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Abstract After the COVID-19 pandemic, fever clinics urgently require rapid nucleic acid tests to enhance their capacity for timely pathogen detection. This study evaluated the analytical performance and clinical utility of the Flash10 SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test (Flash10 POCT) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in patients with fever in the adult fever clinic in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from August 1 to August 30, 2023. The analytical performance and clinical utility of the Flash10 POCT for detecting SARS-CoV-2 were assessed in 125 patients with fever syndrome in the adult fever clinic. The Flash10 POCT demonstrated an analytical precision of 3.1% for the Ct values of the ORF1ab gene and 2.9% for the Ct values of the N gene in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing. Furthermore, the Flash10 POCT demonstrated a lower limit of detection (LoD) of 100 copies/mL, with no detected aerosol contamination leakage. Of the 125 patients (median age 61.9 years, 52% male and 48% female), both the Flash10 POCT and RT-PCR tests yielded positive results for 100 patients and negative results for 25 patients (Fisher’s exact test, p

Abstract Background To explore the association of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG1/ miR-195 axis with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and islet function. Methods The expression of SNHG1 and miR-195 was measured in T2DM patients and in healthy subjects. Correlation between indciators was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. INS-1 cells were used to perform the cell function assays. Insulin secretion by INS-1 was detected using ELISA. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry was used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Luciferase report assay was to used to verify the target of SNHG1. Results The expression of SNHG1 was increased and miR-195 level was decreased in the serum of T2DM patients. Both SNHG1 and miR-195 could be biomarkers for T2DM diagnosis. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c were positively related to SNHG1 and negatively related to miR-195. SNHG1 inhibited insulin secretion, and cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of INS-1 cells via binding to miR-195. Conclusions Detection of SNHG1 and miR-195 might predict T2DM. SNHG1 could suppress proliferation and insulin secretion, but promote apoptosis of INS-1 cells via sponging miR-195.

Abstract Background We aimed to evaluate the predictors for early and interim culture conversion within 2 months and 6 months of treatment in multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) patients in China. Methods This study included adult MDR/RR-TB patients with a positive baseline sputum culture from 8 institutions located in different cities in China from May 2018 to January 2022. We mainly used logistic regression model to derive possible predictors of early and interim culture conversion. Results A total of 813 patients were enrolled and 28.5% of them received multidrug-resistant treatment regimens containing bedaquiline. Of these, 362 (44.5%) patients experienced culture conversion within 2 months of treatment, and 649 (79.8%) within 6 months. The results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that acid-fast bacilli smear positive (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.637, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.197–2.238), cavities (aOR = 1.539, 95% CI = 1.132–2.092), bilateral disease (aOR = 1.638, 95% CI = 1.183–2.269), and viral hepatitis (aOR = 2.585, 95% CI = 1.189–5.622) were identified as risk factors for early culture un-conversion within 2 months of treatment. Additionally, smoking history (aOR = 2.197, 95% CI = 1.475–3.273), previous treatment for tuberculosis (aOR = 1.909, 95% CI = 1.282–2.844), bilateral disease (aOR = 2.201, 95% CI = 1.369–3.537), viral hepatitis (aOR = 2.329, 95% CI = 1.094–4.962) were identified as risk factors for interim culture un-conversion within 6 months of treatment, while patients with regimen containing bedaquiline (aOR = 0.310, 95% CI = 0.191–0.502) was a protective factor. Conclusions A history of smoking, a baseline sputum AFB smear positive, lung cavities, bilateral disease, previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, or a comorbidity of viral hepatitis can be used as the predictors for early and interim culture un-conversion in MDR/RR-TB patients, while bedaquiline was a protective factor .

The influence of fractures on the mechanical properties of shale rocks is prominent. Accurately characterizing the changes in the mechanical properties of fractured shale is an essential basis for precisely depicting the four-dimensional in-situ stress field during the fracturing and production process of shale reservoirs. Existing studies on four-dimensional in-situ stress often attribute stress changes primarily to alterations in pore pressures， neglecting the impact of changes in the mechanical properties of rocks on four-dimensional in-situ stress. The relationship between the pore pressure and the volume of shale pores and fractures was clarified by utilizing online CT experiments. Theoretical relationships among fracture volume， Poisson’s ratio， and elastic modulus of shale rocks were derived based on strain energy theory. Furthermore， a time-varying theoretical model was established with pore pressure， Poisson’s ratio， and elastic modulus as variables. The results indicate that the opening of bedding fractures is the primary cause of the time-varying nature of the mechanical parameters of shale rocks. The number of fractures opening increases， and the fracture space exhibits exponential growth as pore pressure increases. With the increase in fracture volume， the Poisson’s ratio of shale rocks rapidly increases， while the Young’s modulus rapidly decreases， leading to a significant reduction in shale strength. An analysis of the shale in Jiyang Depression reveals that Young’s modulus decreases from 37.5 GPa to 15.06 GPa， and the Poisson’s ratio increases from 0.22 to 0.35 when the proportion of fracture volume increases to 1%. The influence of the time-varying nature of mechanical parameters of rocks on the evolution of four-dimensional in-situ stress is comparatively analyzed through numerical simulation methods. The four-dimensional in-situ stress simulation， considering the time-varying characteristics of rock mechanics， can better characterize the law of stress evolution and direction deflection during shale fracturing and production. It is more consistent with the evolution law of four-dimensional in-situ stress in the process of fracturing and production， and the simulation results are more reliable. The research results can provide theoretical support for the rational deployment， optimal design， and risk warning of three-dimensional well groups of shale oil.

Abstract Heatwaves are projected to substantially increase at a global scale, exacerbating worldwide heat-related risks in the future. However, understanding future heterogeneous heatwave changes and their origins remains challenging. By analyzing the output of various climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, we found pronounced spatial disparity of projected heatwave increases in the Northern Hemisphere, even outstretching seven-fold inter-regional differences in extreme heatwave occurrences, attributed primarily to future changes in heat-dome-like circulations and soil moisture–temperature coupling. Specifically, we found that by the end of the 21st century, the modulations of combined Pacific El Niño and positive Pacific Meridional Mode on magnified heat-dome-like circulations would be translated into summertime hotspots over western Asia and western North America. Amplified soil moisture–temperature couplings then further aggravate the heatwave intensity over these two hotspots. This study provides support for formulating impact-based mitigation strategies and efficiently addressing the potential future risks of heatwaves.

Abstract Pronounced spatial disparities in heatwave trends are bound up with a diversity of atmospheric signals with complex variations, including different phases and wavenumbers. However, assessing their relationships quantitatively remains a challenging problem. Here, we use a network-searching approach to identify the strengths of heatwave-related atmospheric teleconnections (AT) with ERA5 reanalysis data. This way, we quantify the close links between heatwave intensity and AT in the Northern Hemisphere. Approximately half of the interannual variability of heatwaves is explained and nearly 80% of the zonally asymmetric trend signs are estimated correctly by the AT changes in the mid-latitudes. We also uncover that the likelihood of extremely hot summers has increased sharply by a factor of 4.5 after 2000 over areas with enhanced AT, but remained almost unchanged over the areas with attenuated AT. Furthermore, reproducing Eastern European heatwave trends among various models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 largely depends on the simulated Eurasian AT changes, highlighting the potentially significant impact of AT shifts on the simulation and projection of heatwaves.

Abstract Ceracris kiangsu (Orthoptera: Arcypteridae), is greatly affected by climatic factors and exhibits strong adaptability, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment. Therefore, predicting its potential suitable habitat distribution provides a proactive theoretical basis for pest control. This study using the Biomod2 package of R simulated and predicted the current and future potential distribution, area changes, changes in the center points of suitable habitats, and niche shifts of C. kiangsu under two different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, SSP1-26 and SSP5-85. The results show that: (1) Currently, the high suitability areas for C. kiangsu are mainly distributed in Yunnan, Jiangxi, Hunan provinces in southern China and phongsaly province in northern Laos. In the future, the center of the suitable habitat distribution pattern of C. kiangsu will remain unchanged, primarily expanding outward from medium and high suitability areas. Additionally, significant suitable habitats for C. kiangsu were discovered in Southeast Asian countries without previous pest records. (2) Compared to the present, the overall suitable habitat area for C. kiangsu is expected to expand, particularly under the SSP5-85 climate change scenario. (3) In the SSP1-26 and SSP5-85 climate scenarios, the geometric center of the suitable habitat generally shows a trend of gradually shifting northeast. (4) Under different climate scenarios, the suitable habitat of C. kiangsu has highly overlapping, indicating that the suitable habitat of C. kiangsu in the invaded areas is broader than in its native regions. In conclusion, the research findings represent a breakthrough in identifying the potential distribution areas of C. kiangsu, which is of great practical significance for the monitoring and control of C. kiangsu pest infestation in China and Southeast Asian countries.

Regional integration in the marketized socialist context has been regarded as a cross-boundary development led by governmental apparatuses, wherein administrative toolkits have been employed to consolidate coalitional benefits on different scales. Since 1980s, when an ideological transition from managerialism to urban entrepreneurism reshaped urban and regional governance, municipalities have become an active role in bargaining for local development opportunities. Based on this, the market economy objectively promotes social capital for participation in regional development agendas and capital circuits. Thus, municipalities no longer dominate capital flows with bureaucratic tactics but by diversifying development through a variety of approaches, including state-owned enterprise reform, the introduction of foreign capital, and encouragement of private enterprise operations. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent an important form of state-business cooperation, which generally refers to a type of multilink and process-based cooperation carried out by the public and private sectors. Existing literature discusses the different roles of these sectors in PPP projects from the perspectives of growth machines, fiscal decentralization, and institutional establishments. However, few studies on PPP projects reveal the operational mechanism at the regional scale compared to that at the urban scale, leading to research gaps in (1) how regional governments participate, (2) how regional and city governments interact, and (3) how the interests of multilevel governments and the private sector are coordinated. The study aimed to dialogue with the theory of regional integration and conceptualize PPP projects on a regional scale using an analytical framework. Additionally, it intended to summarize the research basis of urban PPP projects, discuss the formation mechanism of PPP models and government-enterprise cooperation against the background of regional integration, and systematically describe the path of multiregional integration under the market economy system. Sino-Singapore Jiashan Industrial Park was identified for the empirical case study. The study methods included semi-structured interviews and in-depth text analyses. As of August 2023, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted, and interviewees included officials of the industrial park, heads of relevant departments, and residents living adjacent to the park. Based on the interview materials, in-depth analyses of the policies and plans relevant to Yangtze River Delta regional integration and documents on industrial development and urban construction in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing City, and Jiashan County were conducted for comparison with empiricism from the interview records. The main difference between PPP projects in terms of the regional and urban scales was the flow of factors in the regional space. The flow of factors included material factors, such as capital and labor, and abstract factors, such as policies, business models, and management experience. For example, the Sino-Singapore Group not only brought the industrial capital of Suzhou Industrial Park to Jiashan Industrial Park but it also introduced the existing excellent development model and government-enterprise cooperation mode of Suzhou Industrial Park into the development of Jiashan Industrial Park. Using market tools to assist in the construction of regional integration systems and mechanisms plays a core role in regional-scale PPP projects. Considering that the development of PPP projects on regional and urban scales is blocked by administrative boundaries, the relationship between cross-regional subjects is key to the success of the project and includes the complex relationships between the Suzhou Industrial Park Government and Sino-Singapore Group, the Jiashan County Government and Sino-Singapore Group, and the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group. Cooperation between the Jiashan County Government and the Sino-Singapore Group is inseparable from the support of the Suzhou Industrial Park Government. Introducing the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group as close partners is also necessary. Whether a multi-subject relationship can be properly handled determines the success or failure of regional-scale PPP projects.

Abstract Based on the polynomial theory, the error propagation characteristics of the widely used N-step discrete Fourier transform (N-DFT) phase-shift algorithm were analyzed via theoretical analysis, under the effect of Gamma distortion and phase detuning. The results showed that the N-DFT algorithm could not simultaneously suppress both types of error. A robust linear phase-shift (RLPS) algorithm was designed, the performance of the RLPS and 8-DFT algorithms in terms of spectral response, detuning robustness, and $${G}_{S/N}$$ G S / N was briefly analysis by Manuel Servin method. The Simulation analysis and comparison of the results show that the RLPS algorithm could suppress both types of error simultaneously, which exhibited better stability and accuracy than N-DFT and exponential algorithms, particularly in gradient measurement stability, peak-to-valley (PV) and root-mean-square (RMS) error suppression. Moreover, a physical experiment apparatus was built to test unidirectionally inclined plane mirror and concave mirror using the RLPS, N-DFT, and exponential algorithms. The results showed that the RLPS algorithm could significantly improve the measurement stability and accuracy in the presence of detuning and without screen Gamma calibration.

Abstract The proficiency of phyllosphere microbiomes in efficiently utilizing plant-provided nutrients is pivotal for their successful colonization of plants. The methylotrophic capabilities of Methylobacterium/Methylorubrum play a crucial role in this process. However, the precise mechanisms facilitating efficient colonization remain elusive. In the present study, we investigate the significance of methanol assimilation in shaping the success of mutualistic relationships between methylotrophs and plants. A set of strains originating from Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 are subjected to evolutionary pressures to thrive under low methanol conditions. A mutation in the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase gene is identified, which converts it into a metabolic valve. This valve redirects limited C1-carbon resources towards the synthesis of biomass by up-regulating a non-essential phosphoketolase pathway. These newly acquired bacterial traits demonstrate superior colonization capabilities, even at low abundance, leading to increased growth of inoculated plants. This function is prevalent in Methylobacterium/Methylorubrum strains. In summary, our findings offer insights that could guide the selection of Methylobacterium/Methylorubrum strains for advantageous agricultural applications.

The uninterrupted operation of the distribution network is crucial for enhancing the security of power supply. However, factors such as environmental and line conditions may impede uninterrupted operation of overhead lines. Hence, this study conducts an analysis of factors that influence the uninterrupted operation of 10 kV overhead lines in distribution networks. To accomplish this, the Interpretative Structural Model (ISM) is employed to establish a hierarchical structure of the factors. Important factors are selected from this structure for the demand analysis of uninterrupted operation, and an optimization scheme for the design of overhead lines is proposed based on technical requirements for uninterrupted operation. Finally, the model is applied to optimize a real overhead line in a distribution network, thus validating the applicability of the proposed model.

The studies on the batch experiments and transport of 90Sr and 241Am were respectively conducted under unsaturated flow conditions in silty clay column. The results show that the linear correlation coefficient r2 of adsorption and desorption isotherms for 90Sr and 241Am in silty clay medium is greater than 0.9, which indicates that the Freundlich isotherm adsorption model can better describe the adsorption and desorption process of different nuclides in silty clay. The adsorption capacity of strongly adsorbed nuclides 241Am is much greater than that of 90Sr. As for 90Sr, the first-order rate coefficient(named as β) between the dissolved phase and the adsorbed phase was considered in the non-equilibrium adsorption model by transport column. The calculated concentration distribution curve is good agreement with the measured values. The fitting results show that the distribution coefficient(named as Kd) and β of 90Sr in the fine sand aquifer are 3.6 mL/g and 0.55/h. Respectively, in terms of 241Am, the radionuclides concentration distribution curves in equilibrium adsorption model and non-equilibrium adsorption model are in good agreement with the measured values. It shows that the stronger adsorption capacity of the nuclides have the faster rate of the adsorption-desorption in the soil, meanwhile the shorter time for the system reaction equilibrium. At this time, the fitting results of the equilibrium adsorption mode and the non-equilibrium adsorption model are closer to each other. Meanwhile the calculated Kd value by equilibrium adsorption model is 3×103 mL/g.

Abstract Background Haemochromatosis is a genetic disease characterized by the excessive deposition of iron in various tissues and organs, eventually results in organ damage including cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, etc. SLC40A1-related haemochromatosis is associated with gain-of-function mutations in the SLC40A1 gene, which encodes ferroportin. While sporadic reports of this condition exist in mainland China, the understanding of the phenotype and genetic pattern associated with the SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation remains incomplete. Case presentation We report a pedigree with heterozygous p.Y333H mutation in Chinese Han population. The proband is a 64-year-old man complaining of persistent abnormality of liver enzyme levels for 1 year, with a history of knee joint pain, diabetes and skin pigmentation. He displayed markedly elevated serum ferritin level and transferrin saturation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed iron deposition in the liver, spleen, and pancreas, along with cirrhosis and splenomegaly. Whole exome sequencing identified a heterozygous allelic variant c.997T > C (p.Y333H). Genetic screening of family members identified four first-degree relatives and three second-degree relatives having the same mutation. Additional cases with this mutation from two published studies were included. Among the probands and screened relatives, all eight males aged over 30 y had ferritin level > 1000 µg/L, transferrin saturation > 90%. Four patients with organ damage in the present study received therapeutic phlebotomy, alleviating clinical symptoms and improving in transferrin saturation and serum ferritin. Conclusions This study reports the largest pedigree with heterozygous SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation in the Chinese population to date. In Chinese families, males over 30 years old with hemochromatosis due to SLC40A1 p.Y333H mutation exhibit severe iron overload phenotypes.

Abstract Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose tissue. They possess remarkable properties, including multipotency, self-renewal, and easy clinical availability. ADSCs are also capable of promoting tissue regeneration through the secretion of various cytokines, factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). ADSC-derived EVs (ADSC-EVs) act as intercellular signaling mediators that encapsulate a range of biomolecules. These EVs have been found to mediate the therapeutic activities of donor cells by promoting the proliferation and migration of effector cells, facilitating angiogenesis, modulating immunity, and performing other specific functions in different tissues. Compared to the donor cells themselves, ADSC-EVs offer advantages such as fewer safety concerns and more convenient transportation and storage for clinical application. As a result, these EVs have received significant attention as cell-free therapeutic agents with potential future application in regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on recent research progress regarding regenerative medical use of ADSC-EVs across various medical conditions, including wound healing, chronic limb ischemia, angiogenesis, myocardial infarction, diabetic nephropathy, fat graft survival, bone regeneration, cartilage regeneration, tendinopathy and tendon healing, peripheral nerve regeneration, and acute lung injury, among others. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for inducing these therapeutic effects. We believe that deciphering the biological properties, therapeutic effects, and underlying mechanisms associated with ADSC-EVs will provide a foundation for developing a novel therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine. Graphical Abstract

BackgroundPlant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are an integral part of agricultural practices due to their roles in promoting plant growth, improving soil conditions, and suppressing diseases. However, researches on the PGPR in the rhizosphere of carrots, an important vegetable crop, is relative limited. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and characterize PGPR strains from the rhizosphere soil of greenhouse-grown carrots, with a focus on their potential to stimulate carrot growth.MethodsThrough a screening process, 12 high-efficiency phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, one nitrogen-fixing strain, and two potassium-solubilizing strains were screened. Prominent among these were Bacillus firmus MN3 for nitrogen fixation ability, Acinetobacter pittii MP41 for phosphate solubilization, and Bacillus subtilis PK9 for potassium-solubilization. These strains were used to formulate a combined microbial consortium, N3P41K9, for inoculation and further analysis.ResultsThe application of N3P41K9, significantly enhanced carrot growth, with an increase in plant height by 17.1% and root length by 54.5% in a pot experiment, compared to the control group. This treatment also elevated alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen levels by 72.4%, available phosphorus by 48.2%, and available potassium by 23.7%. Subsequent field trials confirmed the efficacy of N3P41K9, with a notable 12.5% increase in carrot yields. The N3P41K9 treatment had a minimal disturbance on soil bacterial diversity and abundance, but significantly increased the prevalence of beneficial genera such as Gemmatimonas and Nitrospira. Genus-level redundancy analysis indicated that the pH and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content were pivotal in shaping the bacterial community composition.DiscussionThe findings of this study highlight the feasibility of combined microbial consortium in promoting carrot growth, increasing yield, and enriching the root environment with beneficial microbes. Furthermore, these results suggest the potential of the N3P41K9 consortium for soil amelioration, offering a promising strategy for sustainable agricultural practices.

IntroductionThe Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is a giant herbivore classified as an endangered wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Threatened Species.This study aims to investigate and compare the core gut microbiota of captive Asian elephants from three different locations in Yunnan Province, China, to explore the impact of environmental and husbandry factors on microbial diversity.MethodsWe collected fecal samples from 29 captive Asian elephants from three locations and performed full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial diversity was assessed using alpha diversity (Chao1 and Shannon indexes) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis and Euclidean distance metrics). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was used to visualize microbial variation among groups.ResultsAlpha diversity analysis showed that the microbial diversity in the Yexianggu group was higher than that in the other groups. Bray-Curtis and Euclidean metrics revealed significant differences among the microbial communities. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, which are key cellulose-degrading bacteria, were the dominant phyla in all groups. Synergistaceae was the most abundant family in the Menghai group, while Lachnospiraceae and Pirellulaceae were more abundant in the Yexianggu and Yuantongshan groups, respectively. Genus p-1008-a5-gut-group was more abundant in Yexianggu, and Prevotella was predominant in Menghai.DiscussionThese results indicate that habitat and husbandry practices significantly influence the gut microbiota of captive Asian elephants. The identification of bacterial species such as Lactobacillus fermentum, Clostridium neonatale, Enterococcus mundtii, Klebsiella huaxiensis, Corynebacterium nasicanis, and Streptococcus equinus highlights the potential role of specific microbes in maintaining host-microbial interactions. Promoting microbial diversity through improved captive conditions could enhance the health of these endangered animals.

Abstract Compound warm extremes exert profound impacts on environment, health, and socioeconomics. Yang et al. (2024) indicated a shift or transition from warm‐dry extremes (WDEs), common in non‐ice‐covered areas, to warm‐wet extremes (WWEs) in ice‐covered zones. Utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data, this study determined the duration and frequency of WDEs and WWEs across ice‐covered and non‐ice‐covered regions. A comprehensive analysis uncovers the physical mechanisms responsible for the paradigm differences and attributes them to the weakening of land‐atmosphere interaction caused by ice‐cover, which inhibits soil moisture feedback and reduces the intensity and duration of warm events in ice‐covered areas. Both WDEs and WWEs are associated with high‐pressure systems (HPs). WDEs, situated directly beneath HPs, intensify due to adiabatic warming from subsidence motions. Conversely, WWEs, located beneath the poleward fringes of HPs, emerge from advective warming and moistening associated with poleward intrusions of warm‐moist air.

The current study deeply investigates nanofluid's heat and mass transport in a staggered-shaped enclosure with wavy walls. A nonhomogeneous mathematical model with thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion is considered in our study. The finite element method is implemented to solve the set of governing equations. Impacts of magnetic field (B0) and its orientation (γ), undulation number (N), amplitude (A) and nanoparticle types are examined for heat and mass flow. Investigations show that the most demoting trend is obtained when the inclination of B0 is either vertical or horizontal. It is concluded that mean Nusselt (Nuavg) and Sherwood number (Shavg) are increasing functions of Ra. When Ra is changed from 103 to 107, the Shavg value is increased up to six times. The impacts of wall shape show that as we increase A, the Nuavg decreases while the maximum can be obtained for the flat boundary. For small N, Shavg is an increasing function. Shape optimization revealed that there exists a critical point between Shavg and N after which it declines. Investigations further show that this point can be changed. Some critical points have been calculated that can be counted as novel results.

Grain of high yield and quality is needed worldwide due to the needs of a rapidly increasing human population. However, diseases caused by some stubborn types of phytopathogenic bacteria can limit the health and yields of crops. Even worse, conventional commercial bactericides have limited efficacy against such diseases. Therefore, exploring some efficacious bactericidal alternatives is urgently needed. In this work, a new type of 3-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-2-ol modified carbazole derivatives was synthesized and assessed for their bactericidal activity. Among them, compound B16 was the optimal active molecule, giving the EC50 values of 3.11 (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae), 3.20 (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) and 3.54 μg/mL (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae). Pot experiments revealed compound B16 to be able to control rice bacterial leaf blight. Some biochemical assays illustrated that our designed compounds could destroy the integrality of bacterial cell membranes and thereby leading to leaking the intracellular protein. These findings may be regard as a reference for the design of novel membrane-targeting antimicrobial agents for managing stubborn plant bacterial diseases.

Formic acid is regarded to be one of the most prospective hydrogen carriers. Effective screening of the fitting non-noble-metal-based heterogeneous catalysts to substitute the expensive noble-metal-based ones for FA dehydrogenation is considered as a key to the commercial application for hydrogen economics. Herein, dehydrogenation of liquid neat FA achieved a gas production value of 1753.5 mL/gcat./h at 94 °C by using a biomass-derived γ-Mo2N based catalyst synthesized from the earth-abundant molybdenum and soybean with a facile pyrolysis process. The effect of material ratio, pyrolysis temperature on the catalytic performance of FA dehydrogenation were studied in details. In particular, the catalyst obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C, weight ratios of ammonium molybdate to soybean of 0.2/1 exhibited the highest activity. In addition, the catalytic activity increased with the increase of FA concentration, but conversely, the dehydrogenation selectivity decreased with the increasing FA concentration. Moreover, it was found that the Bio-Mo2N catalyst was rather stable over the 40 h continuous reaction period.

Abstract The South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) is a significant monsoon system that exerts a profound impact on climate and human livelihoods. According to 38 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, the SASM circulation is projected to weaken significantly under global warming as seen in the weakened low-level westerly wind over the northern tropical Indian Ocean; however, the associated climate dynamics is still under debate. Here, we identify that the weakened low-level westerly wind is closely related to the enhanced latent heating over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which corresponds with increased summer precipitation in the future. The intensified TP latent heating triggers an anomalous meridional circulation with ascending motions over the plateau and descending motions to the south, leading to an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the northern tropical Indian Ocean. This anticyclone greatly weakens the prevailing low-level westerlies of the SASM through easterly anomalies at the anticyclone’s southern flank. Moisture budget analysis further reveals that increased atmospheric water vapor, rather than the vertical dynamic component, makes the largest contribution to the increased precipitation over the TP. This result confirms that the enhanced TP latent heating is a driver of atmospheric circulation change and contributes to weakening the SASM circulation.

Abstract Near miscibility widely exists in carbon dioxide (CO2) injection development projects. However, there is no existing approach to quantify the effect of near miscibility on oil recovery. In this paper, slim tube experiments were conducted to study near miscible region. The oil displacement efficiency curve is divided into immiscibility, near miscibility and miscibility. And three linear function is obtained, respectively. Then, the space between production well and CO2 injection well is discrete to characterize the effect of near miscibility on oil recovery. Then, a new approach is proposed to calculate oil recovery of CO2 displacement in tight oil reservoirs. This approach can calculate oil recovery considering near miscibility. It is found that minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) without considering near miscibility is 4 MPa lower than considering near miscibility. The near miscible pressure range is from 0.77 times to 1 time MMP considering near miscibility. Oil displacement efficiency difference reaches to be the maximum when the pressure is the minimum miscibility pressure without considering near miscibility. The maximum of the oil displacement efficiency difference is 3.4%. The optimal formation pressure considering near miscibility is 5 MPa larger than that without considering near miscibility. The oil recovery considering near miscibility is from 0.9 to 1.3% lower than that not considering near miscibility. It reaches to be the maximum when the pressure is the optimal formation pressure level without considering near miscibility. The maximum of the oil recovery difference is 1.3%.

Abstract Disc cutters are essential for full-section hard-rock tunnel boring machines. The performance of these devices directly affects tunnel engineering costs and duration. This paper proposes a sinusoidal variable cross-section (VCS) cutter ring and design method and establishes a digital model. Rock-like materials are simulated with a finite element model, and the model validity is verified via rock simulation mechanics tests. A disc cutter rolling rock simulation model for a linear cutting machine is also established, and simulation tests are performed for single- and three-cutter rolling using sinusoidal VCSs and constant cross-section (CCS) cutter models, respectively. The stress and energy changes for the cutters and rock-like material damage area were compared via simulation, confirming that some sinusoidal VCS cutter rings do less work on rock-like materials and cause larger crushing areas under the same engineering parameters; therefore, these cutter rings have smaller specific energies. The sinusoidal VCS cutter ring performance is 7% greater than that of CCS on average under single-cutter simulation, and the intermediate cutter performance of the intermediate cutter is 9% greater than that of CCS on average under three-cutter simulation. Thus, sinusoidal VCS cutter rings offer improved rock damage performance, and further research and application of this technology will improve the working efficiency of tunnel boring machines.

Developing and excavating new agrochemicals with highly active and safe is an important tactic for protecting crop health and food safety. In this paper, to discover the new bactericide candidates, we designed, prepared a new type of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (THC) derivatives and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo bioactivities against the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). The in vitro bioassay results exhibited that most title molecules possessed good activity toward the three plant pathogenic bacteria, the compound A17 showed the most active against Xoo and Xac with EC50 values of 7.27 and 4.89 mg mL–1 respectively, and compound A8 exhibited the best inhibitory activity against Psa with EC50 value of 4.87 mg mL–1. Pot experiments showed that compound A17 exhibited excellent in vivo antibacterial activities to manage rice bacterial leaf blight and citrus bacterial canker, with protective efficiencies of 52.67 and 79.79% at 200 mg mL–1, respectively. Meanwhile, compound A8 showed good control efficiency (84.31%) against kiwifruit bacterial canker at 200 mg mL–1. Antibacterial mechanism suggested that these compounds could interfere with the balance of the redox system, damage the cell membrane, and induce the apoptosis of Xoo cells. Taken together, our study revealed that tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives could be a promising candidate model for novel broad-spectrum bactericides.

Abstract Background Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate (HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level. Method Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate (SA) and sodium butyrate (SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC (9% starch), HC (18% starch), HCSA (18% starch; 2 g/kg SA), HCSB (18% starch; 2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB (18% starch; 1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d. Results We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy (ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis (CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis (FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver (CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate (Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition. Conclusions In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition; and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.

Objective Interspinous spacer (ISS)-based and pedicle screw-rod dynamic fixator (PDF)-based topping-off devices have been applied in lumbar/lumbosacral fusion surgeries for preventing the development of proximal adjacent segment degeneration. However, little attention has been paid to sacroiliac joint (SIJ), which belongs to the adjacent joints. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare how these 2 topping-off devices affect the SIJ biomechanics. Methods A validated, normal finite-element lumbopelvic model (L3–pelvis) was initially adjusted to simulate interbody fusion with rigid fixation at the L5–S1 level, and then the DIAM or BioFlex system was instrumented at the L4–5 level to establish the ISS-based or PDF-based topping-off model, respectively. All the developed models were loaded with moments of 4 physiological motions using hybrid loading protocol. Results Compared with the rigid fusion model (without topping-off devices), range of motion and von-Mises stress at the SIJs were increased by 23.1%–64.1% and 23.6%–62.8%, respectively, for the ISS-based model and by 51.2%–126.7% and 50.4%–108.7%, respectively, for the PDF-based model. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that the PDF-based topping-off device leads to higher increments in SIJ motion and stress than ISS-based topping-off device following lumbosacral fusion, implying topping-off technique could be linked to an increased risk of SIJ degeneration, especially when using PDF-based device.

Abstract Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome(MetS), both prevalent in the general population, frequently co-occur. They are recognized as significant contributors to liver dysfunction, yet their combined effect is often challenging to delineate. This study delves into the compounding influence of alcohol consumption and metabolic disorder on liver dysfunction within an elderly demographic in Zhejiang Province, China. Our findings spotlight a heightened risk of liver dysfunction among females, younger individuals, rural dwellers, those with minimal educational attainment, single individuals, and those diagnosed with MetS. We also discerned a positive correlation correlation between the number of MetS components and the propensity for liver dysfunction. Furthermore, the risk of liver dysfunction escalated in tandem with the frequency of alcohol consumption. Interestingly, a prolonged abstinence period (≥ 5 years) seemed to mitigate this risk. Our research underscores the significance of refraining from excessive alcohol consumption, embracing a healthy lifestyle, and managing MetS components-especially triglyceride levels-for effective prevention of liver dysfunction.

Abstract The summer Eurasian westerly jet is reported to become weaker and wavier, thus promoting the frequent weather extremes. However, the primary driver of the changing jet stream remains in debate, mainly due to the regionality and seasonality of the Eurasian jet. Here we report a sharp increase, by approximately 140%, in the interannual variability of the summertime East Asian jet (EAJ) since the end of twentieth century. Such interdecadal change induces considerable changes in the large-scale circulation pattern across Eurasia, and consequently weather and climate extremes including heatwaves, droughts, and Asian monsoonal rainfall regime shifts. The trigger mainly emerges from preceding February North Atlantic seesaw called Scandinavian pattern (contributing to 81.1 ± 2.9% of the enhanced EAJ variability), which harnesses the “cross-seasonal-coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge” to exert a delayed impact on EAJ and thus aids relevant predictions five months in advance. However, projections from state-of-the-art models with prescribed anthropogenic forcing exhibit no similar circulation changes. This sheds light on that, at the interannual timescale, a substantial portion of recently increasing variability in the East Asian sector of the Eurasian westerly jet arises from unforced natural variability.

High-carbohydrate (HC) diets decrease the intestinal levels of sodium acetate (SA) and sodium butyrate (SB) and impair the gut health of largemouth bass; however, SA and SB have been shown to enhance immunity and improve intestinal health in farmed animals. Thus, the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary SA and SB on HC diet-induced intestinal injury and the potential mechanisms in juvenile largemouth bass. The experiment set five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including a low-carbohydrate diet (9% starch) (LC), a high carbohydrate diet (18% starch) (HC), and the HC diet supplemented with 2 g/kg SA (HCSA), 2 g/kg SB (HCSB) or a combination of 1 g/kg SA and 1 g/kg SB (HCSASB). The feeding experiment was conducted for 8 weeks. A total of 525 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were used. The results showed that dietary SA and SB improved the weight gain rate and specific growth rate (P

Excessive mining and utilization fossil fuels has led to drastic environmental consequences, which will contribute to global warming and cause further climate change with severe consequences for the human population. The magnitude of these challenges requires several approaches to develop sustainable alternatives for chemicals and fuels production. In this context, biological processes, mainly microbial fermentation, have gained particular interest. For example, autotrophic gas-fermenting acetogenic bacteria are capable of converting CO, CO2 and H2 into biomass and multiple metabolites through Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which can be exploited for large-scale fermentation processes to sustainably produce bulk biochemicals and biofuels (e.g. acetate and ethanol) from syngas. Clostridium autoethanogenum is one representative of these chemoautotrophic bacteria and considered as the model for the gas fermentation. Recently, the development of synthetic biology toolbox for this strain has enabled us to study and genetically improve their metabolic capability in gas fermentation. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress involved in the understanding of physiological mechanism and strain engineering for C. autoethanogenum, and provide our perspectives on the future development about the basic biology and engineering biology of this strain.

Quorum sensing (QS), an intercellular communication process, depends on the generation, release, and detection of extracellular signaling molecules (autoinducers). Upon binding to their corresponding receptors, these autoinducers activate target genes, regulating various bacterial activities including bioluminescence, swimming and swarming motility, symbiosis, protein secretion, plasmid exchange, secondary metabolite production, and biofilm development. Many interactions between plants and microorganisms depend on bacterial QS systems, making them a powerful tool for regulating plant growth and controlling plant pathogens. As QS research deepens, more QS inhibitors (QSIs) emerge, exhibiting diversification. According to its structure, QSIs can be divided into furanone, lactone, substituted Homoserine Lactone (HSL), and Autoinducing Peptide (AIP), further divided into natural products and synthetic products. Natural QSIs primarily originate from animal, plant, and microbial sources. Thereby, QSIs play an important role in plant pathogen control. In order to systematically summarize and extend the application potential of natural product as vital antibacterial active constituent, the mechanisms and applications of natural product-based QSIs in plant pathogen control were discussed and highlighted. We hope this review will provide the comprehensive understanding of the function and underlying action mechanism of natural product-based antimicrobial molecule, and inspire the development of new bactericides targeting QS mechanisms.

Salicylic acid (SA) is widely used in food storage, preservatives, additives, healthcare, and the pharmaceutical industry. However, various poisoning symptoms are frequently reported upon ingestion of a large amount of SA. Therefore, discovering new tools for sensing SA with fast, simple, and portable performance is imperative. Herein, five rhodamine-based fluorescent sensors were constructed, and investigated their SA detection profiles. Probe 1 was excellent selective with a rapid response, highly sensitive (LOD = 2.5 μM), good interference resistance, and unaided eye recognition. The spray experiment and paper-based test strips indicating that probe 1 enables to the on-site and quantitatively detect SA on actual food surfaces by using a smartphone identifying the RGB values. The sensing performance was validated in soil samples, water, and various agricultural food samples. Overall, the constructed SA sensor can function as a promising, convenient, and affordable tool for point-of-care detection of SA in diversiform environmental samples.

Background: High systolic blood pressure (SBP) is one of the leading modifiable risk factors for premature cardiovascular death. The retinal vasculature exhibits well-documented adaptations to high SBP and these vascular changes are known to correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict an individual’s SBP from retinal images would more accurately correlate with future ASCVD events compared to measured SBP. Methods: 95,665 macula-centered retinal images drawn from the 51,778 individuals in the UK Biobank who had not experienced an ASCVD event prior to retinal imaging were used. A deep-learning model was trained to predict an individual’s SBP. The correlation of subsequent ASCVD events with the AI-predicted SBP and the mean of the measured SBP acquired at the time of retinal imaging was determined and compared. Results: The overall ASCVD event rate observed was 3.4%. The correlation between SBP and future ASCVD events was significantly higher if the AI-predicted SBP was used compared to the measured SBP: 0.067 v 0.049, P = 0.008. Variability in measured SBP in UK Biobank was present (mean absolute difference = 8.2 mm Hg), which impacted the 10-year ASCVD risk score in 6% of the participants. Conclusions: With the variability and challenges of real-world SBP measurement, AI analysis of retinal images may provide a more reliable and accurate biomarker for predicting future ASCVD events than traditionally measured SBP.

Graphene Oxide (GO) is widely used, but its hydrophilic properties make it difficult to remove once it enters water and soil environments. In this paper, the adsorption effect of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as adsorbent on GO was investigated through a series of adsorption tests. Adsorption thermodynamics, kinetics, isotherm models, and various characterization techniques were employed to explore the adsorption mechanism. Additionally, the study assessed CCR’s ability to stabilize GO-contaminated soils through unconfined compressive strength tests. The results showed that (1) at T = 303 K, with a pH of 11 and an initial GO concentration of 80 mg/L, CCR demonstrated excellent adsorption performance. (2) The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and a quasi-second-order kinetic model, indicating chemical adsorption with spontaneous heat adsorption. (3) CCR not only acts as an effective adsorbent for removing GO from wastewater but also has the potential to strengthen GO-contaminated soils. In addition, due to its favorable environmental benefits, this study has a wide range of potential applications in industrial fields such as wastewater treatment, air purification, and energy storage and conversion. This study not only proposes an effective method for removing graphene oxide from aqueous environments, but also provides a new idea for waste resource utilization, which helps to achieve the dual goals of environmental protection and resource reuse.

Abstract Midlatitude Europe (ME) emerges as a prominent heatwave hotspot with rapid increases in summer surface air temperature and heatwave days since 1979, surpassing the global land averages by approximately 2.6 and 2.3 times, respectively. The circulation analogs‐based dynamic adjustment reveals that approximately 38% and 35% of these trends result from shifts in zonal dipolar circulation patterns over the North Atlantic (NA) and Europe, crucial for the enhanced warming compared to the global land average. The circulation changes are associated with warming sea surface temperatures in the NA. This warming pattern resembles the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and is predominantly induced by greenhouse gases. Moreover, the stronger air temperature response in ME to decreased aerosols amplifies warming, contributing to the rapid increase in heatwave frequency. These findings highlight a prominent influence of anthropogenic forcings on the swift surge of European heatwaves compared to global land, with a potential implication for adaptation strategies and risk management.

Abstract An obvious long‐term drying trend in recent early springs (February–March–April) is observed over southeastern China (SEC). Here, we attribute this drying to the weakened subtropical westerlies and deflected by the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Climatologically, the low‐level southwesterlies at the southeastern margin of the TP, a branch of the upstream subtropical westerly jet deflected by the TP terrain, bring water vapor to SEC and the southerlies move upward over SEC mainly through isentropic gliding mechanism, inducing persistent precipitation in early spring. However, the subtropical westerlies weakened significantly in recent decades due potentially to the decreased Eurasian snow cover. Consequently, an easterly trend appears along the southern margin of the TP with anomalous northeasterlies over SEC. These northeasterlies suppress both moisture supply and upward motions over SEC, and reduce regional early spring precipitation. Our results highlight the interaction between the TP terrain and the weakened subtropical westerlies that leads to the drying SEC.

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition, involves complex interactions among metabolic alterations, inflammatory mediators, and host responses. This study utilized a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the causal relationships between 1400 metabolites and sepsis, and the mediating role of inflammatory factors. We identified 36 metabolites significantly associated with sepsis (p < 0.05), with AXIN1, FGF-19, FGF-23, IL-4, and OSM showing an inverse association, suggesting a protective role, while IL-2 exhibited a positive correlation, indicating a potential risk factor. Among these metabolites, Piperine and 9-Hydroxystearate demonstrated particularly interesting protective effects against sepsis. Piperine’s protective effect was mediated through its interaction with AXIN1, contributing to a 16.296% reduction in sepsis risk. This suggests a potential pathway where Piperine influences sepsis outcomes by modulating AXIN1 levels. 9-Hydroxystearate also exhibited a protective role against sepsis, mediated through its positive association with FGF-19 and negative association with IL-2, contributing 9.436% and 12.565%, respectively, to its protective effect. Experimental validation confirmed significantly elevated IL-2 levels and reduced FGF-19, AXIN1, piperine, and 9-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid levels in sepsis patients compared to healthy controls. Piperine levels positively correlated with AXIN1, while 9-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid levels negatively correlated with IL-2 and positively correlated with FGF-19, supporting the Mendelian randomization findings. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of sepsis, highlighting the unique roles and contributions of specific metabolites and their interactions with inflammatory mediators. This study enhances our understanding of sepsis pathophysiology and opens avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions and biomarker development for sepsis management. However, further research is essential to validate these pathways across diverse populations and fully explore the roles of these metabolites in sepsis.

Abstract Sepsis is an infection‐triggered, rapidly progressive systemic inflammatory syndrome with a high mortality rate. Currently, there are no promising therapeutic strategies for managing this disease in the clinic. Heparanase plays a crucial role in the pathology of sepsis, and its inhibition can significantly relieve related symptoms. Here, a novel heparanase inhibitor CV122 is rationally designed and synthesized, and its therapeutic potential for sepsis with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)‐induced sepsis mouse models are evaluated. It is found that CV122 potently inhibits heparanase activity in vitro, protects cell surface glycocalyx structure, and reduces the expression of adhesion molecules. In vivo, CV122 significantly reduces the systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines, prevents organ damage, improves vitality, and efficiently protects mice from sepsis‐induced death. Mechanistically, CV122 inhibits the activity of heparanase, reduces its expression in the lungs, and protects glycocalyx structure of lung tissue. It is also found that CV122 provides effective protection from organ damage and death caused by Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection. These results suggest that CV122 is a potential drug candidate for sepsis therapy targeting heparanase by inhibiting cytokine storm.

As a deep connection between agriculture and energy, the rural integrated energy system (RIES) is a micro-scale supply–distribution–storage–demand network, which provides an important means to realize the utilization of rural clean energy. This paper proposes a day-ahead scheduling model of the RIES to improve its economical effectiveness, where three energy carriers, namely, biogas, electric power, and heat, are integrated. To address the source and load uncertainties composed of photovoltaic power, power load, and heat load, this paper develops a constrained distributionally robust optimization (CDRO), which optimizes the cost expectation related to the extreme distribution to enhance the robustness, while limiting the loss of cost expectation in the historical distribution to ensure economical effectiveness. In addition, an ambiguous set of the source and load uncertainties incorporating 1-norm and infinity-norm constraints is established, which realizes a flexible adjustment for the conservativeness of CDRO. The distributionally robust dispatch is formulated as a deterministic programming in a two-stage solving framework, where the subproblem uploads its extreme probability distribution to the master problem, and these two problems are iteratively optimized until the convergence. Finally, the numerical simulations in a modern farm park prove the performance of the constructed dispatch model and the flexibility of CDRO in balancing the economical effectiveness and robustness of the dispatch.

Abstract Both historical observations and recent modeling studies reveal a faster warming in the Arctic compared to the Antarctic. To understand the role of the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation (ACC) in this warming asymmetry, we simulate the climate mean state and climate response to doubled CO2 under different climate mean ACC states by closing or opening the Drake Passage (DP) with the Community Earth System Model. From closed to open DP, a stronger climate mean ACC leads to a stronger climate mean Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), as well as a colder Antarctic but a warmer Arctic in the climate mean state. The less climate mean sea ice coverage in a warmer Arctic implies less extensive sea ice melting under global warming. This causes a reduced asymmetry in warming between the two poles in response to the doubled CO2.

ObjectiveThe vascular chip has emerged as a significant research tool, garnering increasing interest and exploration. We utilize bibliometric techniques to analyze literature from the Web of Science (WOS) database, focusing on core journal publications. The aim is to provide a systematic review and prospective outlook on research trends within the vascular chip field, delving into current dynamics and highlighting areas for further investigation.MethodsWe retrieved articles, proceedings papers, and early-access publications related to vascular chips published between January 2012 and December 2022 reported by Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) in 2023. Scientific bibliometric analysis was performed using R-bibliometrix, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel software tools.ResultsA total of 456 publications were obtained, including 444 articles, 11 proceedings papers, and one early-access article. These originated from 167 academic journals and 751 research institutions across 44 countries/regions. The United States contributed the majority of publications (41%), with Harvard University leading in contributions (6.6%). Lab on a Chip was the top journal in terms of publications. Notably, authors Jeon NL and Huh D wielded significant influence, with the former being the most prolific author and the latter garnering the most citations. Recent research has predominantly focused on angiogenesis in relation to endothelial cells.ConclusionThis scientometric investigation comprehensively surveys literature on vascular chips over past decade, providing valuable insights for scholars in the field. Our study reveals global increases in publications, with endothelial cells and angiogenesis being primary research focuses. This trend will persist, drawing continued attention from researchers.

To account for the influence of uncertainties in pavement design, adopting a probabilistic limit state-based approach for asphalt pavement structural design is currently the prevailing solution. However, due to the numerous parameters involved in asphalt pavement design, the accuracy and efficiency of reliability and parameter sensitivity analysis still need improvement. This study, based on the Direct Probability Integration Method (DPIM), has developed a new synchronous analysis method for the reliability and parameter sensitivity of flexible pavement. Firstly, the principles of DPIM for calculating the reliability of flexible pavement structures are introduced. On this basis, formulas for calculating the reliability sensitivity of random parameters are derived from the perspectives of mean (μ) and coefficient of variation (CV). The numerical solution steps are also explained. Using a 6-layer flexible pavement structure, coupled with the pavement structure mechanical response analysis program (Apbi) and a calculation program developed in MATLAB, the structural reliability is calculated. The efficiency and accuracy of reliability calculations using the DPIM are compared with the Monte Carlo Simulation method (MCS). Simultaneously, the reliability sensitivity of 15 random parameters, including traffic parameters, structural layer geometry, and material parameters, is quantified. The results indicate that the DPIM can efficiently obtain the reliability of flexible pavement that meets accuracy requirements and identify the design parameters that have a significant impact on the reliability of flexible pavement. This method can improve the efficiency and quality of asphalt pavement design.

A two-dimensional symmetric fluid model is established to study the influence of radio frequency (RF) wave driving frequency on the capacitively coupled plasma discharge. The relationship between the driving frequency and electron density is obtained by solving the electron energy balance equation. The calculation results show that the average electron density first increases rapidly with the increase in driving frequency and then gradually tends to saturation at a threshold frequency. A fluid simulation is also carried out, which provides similar results. Physical studies on this phenomenon are conducted, revealing that the essence of this phenomenon is due to the inability of electrons to quickly respond to potential changes within the boundary sheath when the driving frequency of RF exceeds the plasma frequency. In addition, it is also found that increasing gas pressure can enhance the electron density and the type of gas can also affect the electron density.

Developmental signaling pathways associated with growth factors such as TGFb are commonly dysregulated in melanoma. Here we identified a human TGFb enhancer specifically activated in melanoma cells treated with TGFB1 ligand. We generated stable transgenic zebrafish with this TGFb Induced Enhancer driving green fluorescent protein (TIE:EGFP). TIE:EGFP was not expressed in normal melanocytes or early melanomas but was expressed in spatially distinct regions of advanced melanomas. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that TIE:EGFP+ melanoma cells down-regulated interferon response while up-regulating a novel set of chronic TGFb target genes. ChIP-sequencing demonstrated that AP-1 factor binding is required for activation of chronic TGFb response. Overexpression of SATB2, a chromatin remodeler associated with tumor spreading, showed activation of TGFb signaling in early melanomas. Confocal imaging and flow cytometric analysis showed that macrophages localize to TIE:EGFP+ regions and preferentially phagocytose TIE:EGFP+ melanoma cells compared to TIE:EGFP- melanoma cells. This work identifies a TGFb induced immune response and demonstrates the need for the development of chronic TGFb biomarkers to predict patient response to TGFb inhibitors.

The high‐value utilization of biomass feedstock is fascinating but limited by efficient C─H activation to break C─C bonds. Herein, F‐Fe2O3‐Mn photoanodes with modulable compressive strain are fabricated by gradient infusion of Mn into F‐doped hematite (F‐Fe2O3), which is illustrated to be highly efficient for oxidative C─C bond cleavage of various bio‐based 1,2‐diols to produce benzoic acids or aromatic ketones (94.5–97.2% yields) in photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) device, coupling with a high H2 production of 1180 μmol cm−2 (≈96% yield). The gradient doping of Mn species into the photoelectrode bulk results in improved photoexcited carriers separation and transfer efficiency of the photoelectrode (3.41 mA cm−2). On the other hand, the lattice distortion induced by Mn doping also leads to a strain effect on F─Fe2O3─Mn, which can precisely modulate the photoelectrode electronic structure. Control experiments, in situ characterization, and theoretical calculations elaborate that compressive strain is capable of adjusting the position of the d‐band center to facilitate C─H activation, remarkably enabling PEC oxidative C─C bond breaking of 1,2‐diol and the desorption of the oxidized product. This “one‐stone‐two‐bird” strategy presents a straightforward protocol for efficiently breaking C─C bonds in organic and biomass transformations via PEC oxidation.

[Objective] This study is aimed to explore the physiological and biochemical manifestations of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. to low temperature and the intrinsic adaptation mechanism to cold stress in the context of climate change. [Methods] Taking Bougainvillea Paederia Foetida, Bougainvillea Flaming Sumba and Bougainvillea Duranta with strong, medium, and weak cold tolerance as test materials, through indoor pot experiments, we conducted low temperature treatments for 7, 14 and 21 days and studied the responses of the photosynthetic and antioxidant systems of different cold tolerant Bougainvillea to cold stress during these different periods. [Results] (1) During the low-temperature treatment period, the initial fluorescence (F0) of all varieties increased, with the most significant change in B. Paederia Foetida, which increased by 60.2% compared to day 0. Maximum fluorescence (Fm), PSII effective photochemical electron production (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic relative electron transfer rate (ETR) rapidly decreased and reached their lowest levels at day 21. As the intensification of low temperature stress, the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of the three Bougainvillea types decreased, while the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) of B. Flaming Sumba and B. Paederia Foetida increased significantly. (2) After exposure to low temperature stress, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes in each variety decreased significantly and intensified with the extension of stress time, indicating that low temperature seriously inhibited the antioxidant enzyme activity of Bougainvillea. Among them, the SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities of B. Paederia Foetida were higher than those of the other two varieties, indicating that B. Paederia Foetida had strong cold resistance. (3) In the AsA-GSH cycle system, the content of AsA and DHA of each Bougainvillea leaf significantly increased under low temperature. Compared to day 0, the GR activity of the three Bougainvillea types at day 21 increased by 180.91%, 175.97% and 112.37%, respectively. Additionally, the AsA/DHA ratio, APX activity and DHAR activity of B. Paederia Foetida significantly increased at day 21. [Conclusion] Low temperature inhibited plant growth through affecting the PSII photochemical reaction center. However, Bougainvillea could activate their photosynthetic system protection mechanism to reduce photoinhibition. Furthermore, it could accumulate osmoregulation substances, activate the antioxidant system, and exert stress regulatory effects to eliminate rapidly proliferating ROS in its own body and alleviate low-temperature damage.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the Arctic are the most sensitive regions to global climate change. However, the interdecadal varibility of winter extreme precipitation over the TP and its linkage with Arctic sea ice are still unclear. In this study, the characteristics and mechisnems of the TP extreme precipitation (TPEP) influenced by Arctic sea ice on interdecadal timescale are studied based on the daily precipitation, monthly sea ice concentration and ERA5 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2018. We found that the dominant mode of the TPEP in winter mostly exhibits a uniform spatial variation on the interdecadal timescale, with an opposite weak variation in the southeastern TP, and the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) before 2002 are larger than that after 2003. The interdecadal variation of TPEP is affected by two teleconnection wave trains regulated by the Barents and Kara Sea ice. In the light ice years, a remarkable positive geopotential height (HGT) anomaly appears over the Barents‒Kara Sea and a remarkable negative HGT anomaly is located over the Lake Baikal. Two wave trains originating over the Barents‒Kara Sea can be observed. The southern branch forms a wave train through the North Atlantic along the subtropical westerly jet stream, showing a ‘+ − + − +’ pattern of HGT anomalies from Arctic to the TP. Negative HGT anomaly controls the western TP, which creates dynamic and water vapor conditions for the TPEP. The northern branch forms a wave train through the Lake Baikal and the southeast of the TP, showing a ‘+ − +’ HGT anomaly distribution. Positive HGT anomaly controls the southeastern TP, which is not conducive to precipitation in the region. When the SIC in the Barents‒Kara Sea increases, the situation is opposite. The above analysis also reveals the reason for the difference in the east‒west distribution of the TPEP.

Abstract Background This updated systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of perioperative corticosteroid administration versus placebo for esophageal cancer patients following scheduled esophagectomy. Methods We searched databases through June 30, 2023. We included articles on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing perioperative corticosteroid administration with placebo in esophageal cancer patients with esophagectomy. The outcomes were the death rate during hospitalization, length of hospital stay, and short-term complications. Risk ratios (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CIs) for each estimated effect size were applied for dichotomous outcomes, and the mean difference (MD) and corresponding 95% CIs for each estimated effect size were applied for continuous outcomes. We used GRADE to evaluate the quality of each of the outcome and the level of recommendations. Results Nine RCTs with 508 participants were included in this study. Severe outcomes, including the length of hospital stay, leakage, mortality during the hospitalization period in the corticosteroid group was comparable to that in the control group, but positive effects of corticosteroid administration were observed on the length of intensive care unit stay (MD -3.1, 95% CI − 5.43 to − 0.77), cardiovascular disorders (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.94) and other general complications (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.85). Conclusions Peri-operative intravenous corticosteroid administration may reduce cardiovascular disorders, other general complications and the length of ICU stay without carrying severe outcomes. More high quality RCTs are warranted to further investigate the effects of corticosteroids on postoperative mortality and complications for esophageal cancer patients with esophagectomy. Systematic review registration Cochrane, registration number: 196.

Abstract The bottom-up molecular science research paradigm has greatly propelled the advancement of materials science. However, some organic molecules can exhibit markedly different properties upon aggregation. Understanding the emergence of these properties and structure-property relationship has become a new research hotspot. In this work, by taking the unique closed-form rhodamines-based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) system as model compounds, we investigated their luminescent properties and the underlying mechanism deeply from a top-down viewpoint. Interestingly, the closed-form rhodamine-based AIE system did not display the expected emission behavior under high-viscosity or low-temperature conditions. Alternatively, we finally found that the molecular conformation change upon aggregation induced intramolecular charge transfer emission and played a significant role for the AIE phenomenon of these closed-form rhodamine derivatives. The application of these closed-form rhodamine-based AIE probe in food spoilage detection was also explored.

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely linked to the homeostasis of the intestinal environment, and exosomes can be used to treat IBD due to their high biocompatibility and ability to be effectively absorbed by the intestinal tract. However, Ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) have not been studied in this context and their mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated GDNPs ability to mediate intercellular communication in a complex inflammatory microenvironment in order to treat IBD. We found that GDNPs scavenge reactive oxygen species from immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells, inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, promote the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells, as well as enhancing the diversity of the intestinal flora. GDNPs significantly stabilise the intestinal barrier thereby promoting tissue repair. Overall, we proved that GDNPs can ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro, acting on the TLR4/MAPK and p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways, and exerting an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. GDNPs mitigated IBD in mice by reducing inflammatory factors and improving the intestinal environment. This study offers new evidence of the potential therapeutic effects of GDNPs in the context of IBD, providing the conceptual ground for an alternative therapeutic strategy. Graphical Abstract