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9. How can we achieve a sustainable nuclear fuel cycle?

Author

Harwood, Laurence M., Afsar, Ashfaq, Babra, Jasraj Singh, Bond, Gary, Burk, Jaanus, Choi, Sang June, Cowell, Joseph, Davis, Frederick, Distler, Petr, Eccles, Harry, Edwards, Chad, Geist, Andreas, Hodson, Mark E., Hopkins, Iain, Hudson, Michael, Holdsworth, Alistair, Jang, Geungseok, Jang, Jiseon, John, Jan, Lee, Dae Sung, Lee, Kyung Jin, Lee, Taek Seung, Lewis, Frank, Mohan, Saaed, Ogden, Mark, Pepper, Sarah, Selfe, Zoe, Shaw, Elizabeth, Sharrad, Clint, Smith, Chris, Song, Jong Soon, Tamm, Kaldo, Westwood, James, Whitehead, Roger, Whittle, Karl, Harwood, Laurence M., Afsar, Ashfaq, Babra, Jasraj Singh, Bond, Gary, Burk, Jaanus, Choi, Sang June, Cowell, Joseph, Davis, Frederick, Distler, Petr, Eccles, Harry, Edwards, Chad, Geist, Andreas, Hodson, Mark E., Hopkins, Iain, Hudson, Michael, Holdsworth, Alistair, Jang, Geungseok, Jang, Jiseon, John, Jan, Lee, Dae Sung, Lee, Kyung Jin, Lee, Taek Seung, Lewis, Frank, Mohan, Saaed, Ogden, Mark, Pepper, Sarah, Selfe, Zoe, Shaw, Elizabeth, Sharrad, Clint, Smith, Chris, Song, Jong Soon, Tamm, Kaldo, Westwood, James, Whitehead, Roger, and Whittle, Karl

Abstract

Dealing with spent nuclear fuel is key if nuclear fission is to be used more widely going forward. Nuclear power is close to carbon neutral, but spent nuclear fuel has a storage lifetime of ~300,000 years. Reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is carried out on large scale using the PUREX “Plutonium Uranium Reduction and Extraction” process. The spent nuclear fuel is reduced to 15% of its original weight and the separated uranium and plutonium reused as “Mixed Oxide Fuel”. In the civil sector, this was carried out by the UK at Sellafield (now curtailed) and continues in France at La Hague. A plant in Rokashamura in Japan has been mothballed after the Fukushima accident. The residual waste must be stored for ~9,000 years with most of the remaining radiotoxicity due to traces of the minor actinides, neptunium, americium and curium, constituting just 0.1% of the original spent fuel. Separation of these minor actinides from the chemically very similar lanthanides (rare earths) in the last 15% of waste remaining after PUREX is the key step for future reprocessing. If separated, the minor actinides can be used as fuel in the next generation of nuclear reactors and converted into benign products, but lanthanides will cause the fission process to shut down if introduced into the reactor pile as they absorb neutrons efficiently. Removing the minor actinides from post PUREX waste will mean that the final residue need only be stored for 300 years. The highly challenging separation of the chemically very similar minor actinides from the lanthanides has been achieved using nitrogen-bearing organic ligands developed at Reading University. This can lead to significantly improved handling of spent nuclear fuels and means that waste nuclear fuel need not be a long-term storage liability but a source of yet more clean power.

Published
2024

17. A methodology to designate radiation‐controlled areas in decommissioning nuclear power plants.

Author

Kim, Seongjun, Kong, Tae Young, Choi, Woo Seok, Son, Jinho, Kim, Hwapyoung, Song, Changju, Kim, Jiung, Yang, Ki Tae, Song, Jong Soon, and Kim, Hee Geun

Subjects
DECOMMISSIONING of nuclear power plants, PRESSURIZED water reactors, HEAVY water reactors, RADIOACTIVE fallout, NUCLEAR power plants, SURFACE contamination
Abstract

Kori Unit 1, which was permanently shut down in 2017, is expected to be the first decommissioned commercial nuclear power plant (NPP) in Korea. Operating NPPs designate radiation‐controlled areas (RCAs) to protect workers from radiological hazards and provide appropriate measures. Decommissioning RCAs (DRCAs) in NPPs being decommissioned should also be designated by considering the radiological characteristics of workplaces and exposure routes of decommissioning workers, such as external and internal exposure. However, the criteria for the DRCAs in decommissioning Kori Unit 1 are presently the same as those during normal operation, according to the public‐hearing material of the final decommissioning plan for Kori Unit 1. This study analyzed criteria for RCAs in all Korean NPPs to propose criteria for DRCAs in decommissioning NPPs. Analysis results show that RCAs are classified into four, five, six, and eight zones in Korean pressurized water reactors with respective external radiation dose rates. The RCAs in Korean pressurized heavy water reactors are classified into six zones with external dose rates and derived air concentrations of tritium. This study proposes three classifications of DRCAs to keep occupational exposure as low as reasonably achievable while considering potential exposure routes, that is, external exposure, airborne contamination, and surface contamination areas. First, the external exposure areas are classified into several zones according to the levels of external radiation dose rates. Second, the airborne contamination areas are designated to prevent internal exposure to workers from the inhalation of radioactive material in the air during cutting and demolition. Last, the surface contamination areas are designated to minimize the skin contamination of workers as radioactive dust in the air is deposited on the surface of facilities and equipment over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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