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A few popular explanations attempt to argue for a weaker relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), parental involvement (PI), and achievement among Asian Americans compared to their white counterparts: Asian American students' Confucian culture, strong motivation for upward mobility as immigrants, unique forms of parental involvement different from European Americans, and ethnic social capital. However, there has not been a single synthesis up to date empirically testing whether the effect size for SES and/or PI and achievement is actually weaker among Asian Americans across the body of accumulated scholarship. In this review, we found that quantitatively, the SES-achievement relationship was null for Asian Americans while it was positive for PI and achievement. The current scholarship revealed several key problems. In spite of the intuitive and appealing cultural arguments put forward emphasising Confucianism and immigration optimism, our review points out that these arguments have weak empirical support, and are too generic to be convincingly applied to Asian Americans without any distinction by ethnicity or generation. Furthermore, the parental involvement measures used did not effectively capture Asian American parents' behaviours. Our review suggests a new comprehensive model better integrating the Confucian and immigrant optimism explanation, developing culturally appropriate measures of PI, distinguishing ethnic variation within Asian American groups, and including a nuanced view on how and whether the explanations hold across generations.

Keratoconus is a complex and multifactorial disease and its exact aetiology remains unknown. This current study examined the important environmental risk factors and their association with keratoconus. This study was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of systematic reviews under registration number CRD42021256792 in 2021. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for all relevant articles published from 1 January 1900 to 31 July 2021. National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. The assessment for statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the Z-statistics on RevMan v5.4. P-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant and I2 < 25% as homogenous. Thirty studies were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratio was calculated with 95% CI. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of eye rubbing, atopy, asthma, and eczema was 3.64 (95% CI, 2.02, 6.57), 1.90 (95% CI, 1.22, 2.94), 1.36 (95% CI, 1.15, 1.61) and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.22, 2.94), respectively. The OR for diabetes was 0.86 (95% CI 0.73, 1.02), and use of sunglasses, contact lens, allergic conjunctivitis, side sleep position and prone sleep position was 0.40 (95% CI, 0.16, 0.99), 1.68 (0.70, 4.00), 2.24 (95% CI, 0.68, 7.36), 3.81 (95% CI, 0.31, 46.23), 12.76 (95% CI, 0.27, 598.58), respectively. Twenty studies were considered to be of high quality, nine to be moderate and one to be low. Environmental risk factors have been identified to play a role in the susceptibility of keratoconus. However, further large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to understand the mechanisms between environmental risk factors and keratoconus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current advances in CT techniques allow thorough evaluation of the beating heart. The strengths of cardiac CT relative to echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging are its high availability in most institutions, rapid production of high-quality images, and outstanding delineation of the anatomy. For many normal variants and pathologic conditions, such as thrombi, masses, and congenital abnormalities of the left atrium, CT findings are sufficient to make a presumptive diagnosis. Assessments of the left atrium and left atrial appendage are particularly important for the management of atrial fibrillation, as various catheter-based procedures are aimed at the mechanical and electrical isolation of these structures. CT offers information crucial to a successful catheter-based procedure or surgery. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the geometry (shape, size, and relative position), along with various CT imaging features of pathologic states, should be provided in radiology reports to be of clinical value., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyrights © 2020 The Korean Society of Radiology.)