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Die EU-Kommission hat in den vergangenen Jahren mehrere Forschergruppenbeauftragt, neue Informations- und Kommunikations-Technologien zu identifizieren und Innovationspotenziale für den öffentlichen Sektor aufzuzeigen. Exemplarisch werden hier Chatbots und Blockchain vorgestellt.

People generally need more support as they grow older to maintain healthy and active lifestyles. Older people living with chronic conditions are particularly dependent on healthcare services. Yet, in an increasingly digital society, there is a danger that efforts to drive innovations in eHealth will neglect the needs of those who depend on healthcare the most—our ageing population. The SHAPES (Smart and Healthy Ageing through People Engaging in Supportive Systems) Innovation Action aims to create an open European digital platform that facilitates the provision of meaningful, holistic support to older people living independently. A pan-European pilot campaign will evaluate a catalogue of digital solutions hosted on the platform that have been specifically adapted for older people. ‘Medicines control and optimisation’ is one of seven themes being explored in the campaign and will investigate the impact of digital solutions that aim to optimise medicines use by way of fostering effective self-management, while facilitating timely intervention by clinicians based on remote monitoring and individualised risk assessments powered by artificial intelligence. If successful, the SHAPES Innovation Action will lead to a greater sense of self-sufficiency and empowerment in people living with chronic conditions as they grow older.

The deliverable at hand contains the final results of SONNETS in form of stakeholder tailored recommendation briefs. In total, it contains three briefs for three different stakeholder groups: 1. A policy brief to inform policy makers about: Necessary research and non-research activities to implement successfully the identified emerging ICTs in the public sector pursuing the aim to satisfy societal and public sector needs Methodological recommendations regarding how to innovate the public sector with emerging ICTs and developing technology roadmaps Content-related recommendations regarding pressing societal and public sector needs as well as emerging ICTs with the potential to innovate the public sector 2. A research brief to inform researchers about: a. Technological and socio-economic research needs 3. A technology brief to inform public sector personnel about: a. Emerging ICTs with the potential to innovate the public sector and their strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

The present report illustrates the final findings of the activities conducted in work package 2 (WP2) on “Societal and Public Sector Needs”. The document offers an overview of the WP objectives, discusses the empirical sources and methods, and summarises the main findings. The main aim of WP2 is to identify current and emerging societal challenges and trends that will have to be tackled by the public sector (PS) and subsequently analyze and map these challenges to different policy domains in order to identify public sector innovation requirements. Within SONNETS, WP2 represents a demand-driven and need-based approach to public sector innovation. This report starts with an overview of the state of the art on needs identification, which includes a definition and explanation of the terms “need” and “demand” as well as an outline of high-level needs of society and public sector in the EU on the basis of academic publications. This introduction further describes the focus of EU projects similar to SONNETS and points out possible areas in which SONNETS could complement these other research findings. From a methodological standpoint, WP2 is based on various data sources: (i) desk based research, which includes 232 individual papers, docs and reports; (ii) interviews with 34 privileged informants; (iii) a focus group with SONNETS experts committee composed of 4 experts; (iv) validation activities conducted through offline and online means. During the selection of data sources and interview partners, good care has been taken to include representatives of all three stakeholder groups: individuals/citizens, businesses and the public sector itself. The research methodology comprises of four key phases: Phase 1 (desk-based research), Phase 2 (interviews with privileged informants), Phase 3 (a focus group with the SONNETS expert committee) and Phase 4 (offline and online validation activities). In the first phase, a review of the relevant documents present in both the academic and grey literature was carried out. During this phase, the needs of society, businesses and the public sector have been identified and summarized to a long list of needs, which subsequently has been clustered, revised and refined. The first phase also aimed to highlight the current societal trends and challenges relevant for each stakeholder group. In the second phase, interviews with privileged informants were used to validate and filter the long list of needs as well as highlight an number of dimensions along which the process of public sector innovation should unfold. The third phase consisted of a focus group to fine-tune and refine the results and develop possible innovation actions that could be employed to meet those needs. Finally, the forth phase was vital to further prioritize needs, validate the innovation dimensions and to single out potential barriers and success factors. The application of such methodology allowed to identify a number of relevant trends and needs for the different stakeholders considered. To exemplify, for public agencies the following challenges have been identified: resources optimization; digitization; recruitment and training; appropriate remuneration and incentives. For the stakeholder group “businesses”, instead, the promotion of a more business friendly environment stimulating a start-up and entrepreneurial culture and an agile public sector emerged as important. Finally for the group of the individuals the key priorities elicited were: inclusive well-being and health; equal employment opportunities; experiential education and training as well as the adoption of a transparent and participative approach. Two perspectives on public sector innovation were highlighted by the investigation activities. The first one may be situated outside the public sector and combines the standpoints of citizens, businesses and NGOs. Such stakeholders would like to see the process of public sector innovation unfold along three main dimensions: Simplicity: of laws and regulations, of interfaces for the interaction with the different public agencies. Accountability: in terms of response times (a key factor in mission and life critical processes) and of allocation of scarce public resources. Inclusiveness: to balance social inequality and for the engagement of local stakeholder in the definition of policy priorities. The second point of view, instead, may be positioned within the public sector and proposes the following key dimensions as a compass to orient the process of public sector reform: Meritocracy: through the creation of incentive systems for employees to shoulder the risk connected with innovation activities as well as through the implementation of performance-based reward systems. Agility: promoted through an injection of fresh energies in the form of new and young personnel as well as through an ambitious training program for older workers. Coordination: with the private sector that, due to the shrinking of public budgets, is playing an increasing important role in the provision of services of public utility. As situation depicted above shows, the complexity of the issues to be solved goes well beyond what a technological solution may offer. In this respect, technology should be considered as one ingredient of a more elaborated recipe. At the same time, some opportunities have been identified for the implementation of emerging technologies such as block chain, IoT, semantic web and linked data, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality. In parallel, a number of more mature technologies still seem not to have exhausted their potential, among these it is worth to mention: social media, cloud, mobile and eID. Finally, human capital was clearly identified as a core and cross-country issue for a successful implementation from both the demand and the supply side of public sector innovation. In this respect, any technological implementation should aim at being transparent to stakeholders both inside and outside the public sector. In other words, the innovative solutions should try to hide their complexity in order to reduce internal resistance to change and to promote an easier and widespread adoption among potential external users.

The deliverable at hand contains the final results of SONNETS in form of stakeholder tailored recommendation briefs. In total, it contains three briefs for three different stakeholder groups: 1. A policy brief to inform policy makers about: Necessary research and non-research activities to implement successfully the identified emerging ICTs in the public sector pursuing the aim to satisfy societal and public sector needs Methodological recommendations regarding how to innovate the public sector with emerging ICTs and developing technology roadmaps Content-related recommendations regarding pressing societal and public sector needs as well as emerging ICTs with the potential to innovate the public sector 2. A research brief to inform researchers about: a. Technological and socio-economic research needs 3. A technology brief to inform public sector personnel about: a. Emerging ICTs with the potential to innovate the public sector and their strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

SONNETS pursues the aim to develop a roadmap of necessary technological and implementation activities to modernize the public sector with emerging ICTs and addressing thereby related societal challenges. Methodologically, SONNETS follows a technology roadmapping approach which is based, on the one side, on societal and public sector needs and, on the other side, on the opportunities of emerging ICTs. Thus, SONNETS incorporates the general idea of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA) [1] approach of including both ‘market-pull’ as well as ‘technology-push’ aspects into the development of the roadmap. The development of the roadmap itself contains both elements of the EIRMA [1] approach as well as of the T-Plan process [2] and has further been adapted to the needs of SONNETS. Overall, the SONNETS roadmap development follows a 3-step approach (plus a preparing one, in which the technologies and needs have been identified): 0. Identification of emerging ICTs with the potential to transform and modernize the public sector and also identification of societal, business and public sector needs  this has been done by applying the SONNETS innovation identification framework in WP2 and WP3 1. Analysis of emerging ICTs and trends (identified in WP3): e.g. regarding their technological readiness level, current research activities, actors in this area and possible obstacles which could hinder a successful implementation into the public sector 2. Identification of gaps and research needs: Each societal and public sector need (identified in WP2) has been assigned to one or more emerging ICTs which could help to satisfy the respective need. For each of these technology-need pairs the gap between the technology as it is now and a fully implemented version in the public sector has been described. 3. Development of the roadmap: This development of the roadmap itself has been performed by following another 3-step approach: I. Matching of emerging ICTs and societal or public sector needs on a 1:1 base (each need is assigned to only one technology). This matching has been validated during an experts’ workshop. II. Validating the activities which are necessary to implement the emerging ICTs successfully in the public sector with the aim to satisfy the specific assigned societal or public sector need during an experts workshop. III. Deciding on the content of the roadmaps: The roadmaps have subsequently been filled by using the previous results of SONNETS, as well as further literature reviews (e.g. from other EU research projects, intergovernmental organisations etc.), and the feedback received during the validation activities. This exercise has shown that the emerging ICTs identified during the course of SONNETS which could potentially play a major role to meet the assigned societal or public sector needs are already on a very advanced technological level. Even more, several applications or services are already in use somewhere within or outside Europe - in the public sector itself or with a comparable function in another domain. Thus, the roadmaps to implement these technologies in the public sector contain only adaptions, modifications or improvements of these technologies or non-technological activities like, e.g. development of training, process-oriented issues, necessary infrastructure, promotion of applications, development of standards, and dealing with ethical, legal or societal issues. Thus, the bottleneck of innovating the public sector is not the technological development - it is the implementation itself – including the adaption to the specific necessities of the public sector and the consideration of the complex process-oriented, socio-economic and ethical issues. The main part of this deliverable contains the summarized roadmaps of the 23 identified emerging ICTs and trends, including the recommended technological and non-technological activities necessary to implement these emerging technologies in the public sector with the aim to satisfy societal and public sector needs. The full roadmaps are presented in the different standalone flyers attached in this publication.

59Co chemical shifts were computed at the GIAO-B3LYP level for [Co(CN)6]3-, [Co(H2O)6]3+, [Co(NH3)6]3+, and [Co(CO)4]- in water. The aqueous solutions were modeled by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations, or by propagation on a hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical Born-Oppenheimer surface (QM/MM-BOMD). Mean absolute deviations from experiment obtained with these methods are on the order of 400 and 600 ppm, respectively, over a total delta(59Co) range of about 18,000 ppm. The effect of the solvent on delta(59Co) is mostly indirect, resulting primarily from substantial metal-ligand bond contractions on going from the gas phase to the bulk. The simulated solvent effects on geometries and delta(59Co) values are well reproduced by using a polarizable continuum model (PCM), based on optimization and perturbational evaluation of quantum-mechanical zero-point corrections.

Density-functional-based Car−Parrinello and Born−Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations are presented for ferrocene, FeCp2, and its protonated form, FeCp2H+, in the gas phase, employing BP86 and B3LYP functionals. When the simulations for neutral FeCp2 are started at 300 K from the eclipsed minimum, the system stays within that well for several picoseconds. When the simulations are started from the staggered transition state for Cp rotation, in contrast, free rotation of the Cp rings is observed with a rotational period of ca. 1 ps, in accord with the low barrier for rotation (ca. 1 kcal/mol at the BP86 level). FeCp2H+ is indicated to be fluxional on the picosecond time scale as well. The course of the dynamics depends strongly on the underlying quantum-chemical model. At the BP86 level, rotation of a Cp ring and large-amplitude motions of the proton are observed, and depending on details such as the particular basis set, structures with an essentially iron-bonded proton can prevail, or a significant ...

We present periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations of bulk ceria and its low index surfaces (1 1 1), (1 1 0) and (1 0 0). We find that the surface energies increase in the order (1 1 1) > (1 1 0) > (1 0 0), while the magnitude of the surface relaxations follows the inverse order. The electronic properties of the bulk and surfaces are analysed by means of the electronic density of states and the electron density. We demonstrate that the bonding in pure ceria is partially covalent and analysis of the resulting electronic states confirms the presence of localised Ce 4f states above the Fermi level. The surface atoms show only a small change in the charge distribution in comparison to the bulk and from the DOS the main differences are due to the changes in the oxygen 2p and cerium 5 d states. Investigation of the atomic and electronic structure of an oxygen vacancy on the (1 0 0) surface shows the problems DFT can have with the description of strongly localised systems, wrongly predicting electron delocalisation over all of the cerium atoms in the simulation cell. We demonstrate an improvement in the description of the strongly correlated cerium 4f states in partially reduced ceria by applying the DFT+U methodology, which leads to the appearance of a new gap state between the valence band and the empty Ce 4f band. Analysis of the partial charge density shows that these states are localised on the Ce III ions neighbouring the oxygen vacancy. In terms of classical defect chemistry, the vacancy is bound by two neighbouring Ce III ions, which have been reduced from Ce IV , i.e. V O · · + 2 Ce Ce ′ . The remaining Ce ions are in the Ce IV oxidation state. The localisation of Ce 4f electrons modifies the predicted structure of the defective surface.

GIAO-B3LYP computations of (59)Co NMR chemical shifts are reported for CoH(CO)4, Co(CO)4(-), CoCp(C2H4)2, Co(CN)6(3)(-), Co(NH3)3(CN)3, Co(NH3)6(3+), Co(NH3)4(CO3)(+), Co(acac)3, and Co(H2O)6(3+), employing both static calculations for equilibrium geometries as well as methods which include zero-point and classical thermal effects. The zero-point effects were computed by applying a perturbational approach, and the classical thermal effects were evaluated using Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. Both methods lead to a downfield shift of δ((59)Co) with respect to the equilibrium values, which can be attributed to a large extent to cobalt-ligand bond elongation. In some cases the zero-point and classical thermal corrections improve the agreement between computed and experimental values, but especially for complexes where the experimental NMR data were obtained in aqueous solution, the error increases somewhat. Mean absolute deviations between averaged and experimental δ((59)Co) values are on the order of 500-760 ppm over a chemical shift range of almost 20 000 ppm. The computed structures and properties of three Co2(CO)8 tautomers reproduce the experimental data very well. Two transition states for interconversion of these tautormers were located: low barriers are obtained, consistent with the observed fluxionality on the NMR time scale. Two model cobaloximes were taken as test cases to study the change of δ((59)Co) upon deuteration three bonds away from the metal. The sizable downfield shift of δ((59)Co) observed on going from H to D is attributed to a changed vibrational wave function, which causes a noticeable cobalt-ligand bond elongation.

Both zero-point and classical thermal effects on the chemical shift of transition metals have been calculated at appropriate levels of density functional theory for a number of complexes of titanium, vanadium, manganese and iron. The zero-point effects were computed by applying a perturbational approach, whereas classical thermal effects were probed by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. The systematic investigation shows that both procedures lead to a deshielding of the magnetic shielding constants evaluated at the GIAO-B3 LYP level, which in general also leads to a downfield shift in the relative chemical shifts, delta. The effect is small for the titanium and vanadium complexes, where it is typically on the order of a few dozen ppm, and is larger for the manganese and iron complexes, where it can amount to several hundred ppm. Zero-point corrections are usually smaller than the classical thermal effect. The pronounced downfield shift is due to the sensitivity of the shielding of the metal centre with regard to the metal-ligand bond length, which increase upon vibrational averaging. Both applied methods improve the accuracy of the chemical shifts in some cases, but not in general.

Donor-acceptor interactions of Lewis bases, such as amine, phosphine, cyanic acid and phosphaalkine with various phosphinidene complexes carrying a W(CO)(5) fragment are studied by means of density functional calculations. Accordingly, the donor interactions can be divided into two categories. In terms of energy an amine binds stronger than a phosphine to a phosphinidene. the resulting Do-P bond is longer (N-P) or equal (P-P) with respect to a corresponding single bond, This tendency is also revealed in the corresponding transition metal complexes. In all cases the singlet-triplet energy separation values of the resulting donor-adducts are fairly small. A donor with a pi-system, such as HCN yields a shorter N-P bond, but the resulting donor-adduct is even less stable with respect to decomposition into a singlet PH complex and cyanic acid. Similar considerations with HCP reveal only a weak donor addition of this fragment to the parent PH complex but a facile rearrangement of the adduct to the diphosphirene transition metal complex. The diaminophosphino-PH possesses a singlet ground state, its corresponding transition metal complex reveals a fairly small singlet-triplet energy separation. It can be considered as a nucleophilic PH complex in contrast to the other homologues which reveal an electrophilic behaviour. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Homoleptic diazabutadiene complexes with the Group 13 elements boron, aluminium, gallium and indium are studied by means of density functional calculations. For the homologues with aluminium and gallium they are in accord with experiment and predict tetrahedrally shaped complexes with C-2v symmetry. For the boron compound the complexes are also tetrahedral, but the nitrogens in one ring system are slightly pyramidalised. For the indium homologue a totally different geometry is obtained from the calculations. Both rings are almost in one plane, slightly twisted towards each other. As a consequence the spin density of the unpaired electron in the doublet system for E = B, Al, Ga is located in one ring system while it is equally spread over both rings for E = In, with concomitant strong spin polarisation for the overall structure. The formal oxidation state of the central atom is compared with the results of a charge density analysis.

Accurate ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level have been performed on anionic and neutral structures of 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 4,7-dihydro-7-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, and 4,5-dihydro-7-amino-5-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine compounds. The quality of the theoretical results has been tested against the experimental X-ray structures for the three most stable neutral forms, yielding very good agreement. The electronic properties of the anionic forms have been evaluated by means of the atoms in molecules theory (AIM) and electrostatic potential analyses, allowing the rationalization of the coordination mode preferences observed experimentally for the anions. Moreover, a theoretical study of the tautomerism for the neutral forms has also been made, by energetic, geometrical and NMR chemical shift (GIAO method) calculations. The results gave the protonated forms at the N4 atom as the most stable ones, corroborated by the experimental geometries and the NMR data. In addition, the preferred coordination mode at the N3 atom, against N1 or the carbonyl oxygen, is also discussed.

The formation of a Fischer-type transition metal complex with a W(CO)(5) fragment is evaluated for the phosphanylcarbenes, Arduengo-type carbenes, and Bertrand-type carbenes by means of quantum chemical investigations at a density functional level with effective core potential methods. Accordingly, the stabilities of the complexes depend strongly on the substitution pattern of the carbenic unit. Amino-substituted carbenes as well as the Arduengo-type carbene form stable transition metal complexes. The stabilities of the complexes decrease for the phosphanylcarbenes and are at a minimum for the hitherto unknown transition metal complexes of the push-pull-type carbene of Bertrand. The matter is analyzed in terms of distortion energies required to bring the carbene units into the geometrical standard state for complexation with the transition metal fragment. The arguments evaluated for the phosphanylcarbenes should hold equally well for other carbenes substituted with electropositive ligands. For the mono-phosphanylcarbenes, eta (1) as well as eta (2) structures are investigated. For the diphosphanylcarbenes, a new structural type of metal complexes is predicted in which the transition metal fragment is strongly bound to a cyclic structural valence isomer of the carbene.

We are seeking to combine the reliability of the structures and energies obtained from quantum mechanical methods with the insights given by larger scale simulations, which are better able to search configurational space. We will discuss our recent work using quantum mechanical methods, based on DFT, which have been applied to the study of a number of solids. Al2O3, CeO2, MnO2 and CaCO3, and compare these with results using atomistic simulation where the forces between atoms are modelled using interatomic potentials. The results show that such quantum methods can be used successfully to screen the different potential models and where necessary, provide sufficient data to allow us to re-consider the potential models. In addition, we show examples where the quantum based methods can give further insights into the reactivity, particularly of surfaces. However, it still remains computationally expensive to search all possible configurations and by using the atomistic simulations to search through different configurations we can identify new structures which can be verified with the quantum based simulations.

Disaster response actors are facing new challenges, which encompass not only new and ever more complex threats but also the need to collaborate across organizational boundaries and even state borders. Depending on scale, these interactions have to work across governance setups, political and legal conditions, organizational cultures, as well as personal preferences and experiences that vary among actors, organizations, and countries. But which concrete measures are taken by crisis management actors at different scales to bridge these challenges and which of these could serve others as example to address comparable challenges in their contexts? This study made attempts to analyze whether certain solutions across organizations and states exist that facilitate effective interorganizational crisis management in the member states of the European Union (EU). It is based on selected expert interviews with representatives of different types of disaster response organizations (health services, police services, fire services, and other crisis management organizations) from seven EU member states (Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Austria, and Greece).

SONNETS pursues the aim to develop a roadmap of necessary technological and implementation activities to modernize the public sector with emerging ICTs and addressing thereby related societal challenges. Methodologically, SONNETS follows a technology roadmapping approach which is based, on the one side, on societal and public sector needs and, on the other side, on the opportunities of emerging ICTs. Thus, SONNETS incorporates the general idea of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA) [1] approach of including both ‘market-pull’ as well as ‘technology-push’ aspects into the development of the roadmap. The development of the roadmap itself contains both elements of the EIRMA [1] approach as well as of the T-Plan process [2] and has further been adapted to the needs of SONNETS. Overall, the SONNETS roadmap development follows a 3-step approach (plus a preparing one, in which the technologies and needs have been identified): 0. Identification of emerging ICTs with the potential to transform and modernize the public sector and also identification of societal, business and public sector needs  this has been done by applying the SONNETS innovation identification framework in WP2 and WP3 1. Analysis of emerging ICTs and trends (identified in WP3): e.g. regarding their technological readiness level, current research activities, actors in this area and possible obstacles which could hinder a successful implementation into the public sector 2. Identification of gaps and research needs: Each societal and public sector need (identified in WP2) has been assigned to one or more emerging ICTs which could help to satisfy the respective need. For each of these technology-need pairs the gap between the technology as it is now and a fully implemented version in the public sector has been described. 3. Development of the roadmap: This development of the roadmap itself has been performed by following another 3-step approach: I. Matching of emerging ICTs and societal or public sector needs on a 1:1 base (each need is assigned to only one technology). This matching has been validated during an experts’ workshop. II. Validating the activities which are necessary to implement the emerging ICTs successfully in the public sector with the aim to satisfy the specific assigned societal or public sector need during an experts workshop. III. Deciding on the content of the roadmaps: The roadmaps have subsequently been filled by using the previous results of SONNETS, as well as further literature reviews (e.g. from other EU research projects, intergovernmental organisations etc.), and the feedback received during the validation activities. This exercise has shown that the emerging ICTs identified during the course of SONNETS which could potentially play a major role to meet the assigned societal or public sector needs are already on a very advanced technological level. Even more, several applications or services are already in use somewhere within or outside Europe - in the public sector itself or with a comparable function in another domain. Thus, the roadmaps to implement these technologies in the public sector contain only adaptions, modifications or improvements of these technologies or non-technological activities like, e.g. development of training, process-oriented issues, necessary infrastructure, promotion of applications, development of standards, and dealing with ethical, legal or societal issues. Thus, the bottleneck of innovating the public sector is not the technological development - it is the implementation itself – including the adaption to the specific necessities of the public sector and the consideration of the complex process-oriented, socio-economic and ethical issues. The main part of this deliverable contains the summarized roadmaps of the 23 identified emerging ICTs and trends, including the recommended technological and non-technological activities necessary to implement these emerging technologies in the public sector with the aim to satisfy societal and public sector needs. The full roadmaps are presented in the different standalone flyers attached in this publication.

SONNETS pursues the aim to develop a roadmap of necessary technological and implementation activities to modernize the public sector with emerging ICTs and addressing thereby related societal challenges. Methodologically, SONNETS follows a technology roadmapping approach which is based, on the one side, on societal and public sector needs and, on the other side, on the opportunities of emerging ICTs. Thus, SONNETS incorporates the general idea of the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA) [1] approach of including both ‘market-pull’ as well as ‘technology-push’ aspects into the development of the roadmap. The development of the roadmap itself contains both elements of the EIRMA [1] approach as well as of the T-Plan process [2] and has further been adapted to the needs of SONNETS. Overall, the SONNETS roadmap development follows a 3-step approach (plus a preparing one, in which the technologies and needs have been identified): 0. Identification of emerging ICTs with the potential to transform and modernize the public sector and also identification of societal, business and public sector needs  this has been done by applying the SONNETS innovation identification framework in WP2 and WP3 1. Analysis of emerging ICTs and trends (identified in WP3): e.g. regarding their technological readiness level, current research activities, actors in this area and possible obstacles which could hinder a successful implementation into the public sector 2. Identification of gaps and research needs: Each societal and public sector need (identified in WP2) has been assigned to one or more emerging ICTs which could help to satisfy the respective need. For each of these technology-need pairs the gap between the technology as it is now and a fully implemented version in the public sector has been described. 3. Development of the roadmap: This development of the roadmap itself has been performed by following another 3-step approach: I. Matching of emerging ICTs and societal or public sector needs on a 1:1 base (each need is assigned to only one technology). This matching has been validated during an experts’ workshop. II. Validating the activities which are necessary to implement the emerging ICTs successfully in the public sector with the aim to satisfy the specific assigned societal or public sector need during an experts workshop. III. Deciding on the content of the roadmaps: The roadmaps have subsequently been filled by using the previous results of SONNETS, as well as further literature reviews (e.g. from other EU research projects, intergovernmental organisations etc.), and the feedback received during the validation activities. This exercise has shown that the emerging ICTs identified during the course of SONNETS which could potentially play a major role to meet the assigned societal or public sector needs are already on a very advanced technological level. Even more, several applications or services are already in use somewhere within or outside Europe - in the public sector itself or with a comparable function in another domain. Thus, the roadmaps to implement these technologies in the public sector contain only adaptions, modifications or improvements of these technologies or non-technological activities like, e.g. development of training, process-oriented issues, necessary infrastructure, promotion of applications, development of standards, and dealing with ethical, legal or societal issues. Thus, the bottleneck of innovating the public sector is not the technological development - it is the implementation itself – including the adaption to the specific necessities of the public sector and the consideration of the complex process-oriented, socio-economic and ethical issues. The main part of this deliverable contains the summarized roadmaps of the 23 identified emerging ICTs and trends, including the recommended technological and non-technological activities necessary to implement these emerging technologies in the public sector with the aim to satisfy societal and public sector needs. The full roadmaps are presented in the different standalone flyers attached in this publication.

The SONNETS Innovation Identification Framework is an innovative methodological framework that will accelerate the transformation of the public sector into an innovation breeding carrier. The goal of the SONNETS Framework is twofold and lies in supporting innovation both in the public sector and through the public sector. Innovation in the public sector may have an internal or external focus, pertaining to the improvement of the public sector internal processes and the former’s efficiency, and the development of improved services for citizens and businesses respectively, and targets the public sector’s modernization. On the other side, innovation through the public sector focuses on promoting the generation and implementation of innovative ideas and the corresponding creation of value in other sectors and pursues accordingly the transformation of the public sector into an innovation driver. The Framework emphasizes the necessity to have an informed view of the current societal trends and challenges as a prerequisite for better accommodating the respective needs, as well as the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a key enabler for innovation, and pursues its goal by means of coupling findings on emerging ICTs and trends with insights on current societal challenges and needs. Such coupling is carried out on the basis of specifying and bringing into the foreground specific innovative solutions for the adoption of the identified technologies and the confrontation of the identified needs respectively. In this respect, the SONNETS Innovation Identification Framework, and more specifically the innovation solutions specified are considered as the means to bridge the identified needs with technologies. The Framework does not limit though its scope in the specification of relevant innovation solutions. It further addresses the assessment and evaluation of their actual innovation potential. The latter is considered under the prism of both the impact and feasibility of the identified solutions. To this end, the Framework defines a set of impact assessment criteria and feasibility assessment criteria, in order to evaluate the innovation potential of the solutions under consideration for the public sector. The former are used to evaluate the magnitude of the potential effects of the identified solutions, whereas the latter are employed to assess the research needs, which the technological, socio-economic and ethical implications of these solutions translate into. The rating of the specified solutions against both the dimensions of impact and feasibility allows to distinguish and, possibly prioritize, those solutions that hold greater value for the public sector, and lays the foundations for designing a concrete time plan of actions and a set of recommendations for their implementation in practice. From a methodological point of view, the SONNETS Framework relies basically on the methods of desk-based research, interviews, focus groups and workshops, and open consultations, and encompasses six logical steps or phases as follows: i) the identification of societal needs, societal and public sector trends/challenges (Needs Identification) ii) the identification of emerging technologies and trends that make a difference today in other sectors (Technology Identification) iii) the selection of a subset of these technologies and trends, and the analysis of the latter in terms of their key characteristics and specificities (Technology Selection and Analysis) iv) the assessment of these technologies in the domains originally met and their correlation to the public sector needs and societal challenges on the basis of existing services and applications, as well as new innovation solutions that may benefit from these technologies (Technology Assessment) v) the evaluation of these services’ and solutions’ innovation potential in terms of both their impact and feasibility (Innovation Identification) vi) the selection among the former, of those that make more sense to be ported to the public sector through the development of adequate scenarios (Scenario Building) vii) the evaluation and ratification of the overall findings (Results Validation). The SONNETS Innovation Identification Framework has guided the innovation identification activities within the SONNETS work-plan, but can also be used as a self-standing innovation framework for the public sector.