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BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to compare the Lich-Gregoir vesico-ureteral reimplantation in laparoscopy and open surgery. METHODS: In this case control study, we enrolled pediatric patients who were diagnosed with unilateral duplex kidney and had underwent surgical treatment. The surgical treatments were either conventional open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. We collected the basic demographic data and extracted the operative-related statistics such as operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, pain level, and post-operative complications. The two groups were compared using Student’s t-test. RESULTS: A total of 90 subjects were enrolled. Of the enrolled subjects, 35 underwent open surgery and 55 underwent laparoscopic surgery. There were no observable difference in the basic demographics between two groups (P>0.05). The duration of operation in laparoscopic surgery group was significantly shorter than in the open surgery group (95.60±5.25 vs. 108.70±3.12 min, P=0.040). It was also noted that the amount of blood loss, length of hospital stay, drainage level, and the mean visual analog scale in laparoscopic group were significantly lower (P

ObjectiveTransverse island pedicle flap (TIPF) plus transected urethral plate-preserving urethroplasty is increasingly used for treatment of severe hypospadias. We aimed to reduce the occurrence of urethral strictures in patients undergoing such procedures.MethodsSixty-five patients with severe hypospadias were enrolled. Thirty-two patients underwent onlay-tube-onlay urethroplasty (Group A), and 33 patients underwent modified Duplay urethroplasty (Group B). Postoperative complications were recorded, including fistulas, urethral strictures, and diverticula.ResultsThree patients (9.4%) in Group A and 10 patients (30.3%) in group B had urethrocutaneous fistulas. Three patients (9.4%) in Group A and 0 patients (0%) in Group B had urethral strictures. No patient in the two groups had symptoms of diverticulum or penile chordee. The results of uroflowmetry were better in Group B than Group A, when comparing uroflow patterns.ConclusionsTIPF plus transected urethral plate-preserving urethroplasty can lower the occurrence of stricture, which is a challenging complication. The occurrence of stricture was lower in patients who underwent modified Duplay urethroplasty, and neourethral function and quality were better in these patient. Thus, this modified procedure can be used for treatment of severe hypospadias.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of serum neutrophil elastase (NE) level in acute exacerbation of asthma in preschool children. METHODS: A total of 85 preschool children who were diagnosed with asthma between January 2008 and January 2010 were classified into acute exacerbation group (n=44) and non-acute exacerbation group (n=41). Thirty-five children who received physical examination served as the control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum levels of NE and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for NE evaluation. RESULTS: Both the acute and non-acute exacerbation groups had higher serum levels of NE and IL-8 than the control group, and the acute exacerbation group had significantly higher serum levels of NE and IL-8 than the non-acute exacerbation group (P < 0.05). The serum level of NE was positively correlated with that of IL-8 (r=0.48, P < 0.05). With serum NE level >27.73 μg/L as the cut-off value for diagnosing acute exacerbation of asthma, the sensitivity was 65.9%, the specificity was 95.1%, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.87 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The determination of serum NE level in preschool children with asthma helps to diagnose the acute exacerbation of asthma.

The human CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is involved in several molecular signaling pathways and is an important factor responsible for nephrotic syndrome. Here we report the identification of the transcription start point and promoter region of the human CD2AP gene in renal tubular epithelial cells. With luciferase assays and deletion analysis, we found that the region between −558 and −1 bp ahead of the transcription start point is indispensable for the promoter activity of the human CD2AP gene. A CREB site and two Sp1 sites were essential for maintaining the basal transcriptional activity of the human CD2AP promoter. Overexpression of phosphorylated CREB and Sp1 transactivated the human CD2AP promoter, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated blockage of CREB and Sp1 genes expressions inhibited markedly its activity. These findings provide the first analysis of the human CD2AP gene promoter and demonstrate that not only CREB but also Sp1 plays a critical role in regulating basal CD2AP promoter activity in renal tubular epithelial cells.

To retrospectively investigate the current diagnosis and treatment of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in hospital, to survey the application of practical evidence-based guidelines in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis.A nationwide survey in 40 hospitals was conducted and data of hospitalized children diagnosed as Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis for the first time during the period of 1st July 2008 to 30th June 2011 were analyzed. The collected information included age, gender, disease duration, clinical manifestations, relevant auxiliary examination results, renal biopsy, and treatment and so on. The data were collected and analyzed by the subspecialty group of nephrology, Chinese Society of Pediatrics.There were 4863 hospitalized children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2011 in 40 hospitals. The male (n = 2935) to female (n = 1928) ratio was 1.52: 1, the peak incidence between 6 to 13 years old. Renal impairment occurred in 96.7% (n = 4702) with 6 months from the onset of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. The most common clinical findings were proteinuria and hematuria (2831 patients, 58.2%); 1448 patients received renal biopsy, subclass III and II were the most common histological types; 3677 patients (75.6%) were treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. The most common treatment scheme was corticosteroids only (1655 patients, 34.0%). More than half of the patients (362 patients, 56.2%) with pure hematuria received no corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. Patients with hematuria and proteinuria always received corticosteroids only (1017 patients, 35.9%). Corticosteroids with or without tripterygium glycosides were always given to the patients with subclass I and II in renal biopsy. The patients with subclass III and IV were mainly treated with combination of corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone.The incidence of purpura nephritis has increased; the duration of renal impairment had no correlation with the gender. Compared to the female, the male patients are more likely to have proteinuria. The patients with mild proteinuria also can present with severe renal histological impairment. There was no unified treatment scheme in the immunosuppressants and non-specific drugs. Multi-center randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to explore and manage the treatment of purpura nephritis.

To further confirm and clarify the risk factors of melamine associated urolithiasis.Case control research was performed in 6 centers from 5 provinces/cities in China. Children less than 36 months old were screened for urolithiasis and recruited in the study. The children with urolithiasis were included as cases and those without urolithiasis as controls. The children with congenital abnormality of urinary tract were excluded. According to the case:control ratios of 1:1, we sampled the controls from healthy children screened randomly. Due to the complete missing data on factors of vomiting/diarrhea/fever in control group of Center 4, we analyzed the data from 6 centers and 5 centers respectively. The possible influencing factors for urolithiasis including melamine concentration, birth type, age, feeding style and history of vomiting or diarrhea or fever were analyzed by Logistic analysis.There were 1 329 cases and 1 317 controls with a mean age of 18.4 months. The analysis of data from 6 centers showed the children fed with high melamine formula were 6.26 times more likely to have stones (P0.01) than those with non melamine formula. Preterm infants were 2.03 times (P0.01) more likely to have urolithiasis than term infants. The children aged less than 0.5 year, 0.5 to 1 year, 1 to 2 year, 2 to 2.4 year were 2.78 (P0.01), 2.61 (P0.01), 2.09 (P0.01), 1.57 (P0.01), 1.44 (P0.05) times more likely to have stones than those more than 2.5 year. Boys were 1.19 times more likely to have stones than girls. Children fed with formula alone were 1.94 times (P0.01) more likely to have stones than those with formula and breast milk. The analysis of data from 5 centers showed that children fed with high melamine formula were 4.38 times (P0.01) more likely to have stones compared with those with non melamine formula. Children aged less than 1 year and 1 to 1.9 year were 2.24 (P0.01) and 1.31 (P0.05) times more likely to have stones than those more than 2 year. The children fed with formula alone were 1.67 times (P0.01) more likely to have stones compared to those with formula and breast milk. The children with any two symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea and fever were 15.21 times (P0.05) more likely to have urolithiasis. The multiple logistic regression model confirmed that above risk factors were independent risk factors for urolithiasis.We confirm that the children fed with high melamine infant formula, preterm infant, boy, children fed with formula alone, and the children with symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea or fever are more likely to have urolithiasis. We also found the risk for urolithiasis decreased with age.

To investigate the mechanisms of decorin inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in renal tubular epithelial cells.HK-2 cells in vitro were divided into 4 groups: (1) negative control group; (2) decorin group, added with decorin 100 ng/ml ; (3) TGF-beta1 group, added with TGF-beta1 10 ng/ml; (4) decorin and TGF-beta1 group, added with decorin 100 ng/ml and TGF-beta1 10 ng/ml. The protein level of phosphor-ERK, phosphor-PI3K, phosphor-Smad(3) and beta-catenin was detected by Western blotting method. The snail mRNA level was tested by real time-PCR, while the lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1) mRNA level was measured by RT-PCR.The snail (2.59 +/- 0.70:1.02 +/- 0.13) and LEF-1 mRNA (1.85 +/- 0.08:0.30 +/- 0.11) were significantly up-regulated, meanwhile the protein level of phosphor-ERK (1.11 +/- 0.09:0.47 +/- 0.07), phosphor-PI3K (14.79 +/- 1.02:2.48 +/- 0.06), phosphor-Smad(3) (0.95 +/- 0.02:0.08 +/- 0.01) and beta-catenin (1.46 +/- 0.20:0.49 +/- 0.05) were significantly increased in TGF-beta1 group compared to control group, while there were no statistically significant difference in all figures between control group and decorin group. The phosphor-ERK protein level (0.58 +/- 0.08) and the snail mRNA level (1.24 +/- 0.03) were significantly down-regulated in TGF-beta1 and decorin group compared to TGF-beta1 group, however there were no statistically significant differences in the level of phosphor-PI3K (15.84 +/- 1.64), phosphor-Smad(3) (0.90 +/- 0.04) and beta-catenin (1.42 +/- 0.09) between these two groups.Decorin inhibited EMT induced by TGF-beta1 which may be through blocking the ERK signal transduction pathway.

To study the clinical and pathological features of Alport syndrome in children.The clinical and histopathological data of 10 hospitalized children with Alport syndrome from February 2007 to February 2009 were retrospectively reviewed.There were 7 males and 3 females, with the age ranging from 2 years to 6 years and 7 months (mean 3 years and 2 months). Five of 10 cases had positive family history. X-linked dominant inheritance Alport syndrome was diagnosed in 8 cases, and autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome in 2 cases. Recurrent gross hematuria was found in 5 cases, hematuria and proteinuria in 3 cases, massive proteinuria in 1 case, and nephritic syndrome in 1 case. Under the light microscope, 8 cases presented with mesangial proliferation glomerulonephritis, and 2 cases with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Immunofluorescence assay showed that all cases had IgM deposition in glomerulus. Only 1 case showed typical glomerular basement membrane (GBM) pathological changes. All cases showed abnormal alpha-chain distribution in renal collagen IV.The children with Alport syndrome have diverse clinical manifestations. Characteristic histopathological presentations could not be found under a light microscope, mesangial proliferation glomerulonephritis is the dominant pathological change, and IgM deposition in glomerulus is common. The GBM pathological change in children is not common. Immunofluorescence assay of alpha-chain in collagen IV is needed for the diagnosis of Alport syndrome.

To investigate the origin of oxidative stress induced by angiotensin II (AngII) in human mesangial cells and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AngII-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression.MCP-1 expression was determined by real time RT-PCR. ROS production was measured by DCFDA fluorescence. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity was examined by lucigenin chemiluminescence. p47phox and p67phox translocation was assayed by Western blot. Twenty-four male mice were randomly divided into three groups: the control, the AngIIinfusion [AngII 400 ng/(kg.min)], and the apocynin treatment. AngII was infused by subcutaneously osmotic minipump for 14 days. Urinary albumin and 8-isoprostane excretion were measured by ELISA.In cultured human mesangial cells, AngII induced the MCP-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner with 3.56 fold increase as compared with the control. AngII increased intracellular ROS production as early as 3 min with the peak at 60 min and was in a time and dose-dependent. Incubation with different dosages of AngII (1 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L, and 100 nmol/L AngII) for 60 min, ROS production increased at 1.82, 2.92, and 4.08 folds respectively. AngII-induced ROS generation was sensitive to diphenyleneiodonium sulfate (DPI, 10 micromol/L) and apocynin (500 micromol/L), two structurally distinct NADPH oxidase inhibitors. In contrast, inhibitors of other oxidant-producing enzymes, including the mitochondrial complex Iinhibitor rotenone, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguiaretic acid, the cytochrome P450 oxygenase inhibitor ketoconazole and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester were without an effect. AngII-induced ROS generation was inhibited by the AT1 antagonist losartan (10 micromol/L) but not the AT2 antagonist PD123319 (10 micromol/L). AngII treatment induced translocation of cytosolic of p47phox and p67phox to the membrane. The antioxidants almost abolished AngII-induced MCP-1 expression. AngII infusion increased urinary and p67 translocation by 2.69-, 2.97-, and 2.67-fold, respectively.NADPH oxidase-derived ROS is involved in AngII-induced MCP-1 expression. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates AngII-induced renal injury.

The prostate apoptosis response factor-4 (Par-4) gene was originally identified by differential screening for genes that are up-regulated when prostate cells are induced to undergo apoptosis. Par-4 was found to possess potent apoptotic activity in various cellular systems in response to numerous stimuli. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Par-4 gene on the apoptosis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) exposed to glutamate.Primary culture of hBMSCs was carried out and siRNAs targeted Par-4 gene (Par-4-SiRNA) were chemically synthesized. Eukaryocytic expression vector was built and were transfected into hBMSCs with liposome. After selecting with G418, the stable cell clones were treated with glutamate. The expression of Par-4 mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. The apoptosis of hBMSCs was quantified by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of phosphorylated Akt1 (Thr308). Relative Caspase-3 activity was determined by colorimetric assay.The Par-4-SiRNA-1 and Par-4-siRNA-2 could markedly down-regulate the mRNA levels of Par-4 gene in hBMSCs. With the transfections of Par-4-SiRNA-1 and Par-4-SiRNA-2, the levels of Par-4 mRNA were respectively decreased by 88% and 67%. Both Par-4-SiRNA-1 and Par-4-SiRNA-2 inhibited significantly the apoptosis of hBMSCs induced by glutamate, in which the percentages of apoptotic cells were respectively decreased to 38.80% +/- 3.97% (P0.01) and 45.49% +/- 4.32% (P0.01) from 60.30% +/- 6.82%. Western blot assays demonstrated that, glutamate down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt1 proteins in hBMSCs (89.07 +/- 6.42 and 28.30 +/- 5.65, respectively, P0.01). However, Par-4-SiRNA-1 and Par-4-SiRNA-2 could markedly recover the down-regulation of Akt1 proteins induced by glutamate (63.56 +/- 6.75 and 45.59 +/- 4.88, respectively, P0.01). And the relative Caspase-3 activity which was enhanced by the treatment with glutamate (0.1428 +/- 0.0495 and 0.8616 +/- 0.1051, P0.01), was suppressed by Par-4-SiRNA-1 and Par-4-SiRNA-2 (0.8616 +/- 0.1051 and 0.6581 +/- 0.0555, respectively, P0.01).SiRNA against Par-4 gene could inhibit the apoptosis of hBMSCs induced by glutamate, and its inhibitory effects may be mediated by the up-regulation of phosphorylated Akt1 and the suppression of the relative Caspase-3 activity.

To explore the roles of core proteoglycan and TGFbeta1 on the expressions of I and III collagen in human renal tubular epithelial cell line(HK-2) in vitro.Confluent HK-2 cells were exposed to TGFbeta1 and core proteoglycan for up to 48 h. The cells were divided into four groups. Group (1), negative control group; group(2), single 10 microg/L TGFbeta1 treated group; group (3), 10 microg/L TGFbeta1+10 microg/L core proteoglycan group; group (4), 10 microg/L TGFbeta1+100 microg/L core proteoglycan group. Morphologic characterization of HK-2 cells was shown by invertmicroscope; Precise amounts of I and III collagen mRNA were measured by RT-PCR.After 48 h, morphology of (1) group cells had no changes, most cells were normal shape; (2) group cells took great changes, most cells converted into spindle shape, like fibroblast, (3) and (4) groups, spindle shape cells reduced significantly. In contrast to (1) group, the expressions of I collagen in (2) group from mRNA significant increased by 27.86-fold. The expressions of III collagen increased by 21.83-fold. Comparing (3) and (4) groups to(2) group, the expressions of I collagen from mRNA effectively decreased 36.39% and 53.36%. III collagen expressions increased 26.35% and 47.96%èP0.05érespectively. But, neither (3) group nor (4) group alone could regulate I and III collagen mRNA to normal levels.Core proteoglycan can inhibit the expressions of I and III collagen in HK-2 cells induced by TGFbeta1 in vitro. Possibly, suggest core proteoglycan contribute to the regulation of renal fibrosis.

To investigate the effects of Par-4 gene silencing induced by siRNA on the expression of Smac gene, activity of caspase-3, and apoptosis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs).Bone marrow was obtained from a healthy young man and hBMSCs were isolated and cultured. Two siRNAs (Par-4-siRNA-1 and -2) targeting Par-4 gene were chemically synthesized. Eukaryocytic expression vectors containing these Par-4 siRNA sequences were established and transfected into the hBMSCs. The hBMSCs were divided into 4 groups: non-transfected hBMSCs (normal control group), blank Pae-4 plasmid transfected hBMSCs (Par4 control group), Par4-siRNA-1 transfected hBMSCs, and Par-4-siRNA-2 transfected hBMSCs. The expression of Par-4 mRNA was detected by real-time PCR. Another hBMSCs were inoculated in DMEM and divided into 4 groups: non-transfected normal hBMSCs, glutamate (an apoptosis inducer) + non-transfected hBMSC group, glutamine + Par-4-siRNA-1 hBMSC group, and glutamate + Par4-SiRNS-2 hBMSC group. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptotic rate. The relative activity of caspase-3 was determined by colorimetric assay. Western blotting was used to detect the Smac protein expression.The relative mRNA expression levels of Par-4 gene of the Par-4-siRNA-1 hBMSCs, Par-4 SiENA-2 hBMSCs, and Par-4 control hBMSCs were 0.12 +/- 0.03, 0.33 +/- 0.09, and 0.97 +/- 0.02 respectively, decreased by 88%, 67%, and 3% respectively compared with that of the normal control. The percentages of apoptotic cells of the glutamate + Par-4-siRNA-1 hBMSCs was (37.2 +/- 6.3)%, significantly lower than that of the glutamate + non-transfected hBMSC group [(58.9 +/- 8. 9)%, F = 58.26, P0.01). The Smac protein expression level of the glutamate + non-transfected hBMSC group was significantly higher than that of the normal control group (P0.01); however, the Smac protein expression level of the Par-4-siRNA-1 hBMSC group was significantly lower than that of the glutamate + non-transfected hBMSC group (P0.01). The caspase-3 activity of the glutamate + Par-4-siRNA-1 hBMSC group was significantly lower than that of the glutamate + non-transfected BMSC group (P0.01).Par-4-siRNA-1 inhibits markedly the apoptosis of the hBMSCs induced by glutamate. Par-4 gene silencing induced by siRNA inhibits the apoptosis of hBMSCs. The mechanism of the inhibition may be closely related to suppression of the up-regulation of Smac gene expression and caspase-3 activity.

To screen the differentially expressed proteins in the urine of children with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant minimal change nephrotic syndrome (SRINS and SSINS, respectively).Urine samples were collected from 10 children with SRINS and 70 with SSINS as well as 30 healthy volunteers (control). Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis in combination with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was performed for analysis of the urine proteins.In the urine samples, 30 protein spots were identified to have differential expression between SRINS and SSINS. Further analysis of 14 protein spots identified 12 proteins expressing in SRINS, namely kinesin family member 27, PITPNB, bullous pemphigoid antigen, alpha-1 protease inhibitor, Zn-alpha-2GP, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, serum albumin precursor, haptoglobin precursor, kinesin like motor protein, IRAK4, cytoplasmic dynein and cytokeratin 9. Nine of these 12 proteins were up-regulated (U1-U3, U5, U7-U9, U11-U12) and 3 down-regulated (D4, D6, D10) in SRINS, suggesting that these proteins may serve as the potential therapeutic targets and as new diagnostic markers for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

To investigate the uppressive effects of par-4 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on the up-regulation of intracellular calcium concentration in PC12 cell induced by glutamate and its anti-apoptosis effects.Cationic lipid-mediated par-4 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (par-4-AS-ODN) was transfected into PC12 cells and followed by glutamate for treatment. Mismatch oligodeoxy-nucleotide (MS-ODN) was used as the control. Morphological assessment and evaluation of the anti-apoptosis effects of par-4-AS-ODN on PC12 cells were performed by laser scanning confocal microscopy by double staining of the cells with Hoechest 33258/propidium iodide (Hoe/PI) and flow cytometry respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of calpain 10 and par-4 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. Intracellular calcium concentration was determined by using laser scanning confocal microscope with Fura-2/AM as the fluorescent dye.Par-4-AS-ODN repress the increase of par-4 protein in PC12 cell (52.3 +/- 5.0 vs 90.0 +/- 3.2,0.01). Par-4-AS-ODN significantly inhibited the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamate (53% vs 31%,0.01). Par-4-AS-ODN significantly suppress the up-regulation of intracellular calcium concentration in PC12 cells induced by glutamate (Rate of fluorescent density: 167.9 +/- 32.4 vs 228.8 +/- 36.8,0.01). Par-4-AS-ODN inhibited the increase of calpain 10 mRNA in PC12 cells induced by glutamate (46.3 +/- 3.7 vs 34.8 +/- 2.1,0.01).par-4-AS-ODN enables to inhibit apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamate. The mechanism of the inhibition may be closely related to suppression of the up-regulation of intracellular calcium concentration and calpain transcription expression.

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) is a recently identified, novel pro-apoptotic molecule, which is released from mitochondria into the cytosol during apoptosis. Smac promotes activation of caspases by neutralizing members of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family, such as X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). The objective of the study was to examine the pro-apoptotic effect of human Smac gene on Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells.The full length cDNA of human Smac gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR from total RNA of HEK-293 cells. The PCR product was ligated with linearized vector pGEM-T-easy supplied in the TA cloning kit and sequenced. The correct cDNA of full length Smac was subcloned into eukaryocytic expression vector pcDNA3.1/myc-his and transfected into human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji by lipofectamine-mediated transfection. The expression of full length Smac was determined by Western blot. Morphological observation was done with the laser scanning confocal microscope by double staining the Raji cells with Hoechest 33,258 and propidium iodide. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis. Relative caspase-3 activity was determined by colorimetric assay.Recombinant eukaryocytic expression vector pcDNA3.1/Smac, which contained full length Smac, was successfully constructed. After pcDNA 3.1/Smac was transfected into human Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cell line for 24 hours, Raji cells showed apparent apoptosis with a percentage of (43.7 +/- 2.5)%, which was higher than that of non-transfected group and free vector-transfected group (P0.05). Compared with non-transfected group (0.136 +/- 0.036) and free vector-transfected group (0.138 +/- 0.026), the relative caspase-3 activity of Raji cells transfected by pcDNA3.1/Smac (0.936 +/- 0.041) was significantly enhanced (P0.05).Transfection and expression of human Smac gene could significantly induce apoptosis of human Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells. The mechanism is associated with the increase of caspase-3 activity.

Lipoxin A(4) is formed by the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect of lipoxin A(4) has been shown in many human diseases. Recently, as a novel high affinity receptor for ligand lipoxin A(4), Lipoxin A(4) receptor-like protein (LRLP) has been identified. Currently close attention is paid to the important contribution of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in lung fibrosis. The purpose of the study was to transfect LRLP gene into human lung fibroblasts and investigate the mechanism of its enhancing antagonistic effect of Lipoxin A(4) on human lung fibroblasts proliferation induced by connective tissue growth factor.Eukaryocytic expression vector pEGFP/LRLP which contained LRLP and green fluorescence protein fusion gene (GFP) was constructed and transfected into human lung fibroblasts (HLF). After selecting with G418, HLF/LRLP cell clone which stably expressed LRLP/GFP fusion protein was isolated and characterized by the laser scanning confocal microscope. Cultured HLF and HLF/LRLP were stimulated for 24 h with CTGF (1 microg/ml) in the presence and absence of pretreatment of Lipoxin A(4) (10.0 nmol/L) for 30 min. Inhibition of cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of cyclin D(1) protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was employed to detect the DNA binding activity of STAT(3).(1) HLF/LRLP cell clone which stably expressed LRLP and GFP fusion protein was successfully obtained. (2) Proliferation of HLF and HLF/LRLP was induced by 1 microg/ml CTGF. Pretreatment with 10 nm Lipoxin A(4) inhibited the proliferation of HLF and HLF/LRLP. And the inhibitory rate of HLF/LRLP was significantly higher than that of HLF [(54.1 +/- 4.2)%, (21.2 +/- 3.7)%, P0.05]. (3) The flow cytometry analysis showed that compared with HLF, more HLF/LRLP were arrested at G(0)/G(1) phase in the presence of pretreatment of Lipoxin A(4). [(76.3 +/- 3.5)%, (60.8 +/- 2.0)%, P0.05]. (4) Ten nmol/L Lipoxin A(4) antagonized CTGF induced increase of cyclin D(1) protein expression in HLF and HLF/LRLP. And its antagonistic effect on HLR/LRLP was stronger than that on HLF (P0.05). (5) Ten nmol/L Lipoxin A(4) antagonized CTGF induced increase of STAT(3) DNA binding activity, and its antagonistic effect on HLF/LRLP was more powerful than that on HLF (P0.05).Transfection of Lipoxin A(4) receptor-like protein gene enhanced the inhibitory effect of Lipoxin A(4) on human lung fibroblasts proliferation induced by CTGF. Its mechanism might be related to regulation of cyclin D(1) protein expression and STAT(3) DNA binding activity.

To investigate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signal pathway in expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in experimental rat glomerulonephritis.Nephrotoxic sera nephritis (NTN) was induced by injection of anti-GBM antibody into the tail veins of rats. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and non-radioactive kinase assay were used to detect the activity of AP-1 and JNK in kidneys and angiotensin II-stimulated human mesangial cells. Ribonuclear protection assay was used to detect MCP-1 expression in cultured human mesangial cells.Significant up-regulation of JNK and AP-1 was observed in NTN rats (3.82 +/- 0.58) folds and (5.36 +/- 0.61) folds, as compared with the controls. Supershift assay demonstrated that c-Jun and c-Fos were the predominant subunits involved. Activation of JNK and AP-1 significantly correlated with MCP-1 expression in NTN rats. Angiotensin II enhanced the expression of MCP-1 and activation of JNK and AP-1 in cultured human mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal stimulation seen at 100 nmol/L (20.99 +/- 4.71) folds, (6.91 +/- 1.65) folds and (7.82 +/- 1.32) folds respectively. Significant down-regulation of AP-1 activation and MCP-1 expression were observed in angiotensin II-induced human mesangial cells pretreated with JNK specific inhibitor SP600125.Angiotensin II and MCP-1 may play an important role in glomerulosclerosis via the JNK-c-Jun/AP-1 signal pathway.

OBJECTIVE To observe whether curcumin could inhibit the accumulation of the collagen IV and fibronectin in the glomeruli in nephrotoxi sera nephritis rats. METHODS Seventy-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, with 24 animals in each group. For normal control group, normal saline (0.5 ml/d) was injected through intra-caudal-vein for two days, and at the same time normal saline (0.5 ml/kg) was also daily administered intraperitoneally. For nephrotoxic sera nephritis group, nephrotoxic sera (0.5 ml/d) was injected through the tail vein for two days and dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 ml/kg) was given intraperitoneally daily. For curcumin group, nephrotoxic sera was injected as above and meanwhile curcumin (50 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) was administered intraperitoneally every day. Six rats in each group were killed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th day. Their renal tissue was fixed in 10% formalin for examining the expression of collagen IV and fibronectin. RESULTS Minimal staining of collagen IV and fibronectin was detected in the basement membrane of normal control rats glomeruli. In the nephrotoxic sera nephritis rats and curcumin treated nephrotoxic sera nephritis rats, the accumulation of collagen IV and fibronectin was increased progressively, with significant difference in the accumulation of collagen IV (P

To investigate the role of NF-kappaB/IkappaB signal pathway in mediating the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in experimental rat glomerulonephritis.Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) was induced by injection of anti-GBM antibody into the tail veins of rats. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Western Blot were used to detect the activation of NF-kappaB, nuclear translocation of p65 subunit and degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta in rat renal tissue. MCP-1 expression in glomeruli and renal tubules was also assessed by immunohistochemistry and ribonuclease protection assay. This was further correlated with the activation of NF-kappaB.There was an obvious expression of MCP-1 in glomeruli and renal tubules. Significant up-regulation of NF-kappaB activation, nuclear translocation of p65 subunit, and degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta were also observed in NTN rat renal tissue, as compared to the control group. A positive correlation was noted between NF-kappaB activation and MCP-1 expression.NF-kappaB/IkappaB signal pathway may play an important pathogenetic role in glomerulonephritis, with mediating the expression of MCP-1.

Glomerulosclerosis is characterized by extracellular matrix accumulative and is often associated with mesangial cell proliferation. Curcumin showed a protective effect on anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) nephritis in vivo, although their cellular localization and mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, a glomerular mesangial cell line derived from fetus was used to determine whether curcumin could inhibit the cell proliferation and alter the extracellular matrix turnover.The cell activity was determined with MTT method. Mesangial cells were cultured in vitro and incubated with 0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 micromol/L curcumin. In addition,human mesangial cells were cultured with or without LPS (10 microg/ml) in presence or absence of various concentrations of curcumin (4, 16 and 200 micromol/L), respectively. The supernatant and cells were collected. Then, the levels of the collagen type IV and III protein in the supernatant were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the IL-1 beta and MCP-1 mRNA in the cells was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after subconfluent quiescent mesangial cells were incubated with various concentrations of curcumin for 24 h in vitro.Curcumin at the concentration equal to or over 6.25 micro mol/L was able to inhibit the proliferation of mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner, the optical density according to the sequential concentrations of curcumin was 0.65 +/- 0.02, 0.62 +/- 0.04, 0.56 +/- 0.01, 0.53 +/- 0.02, 0.51 +/- 0.03, 0.44 +/- 0.05, 0.41 +/- 0.07 and 0.38 +/- 0.06. Without any stimulation, human mesangial cells secreted some collagen type IV and III (10 +/- 9.13 ng/ml and 29.5 +/- 0.58 ng/ml, respectively) and expressed some MCP-1 mRNA, but did not express IL-1 beta mRNA. LPS increased the expression of collagen type IV and III in the culture medium of mesangial cells in vitro [(138.75 +/- 23.23) ng/ml and (38.25 +/- 5.38) ng/ml] and up-regulated the IL-1 beta and MCP-1 mRNA expression [(16.91 +/- 1.68)% and (76.6 +/- 6.59)%]. Yet curcumin could significantly decrease collagen type IV and III in the supernatant of cultured mesangial cells induced by LPS (20.5 +/- 1.00, P0.05 and 20.5 +/- 4.12 ng/ml, P0.05) and down-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-1 beta and MCP-1 in mesangial cells induced by LPS (P0.01).Curcumin could inhibit the human mesangial cell proliferation and alter the extracellular matrix turnover, meanwhile it could down-regulate the IL-1 beta and MCP-1 mRNA expression induced by LPS, which may be valuable in decreasing the progression of glomerulosclerosis.