that inactivates cell proliferation. Furthermore, DIM inhibited the growth of human gastric tumors in a xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that DIM suppresses the growth of gastric cancer cells by activating the Hippo signaling pathway.