Search

Some spontaneous germline gain-of-function mutations promote spermatogonial stem cell clonal expansion and disproportionate variant sperm production leading to unexpectedly high transmission rates for some human genetic conditions. To measure the frequency and spatial distribution of de novo mutations we divided three testes into 192 pieces each and used error-corrected deep-sequencing on each piece. We focused on PTPN11 (HGNC:9644) Exon 3 that contains 30 different PTPN11 Noonan syndrome (NS) mutation sites. We found 14 of these variants formed clusters among the testes; one testis had 11 different variant clusters. The mutation frequencies of these different clusters were not correlated with their case-recurrence rates nor were case recurrence rates of PTPN11 variants correlated with their tyrosine phosphatase levels thereby confusing PTPN11's role in germline clonal expansion. Six of the PTPN11 exon 3 de novo variants associated with somatic mutation-induced sporadic cancers (but not NS) also formed testis clusters. Further, three of these six variants were observed among fetuses that underwent prenatal ultrasound screening for NS-like features. Mathematical modeling showed that germline selection can explain both the mutation clusters and the high incidence of NS (1/1000-1/2500).

The aim of this study is to validate the point of normalization of braking following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and to determine the relevance of the surgical approach.Brake reaction parameters (BRPs), including brake reaction time, total brake time, and brake pedal depression force were measured in 90 patients who underwent primary arthroplasty of the right hip (42 with direct anterior approach and 48 with posterolateral approach) using a modern driving simulator. The driving parameters were measured preoperatively and every 2 weeks postoperatively until the eighth week. BRPs were measured in 40 subjects without hip problems, and the results were used as a control. Statistical assessment was performed to analyze when the patients' reaction to braking recovered to that of the control group with respect to different surgical approaches and also according to the pain.Preoperative BRPs of the patients undergoing THA were prolonged compared to the control group and were normalized at the sixth week following the operation. Although BRPs of the direct anterior approach group showed significantly better improvement compared to the posterolateral approach group (total brake time at week 2, brake reaction time and brake pedal depression at week 4), both groups reached baseline value at week 6. In addition, we found no correlation between the pain score and BRPs.The results of the current study indicate that the response to braking events normalizes at 6 weeks following THA in young active patients and is irrelevant to the surgical approach.

α- and β-chitosan with molecular weight of 190,000 and 800,000 respectively, were depolymerized by e-beam irradiation with various doses. The radiation yield of scission (Gs) and degradation rate of the chitosans were identified. The synergistic chemical degradation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is more effective at lower doses. Mw of β-chitosan was dramatically decreased from 800,000 to 21,030 at the irradiation dose 5 kGy, on the other hand, that of α-chitosan was decreased much more gradually from 190,000 to 36,000. The values of Gs at 10 kGy in the solution without H2O2 and with H2O2 were respectively 6.09 × 10-5 mol/cal and 30.6 × 10-5 mol/cal for α-Chitosan, and 8.18 × 10-5 mol/cal and 43.8 × 10-5 mol/cal for β-chitosan. It was obviously effective on depolymerization by using the combination of e-beam and H2O2. α-Chitosan molecules are likely to adopt a diffuse conformation in the solution and make the different morphologies depending on the concentration.

Among software testing techniques for the detection of software defects, state-transition-based testing which utilizes state diagrams is pretty well known and is being used widely. Such software testing techniques that are based on specifications of a software and perform various tests by utilizing a number of state diagrams are quite well known. According to different testing environment including individuals, applied methods, and the size of a perceived system, the resulting diagrams might highly show the discrepancy regarding some perspectives such as correctness, the quality of representation, and so on. This significantly affects the understanding of a system such that the system under consideration might be interpreted in different ways. The highly complex state diagrams can have a negative effect on the productive and positive utilization of state diagrams in the software system development including the analysis or the state-transition-based test process. Many state diagram-based process conventional approaches for automatic software analysis do not take the complexity problem into deep consideration so much. Moreover, the state diagrams generated by the methods that place a strong emphasis on complexity can generate inappropriate test cases according to the possible misled guidelines or the incorrect objectives. In this paper, we propose methods for resolution of the complexity problem in a state diagram without modification of the states or the transition relationships. In our proposed methods, we provide a representation model in which a software system can be interpreted in the context of a state diagram and an automatic generation method for the proposed representation. We also illustrate a case study for justification of plausibility of the proposed methods.

The purpose of this study was to verify the time-dependent changes in the nonslip effects of a fluorine-based liquid antislip agent applied to inorganic flooring materials. Based on the coefficient of slip resistance for shoes (CSR), the nonslip effects continued until 10,000–18,000 steps after applying the antislip agent in the Wet-1 condition. The nonslip effects were insignificant in the Wet-2 condition similar to the 'As-Is'. All specimens exhibited the nonslip effect until approximately 10,000 steps according to the coefficient of slip resistance for barefoot (CSR-B) in the Wet-1 condition. No nonslip effect was observed in the Wet-3 condition with body wash.

The load characteristics of a large soft body used for the impact resistance testing of a lightweight wall varied with the loading conditions. It was found that the maximum load acting on the test wall increased linearly with the potential energy. Further, the maximum load was different for different filler types. It was also found that the length of the rope used for hanging the large soft body should be greater than 2.5 m in order to ensure the reliability of the test results. Finally, the axis of the hanging body did not have any effect on the load characteristics.

Judging indices and criteria have been developed for evaluating whether exfoliation exists in synthetic resin flooring coatings using the impact acoustics method. For this, synthetic resin flooring samples were prepared with artificial exfoliation areas of various sizes, and then percussive sound of the exfoliated and nonexfoliated areas was used to develop several novel parameters to use as judging indices. These were then used to develop a scatter chart that can be used as an effective index for evaluating exfoliation.

Floor slipperiness is among the most influential parameters affecting the life safety of users. However, slip resistance coefficients determined using some methods do not correspond well to the perception of slipperiness by real users. From a life safety standpoint, a suitable test method for the slip resistance of a floor surface reflects slipperiness as sensed by users. We compared the results of three slip resistance test methods and their correspondence with sensed slipperiness as reported by users. The JIS A 1454 test method was found to be a better test of slip resistance than EN 13893 and ASTM D 2047.

Two types of carbon nanotubes (usually single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)) have been intensively focused on academic researches and mass-produced for wide applications such as composite materials, biosensors, and drug delivery systems. However, due to oxidative stress-dependent and physically-induced cellular toxicity of CNTs, many efforts to render biocompatible and biodegradable properties in CNTs have been highlighted. Thus, taking into the consideration of exposure in human health and the environment, biodegradation of CNTs as a potential disposal is highly addressed. In this study, lignin peroxidase (LiP) was isolated and partially purified from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Sparassis latifolia (S. latifolia). The biodegradation of raw grade and thermally-treated carboxylated SWCNTs (denoted as ASA and AST) with this enzyme was investigated, prior to more biodegradation-resistant MWCNTs. The interactions between the SWCNTs and LiP were investigated using various techniques, and the intermediate by-products of the LiP degradation were identified. Our findings demonstrated that both ASA and AST were efficiently degraded by LiP where the producing radicals by the LiP played a critical role in the biodegradation of SWCNTs. The final degraded products were confirmed with the generation of CO2 gas. Conclusively, the low extraction cost of partially purified enzyme from mushrooms can make this approach a promising alternative in environmental bioremediation as a practical application.

The demand for the lightweight wall has increased as the structure of the multi-unit dwelling has shift to the rahmen structure. The lightweight wall is required to secure certain degree of shock resistance for the structural safety. The study performed the load analysis test for 7 small hard bodies with different masses and shapes and 5 hard materials which applied the impact load on the wall. It was found out from the experiment that different pendulum weight doubled the load maximum even though the shock energy was the same. In addition, the study compared and analyzed the weight of materials and the load of small hard bodies to propose fundamental data for the material design of the lightweight wall.

Depolymerization of sodium alginate (SA) was carried out by electron beam irradiation in a hydrogen peroxide atmosphere. E-beam with 1.0 and 2.5 MeV of accelerating voltages were employed in this experiment. For control of molecular weight and the radiation yield of scission (), the irradiation dosage of e-beam was managed in a range from 2.5 to 20 kGy while the quantity of hydrogen peroxide was adjusted in a range of 0 to 4.5%. The chemical structure of the depolymerized sodium alginate (DSA) was analyzed to have scission of 1,4-glycoside bond mainly and a few fragmentary formate end groups which may be produced by the cleavage between C2 and C3 in repeating unit of alginate. It turned out to have simple chemical structures at the DSA end groups, produced by e-beam irradiation, similar with those in the polymer SA structure. As a result, the molecular weight of SA decreased as the energy and dosage of applied e-beam increased, and the radiation yield of scission showed the best result at 2w/v% in SA concentration. The highest radiation yield of scission () was confirmed when an irradiation dosage of 20 kGy (2 MeV) and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide were used in 2% SA aqueous solution.

Objectives: This study examines the views and entrepreneurship courses in the college of scholars at home and abroad for the entrepreneurship education through literature study, a survey based on the results. Methods/Analysis: This study measures the importance of individual subjects to a five-point scale to measure the importance of individual subjects, and second, individual subjects studied by measuring separately required, and to select the five major select each one. Findings: The commercialization of ideas is a virtuous tool to develop entrepreneurship and create economic foundation for this is acting as a key driver of the creative economy. The importance of entrepreneurship is and is growing, and also the number of school subjects to open entrepreneurship-related courses, but increased significantly, the design of the course; a combination of melting is insufficient process-centric reality. Application/Improvements: Subsequent research programs, including the operating linkage between curriculum content, organization of statistical research, subjects of entrepreneurship curriculum to complement the future if the survey is made even more likely to contribute to the systematization of entrepreneurship education.

This study is purposed to verify the safety of the floor of the children’s playground using polyolefin foam waste and rubber paving. The critical fall height, walking suitability, long term physical fatigue expectation and slipperiness were tested. Polyolefin foam wastes in thickness of 30mm, 50mm and 70mm were prepared with paving the rubber paving materials in 12mm and 15mm thickness respectively. The test on the critical fall height was carried out according to KS G 5758:2009. The floor hardness test equipment (O-Y HMA) was used for the test on hardness of the floor from a viewpoint of walking suitability and fatigue. A portable slipperiness tester (ONO PPSM) was used for slipperiness test. It was revealed from the test that the floor made of the polyolefin foam waste and rubber paving were considerably safe from a viewpoint of impact absorption. With regards to the hardness of the floor, it was shown the excellent performance in the aspects of walking and fatigue for male. But it was not suitable with walking on the shoes(middle heels) for female. And they will be very fatigue if they were in a long time walking or standing. As far as the slipperiness is concerned, it was shown that it was comparatively safe for the ordinary motions even though the surface was wet.

To improve the reliability and quality of software system, many studies of the testing based on state-transition diagram have been in progress. Existing studies tried to solve the complexity problem of state-transition diagram. But the development of test case demands the better way to derive and manage the state diagram with low complexity. In this paper, the STMT(State-Transition Mapping Tree) is proposed to decrease the complexity of state diagram without changing or loosing the original state or transition information. Comparing with other methods, the proposed method turns out to be less complex.

Triclosan is a widely used biocide effective against different microorganisms. At bactericidal concentrations, triclosan appears to affect multiple targets, while at bacteriostatic concentrations, triclosan targets FabI. The site-specific antibiotic-like mode-of-action and a widespread use of triclosan in household products claimed to possibly induce cross-resistance to other antibiotics. Thus, we set out to define more systematically the genes conferring resistance to triclosan; A genomic library of Escherichia coli strain W3110 was constructed and enriched in a selective medium containing a lethal concentration of triclosan. The genes enabling growth in the presence of triclosan were identified by using a DNA microarray and confirmed consequently by ASKA clones overexpressing the selected 62 candidate genes. Among these, forty-seven genes were further confirmed to enhance the resistance to triclosan; these genes, including the FabI target, were involved in inner or outer membrane synthesis, cell-surface material synthesis, transcriptional activation, sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) systems, various transporter systems, cell division, and ATPase and reductase/dehydrogenase reactions. In particular, overexpression of pgsA, rcsA, or gapC conferred to E. coli cells a similar level of triclosan resistance induced by fabI overexpression. These results indicate that triclosan may have multiple targets other than well-known FabI and that there are several undefined novel mechanisms for the resistance development to triclosan, thus probably inducing cross antibiotic resistance.

Recently, As a part of urban forestation, the introductions of green roofs into public projects has been actively driven. Supported by this policy, the sizes of domestic green roof related markets have been rapidly expanding and many types of root barrier materials developed in Korea or abroad are being commercially distributed. In this study, root barrier tests were conducted over two years with nine types of sheet type waterproof materials that are the most commonly used as root barrier layers in green roof systems. The test conditions prepared considered the climates, natural features and vegetation in Korea and the results and related root barrier performance were verified. From the results of this study, the necessity to improve the joint part of root barrier sheets and forming methods has been identified and a measure to improve domestic root barrier testing methods was proposed.

The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze the change that must be applied to the evaluation of the slipperiness of an inclined floor, when considering its use by the physically handicapped and by the able-bodied. For this study, a simulator that can reproduce the characteristics of the body sway of a physically handicapped person was developed through a comparative experiment between able-bodied people and people with hemiplegia. In addition, as cale for the evaluation of the slipperiness of flat floors and inclined floors was composed by the sensory test result targeting physically handicapped persons (able-bodied persons wore the body sway for the handicapped and ageing in the experiment) and the able-bodied. In terms of the evaluation of the slipperiness of an inclined floor, it was evaluated that it is safe when the C.S.R` (Coefficient of Slip Resistance) of a healthy person is over 0.30, while it was evaluated that it is dangerous when the C.S.R` of a physically handicapped person is over . Concerning this difference, it is judged that the reason for this difference is that the walking mechanism differs between an able-bodied person and a physically handicapped person.

This paper is the result of an investigation of a PORTABLE SLIP METER(ONO PPSM) by means of an experiment to determine its validity as a slip meter. ONO PPSM is a portable slip meter that was designed to address the weak points of PULL SLIP METER(O-Y PSM), which can be used to obtain an accurate measurement of slip resistance, but is very heavy and difficult to operate. To determine the stability of the measurement result of ONO PPSM, we measured the slip resistance against 4 different kind of floor materials. Our findings showed that the coefficient of variability of CSR` is less than 0.05. Furthermore, we verified the relationship between CSR` and CSR. More specifically, by performing the slip test against 7 different kinds of inorganic matter floor materials, we increased the usability of ONO PPSM as a slip meter by suggesting a method of sharing the evaluation index of slip of CSR` and C.S.R.

The purpose of this study is to test performances of 14 types of root barrier materials by applying testing plant: and soils suitable for weather and natural features of Korea. For testing Plants, Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A and Pyracantha angustifolia have been selected. For testing soil, mixture of pearlite and peat moss in 3:1 ratio Testing container has been fabricated with duplicated structure having inner and outer containers. And the outer container has 2 hinges on its side wall to allow opening and closing. Wet rock wool with 50mm in thickness has been inserted between inner and outer containers to allow root to penetrate through root barrier material and continue to grow. We planted 12 Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A. and 4 Pyracantha angustifolia per one testing container. Three testing samples have been made for 1 type of root barrier material, which become a total 42 specimens. Planted testing samples have been installed within the greenhouse, which will be observed regularly for 2 years from now on. We started test from July 11, 2008 and had performed intermediate observations every month for initial 3 months. From the 3rd intermediate observation on Sept. 18, we confirmed that 6 types of roe barrier materials have penetrated roots. Even though two types of them have been generally used as root barrier materials for roof planting system, all of three testing samples have a lot of penetrated roots. This result proves that it is not reasonable to introduce testing methods of root barrier from Europe. USA or Japan.

Poly(ethylene vinylacetate)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by a "one pot" method, using Cloisite-Na+ with a compatibilizer at different ratios. The nano-composite prepared was used to prepare a flame retarding polymeric foams. Flame retarding properties were examined by the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry. CO and CO2 production were reduced remarkably by using the nanocomposite in EVA blends.

Two nucleotide substitutions in the human FGFR2 gene (C755G or C758G) are responsible for virtually all sporadic cases of Apert syndrome. This condition is 100–1,000 times more common than genomic mutation frequency data predict. Here, we report on the C758G de novo Apert syndrome mutation. Using data on older donors, we show that spontaneous mutations are not uniformly distributed throughout normal testes. Instead, we find foci where C758G mutation frequencies are 3–4 orders of magnitude greater than the remaining tissue. We conclude this nucleotide site is not a mutation hot spot even after accounting for possible Luria–Delbruck “mutation jackpots.” An alternative explanation for such foci involving positive selection acting on adult self-renewing Ap spermatogonia experiencing the rare mutation could not be rejected. Further, the two youngest individuals studied (19 and 23 years old) had lower mutation frequencies and smaller foci at both mutation sites compared with the older individuals. This implies that the mutation frequency of foci increases as adults age, and thus selection could explain the paternal age effect for Apert syndrome and other genetic conditions. Our results, now including the analysis of two mutations in the same set of testes, suggest that positive selection can increase the relative frequency of premeiotic germ cells carrying such mutations, although individuals who inherit them have reduced fitness. In addition, we compared the anatomical distribution of C758G mutation foci with both new and old data on the C755G mutation in the same testis and found their positions were not correlated with one another.

Various environmental factors affecting saccharification from alginate using Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were investigated in flask cultures. The cell concentrations increased from 0.6 to 0.92 optical density (OD) at 660 nm when the agitation rate increased from 15 to 90 rpm. On the other hand, the maximum concentration of sugar was obtained at 3.8 g/l after 4 days of culture at 15 rpm. After 3 days of preculture at 33 °C, the sugar concentration peaked at 5.0 g/l after 5 days of culture. When 10 g/l of NaCl was used, the maximum concentration of sugar, 5.3 g/l, was obtained after 5 days of culture. Yeast extract and peptone were the best nitrogen source for effective saccharification. Especially, the sugar concentration was 6.1 g/l after 5 days of culture using a mixture of 1.0 g/l of yeast extract and 1.0 g/l of peptone. Under optimum conditions of culture and media, scale-up for effective saccharification from alginate was carried out in 5 l flasks. The cell concentration after 2 days of culture was 0.61 OD at 660 nm and showed no further increase after 3 days of culture. The sugar concentrations from alginate were increased with increasing culture time to 7.9 g/l after 9 days of culture.

A new series of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-paclitaxel conjugates that increases water solubility of paclitaxel was synthesized. We developed well-designed self-immolating linkers between a drug and a water-soluble polymer moiety which gave an extremely rapid hydrolysis rate to convert a pro-drug into a parent drug without any reduction in drug efficacy. The self-immolating spacer groups were introduced between the solubilizing PEG and C7-OH of paclitaxel in order to control the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis. All these pro-drugs had a water-solubility of 400 mg/ml or more compared with a solubility of about 0.01 mg/ml. The rate of hydrolysis for the pro-drugs in rat plasma showed considerable variation of t((1/2)) ranging from 0.94 min to 42.7 min. To evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of the pro-drug which had the fastest enzymatic hydrolysis rate, the growth inhibitory effect (IC(50)), the anti-tumor activity and the anti-metastatic potential of the pro-drug were examined. The pro-drug was potent to inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines, such as human lung, ovarian, colon and melanoma cancer cells. On the development of melanoma lung colonies in C57B/6 mice following intravenous administration of metastatic murine B16/F10 melanoma cells, the pro-drug seems to be more efficacious than paclitaxel. The reduction of the number of melanoma lung colonies was 46.9% (dose: 5 mg/kg) with pure paclitaxel, and 24.5%, and 40.0% with the pro-drug in the dose of 0.71 mg paclitaxel equivalent/kg and 1.42 mg paclitaxel equivalent/kg, respectively.

The use of Self-Leveling material is increasing recently. This paper assesses the quality of surface layer of concrete floor when Self-Leveling material is defective. The paper shows how to predict the defect of SL material before construction begins. The relationship between the quality of surface layer of concrete floor and the defect of SL material was determined and the quality of surface layer of concrete floor was then estimated. The relations between the quality of surface layer and the defect of SL material were determine considering surface strength, moisture, and consistency of surface layer. Absorbing amount was used as the indicator of consistency and the absorbing amount of test material was measured. Then the relations between the test material and surface strength were determined. Generally concrete floor with greater consistency has greater surface strength, however in this study, we hound that high impact concrete floor could have lower surface strength as the consistency gets bigger. The relations between the level of defect occurred in SL material and the quality of surface layer were examined and we clarified that the surface layer with lower consistency gets higher possibility to occur exfoliation in early stage, one or two weeks after constructing SL material. When the consistency is sufficient, the occurring situation of defect depends upon the moisture of surface layer. Little amount of moisture gets higher possibility not to occur the defect. As the amount increases, fissure generates and early exfoliation may occur. In addition, the level of fissure is highly related with the surface strength.

The purpose of this study presents in Relations between cracks in self-leveling material and quality of floor groundwork surface are experimentally examined. As the first stage, the experiment to observe cracks in self-leveling material constructed on floor groundwork made from various kinds of concrete was carried. As a result, following basic findings were obtained. First, observation of cracks should be continued until an increase in width of cracks stop, without constructing any finishing material. Second, degree of cracks may be indicated quantitatively by the product of length and width. Finally, Cracks and separation is not be influenced by specimen size. Based on these findings, the method of predicting cracks by evaluating surface layer quality of floor groundwork will be established.

A series of ternary complex was designed to deliver psiRNA-bcl2 and (KLA) 4 peptide into cancer cells for cancer therapy. The delivered psiRNA-bcl2 induced gene-silencing in a nucleus of cancer cells, while (KLA) 4 peptide inhibited cancer growth via mitochondrial apoptosis, indicating that the ternary complexes exerted very strong synergistic effects on cancer growth suppression by acting on psiRNA-bcl2 and (KLA) 4 peptide simultaneously. The ternary complexes having a targeting-ligand, transferrin (TfP), were found to be especially effective at binding to the TfP receptor rich cancer cells, HCT119. The plasmid DNA (pDNA) in ternary complexes was completely condensed at various content of LMWSC-PEG-TfP (32–64 times more than pDNA) and released into cells. pDNA in the complexes was protected from DNase present on the exterior of cells. The size (165–248 nm) of ternary complexes with LMWSC-PEG-TfP was increased, but surface charges (3–4.5 mV) were decreased. These results likely occurred because the free amine-group of LMWSC decreased in response to conjugated transferrin. Moreover, transfected ternary complexes with LMWSC-PEG-TfP were not expressed in the normal cells (HEK293), but were over expressed in HCT119 cells. These findings indicate that the ternary complexes can be specifically targeted to HCT119 cancer cells. The useful complexes for gene and peptide delivery had high anticancer activities via a synergistic effect due to co-operative action of psiRNA and (KLA) 4 peptide in HCT119 cells.

The purpose of this study presents useful data on the choice or development of floor covering from slip viewpoint by examining closely the impact of the changes in sliding experiments due to the wear of floor covering by walk. The result of wear practical test per ten thousand walks enforces some kind of popular floor covering and measure of coefficient of slip resistance as follows: (1) When surface of floor covering is in the state of wet, the degree of wear doesn`t affect greatly in slip. (2) When surface of floor covering is in dry and clean state, most floor coverings have the tendency to lower the coefficient of slip resistance with the amount of walk on it. (3) Change in the tendency of slip resistance by wear appeared mainly due to the differences in the state of floor covering and organic floor covering appeared to have great reduction of coefficient of slip resistance than the inorganic ones. (4) According to the result of investigation on changes in tendency of coefficient of slip resistance due to the increase in the number of walk and if two hundred thousand walks were done, regardless of surface shape or kind of site, etc, the safety of floor covering, in slip viewpoint, greatly reduces.

In this Study, we examined the influence of characteristics of rolling loads by casters on separation resistance of substrate concrete and synthetic resin floor coating. In the experiment, we first prepared floor samples having substrate concrete of various compressive strength, surface hardness and surface configurations, then put the coated samples to the test of separation resistance with Rolling Caster Loading Machine. Three loading conditions consisted of different kinds of casters, rolling conditions, and coating materials. Consequently, we clarified that the grade of separation resistance varied widely according to the characteristics of substrate concrete and rolling loads.

Coupling of a hydrophobic pharmaceutical agents with the hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) chain can make the drug water soluble which is necessary for some applications. The modification of the polymer chain results in a different solution behaviour of the macromolecules compared with the unmodified polymer. There are strong indications that shape and rigidity of the modified molecule differ significantly from the simple chain. Some results from measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient and solution viscosity are discussed. The results are important for further engineering on active drug systems.

A fucoidan extracted from Sargassum fulvellum, was degraded by ultrasound (US) or electron beam (EB) irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. From the energetic point of view, the most effective method for the fucoidan degradation was found to be EB radiation method in H2O2 with a yield of scission Gs 3.310 × 10−8 mol/J at the reaction condition of 1.5% hydrogen peroxide and irradiation 2.5 kGy. The degradation took place by the formation of a reactive hydroxyl radical due to the dissociation of H2O2 in the presence of US or EB. The low molecular weight fucoidans (LMWFs) prevented P-selectin binding to Sialyl Lewis X with an IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50) of 20 nM as compared to 400 nM for heparin and 25,000 nM for dextran sulfate. The LMWFs showed no hemolytic activity at concentrations up to 950 μg/ml.

We have studied K S 0 K S 0 production in the interactions of a virtual photon ( Q 2 >0) with a real photon and observed the resonance production of f 2 ′ (1525). A total of 5.0±2.2(sta)±0.5(sys) f...