Search

Rule of proportionality strikes a bargain in launching attacks. It demands that military commanders suspend or cancel operations if collateral damage anticipated from an attack exceeds the potential military advantage offered. The definitional phrase military advantage has been the subject of a rich debate, varyingly interpreted to expand or limit the scope of attacks. This paper participates in the debate, advocating that military advantage must be limited to exclude attacks on objects that indirectly contribute to military potential, such as, economic, social, psychological or political advantage, which invariably target civilians or civilian enterprises. It critically engages with the principles and precedents invoked to legitimise a broader understanding of military advantage. It posits that such attacks disregard belligerents’ privileges, and render unbound categories of civilian objects susceptible to destruction. Pursuantly, the rule of proportionality, originally articulated to nuance and improve the rule of distinction, is usurped to violate the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions of diglycine with sulphathiazole drug as a function of temperatures have been studied using volumetric and acoustic parameters. Densities and speeds of sound of diglycine in (0.001, 0.002, 0.005 and 0.010) mol·kg-1 aqueous solutions of sulphathiazole drug have been measured at five different temperatures of (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K under 0.1 MPa pressure. From density data, the apparent molar volume, the partial molar volume and the standard partial molar volume of transfer for glycine from water to aqueous sulphathiazole solutions have been calculated. Partial molar isentropic compression and partial molar isentropic compression of transfer have been calculated from the speed of sound data. Transfer parameters by using cosphere overlap model have been explained on the basis of ionic-hydrophilic, hydrophilic-hydrophilic, hydrophilic-hydrophobic and hydrophobic-hydrophobic group interactions. To draw the conclusion from the volumetric and acoustic data, limiting apparent molar expansion as well as the hydration numbers have been studied. The calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient have small and positive values. All of these derived or calculated parameters are explained to understand the solvation behaviour and various types of interactions born in the ternary solutions of (dipeptide + drug + water) due to change in structure. We have also attempted to examine the temperature and concentration dependence of such interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) for glycine in aqueous solutions of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) mol·kg-1 sulphathiazole drug have been measured at T = (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K, using vibrating tube digital densimeter and sound analyser Anton-Paar Model DSA - 5000. The apparent molar properties like apparent molar volume (vφ), apparent molar adiabatic compressibility (Kφ, s) and the apparent molar volume (Vφ 0) and adiabatic compressibility at infinite dilution (Kφ, s 0) of glycine have been determined in water as well as in ternary mixtures containing sulphathiazole drug at different concentrations and at different temperatures from experimental data of densities and speeds of sound under atmospheric pressure. These data were also used to calculate the transfer parameters. Transfer parameters have been explained from the point of view of concentration dependence of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. The limiting apparent molar expansibility (Eφ°) values for glycine in aqueous solutions of drug have been calculated. The calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient (α2) have small and positive values. These results are explained on the basis of drug-amino acid - water interactions and hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline nanofibers were synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline. Surfactant treated lipase from Burkholdaria cepacia was immobilized on these polyaniline nanofibers by adsorption. The activity of immobilized preparation was six times higher than that of free lipase with an enhanced dispersion in organic solvents. Five-level-four-factor central composite design was applied for the optimization of immobilization parameters (viz. reaction time, pH, stirring rate and enzyme-support ratio) which were evaluated on the basis of lipase loading and activity. The thermal stability of the lipase in the nanobioconjugate, demonstrated in terms of the half-life at 80 °C was almost sixteen-fold higher than in the free form. The reusability data revealed the utility of the nanoconjugate for seven consecutive cycles with a slow and gradual decline in the activity. However, the nanoconjugate retained almost 30% of their initial activity after seven cycles of reuse revealing its utility of in industrial applications. The nanoconjugate was used in the kinetic resolution of (RS)-1-(7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzofuran-2-yl) ethanone, racemic intermediate of an important β-blocker (Befunolol), with a high conversion rate of 48.2%, 98% ee -value and enantioselectivity (E) of 188, which signify its importance as a nanobiocatalyst. Unlabelled Image • Facile immobilization of surfactant activated biocatalyst on polyaniline nanofibers. • Six folds increase in the enzyme activity. • Excellent increase in thermal stability (16-folds) and reusability (upto 7 cycles). • Five-level-four-factor central composite design applied for optimization of immobilization parameters. • Immobilized lipase applied in the synthesis of enantiopure β-blocker (Befunolol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant attention has been given to organotin (IV) amino acids compounds in recent years. Organometallic compounds are better known for their potentiality to stabilize peculiar stereochemistry of their complexes and application in agriculture, catalysis and as single source precursors. Due to the better stability and diverse molecular structures the complexes own a wide range of biological activities. These individual properties create an alliance of action in the hybrid complex. In this review, we discuss the chemistry of organotin (IV) complexes and their different aspects in various fields. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of organotin compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectral characteristics of different drugs i.e. sulfanilamide, sulfanilic acid, sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (SSAD) and sulfamethoxazole in aqueous α-cyclodextrin (CD) have been investigated at neutral pH. The formation of inclusion complexes of sulfa drugs with α-CD leads to the changes in fluorescence and absorption spectra which further enable the calculation of association constant of the bind processes by implementing the non-linear regression on the experimental data. The standard Gibbs energy ΔG was also calculated for the systems in which complex formation was observed. The α-CD study indicates that the sulpha drugs form 1:1 inclusion complex with α-CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A profoundly time-efficient chemoenzymatic method for the synthesis of ( S) -3-(4-chlorophenoxy)propan-1,2-diol and ( S) -1-chloro-3-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy)propan-2-ol, two important pharmaceutical intermediates, was successfully developed using Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (PFL). Kinetic resolution was successfully achieved using vinyl acetate as acylating agent, toluene/hexane as solvent, and reaction temperature of 30°C giving high enantioselectivity and conversion. Under optimized condition, PFL demonstrated 50.2% conversion, enantiomeric excess of 95.0%, enantioselectivity (E = 153) in an optimum time of 1 hour and 50.3% conversion, enantiomeric excess of 95.2%, enantioselectivity (E = 161) in an optimum time of 3 hours, for the two racemic alcohols, respectively. Docking of the R- and S-enantiomers of the intermediates demonstrated stronger H-bond interaction between the hydroxyl group of the R-enantiomer and the key binding residues of the catalytic site of the lipase, while the S-enantiomer demonstrated lesser interaction. Thus, docking study complemented the experimental outcome that PFL preferentially acylated the R form of the intermediates. The present study demonstrates a cost-effective and expeditious biocatalytic process that can be applied in the enantiopure synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, densities have been measured for glycinein aqueoussolutions of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04) mol·kg–1sulfanilamide, sulfanilic acid, and sulfosalicylic acid dihydrateat temperatures from (288.15 to 308.15) K, using vibrating tube digitaldensimeter. These solution densities were used to calculate the partialmolar volume values at infinite dilution, Vϕ∞,for the glycine. The calculated parameters are used to interpret thesolute–solute and solute–solvent interactions and structuremaking/breaking ability of the amino acid in the given aqueous sulfadrug solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Densities, ρ, were measured for ternary mixture of diglycine in aqueous of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04)molkg−1 sulphanilamide (SAM), sulphanilic acid (SAN), and sulphosalicylic (SSAD) acid dihydrate at T =288.15–308.15K, using vibrating tube digital densimeter. Apparent molar volume, , has been determined from the experimental densities and the least-square fitting was carried out for the calculation of limiting apparent molar volumes values , and the increase in the values has the following order in the investigated system: SAN