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Hanefi mezhebi re’y geleneğinin bir hukuk okulu olarak tekamüle ermesi neticesinde Irak’ta doğmuş, çok geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılmıştır. Hanefi düşüncenin uzak şehirlere girip buralarda yayılması ilk dönemlerde Ebû Hanîfe’nin öğrencileri vasıtasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Genellikle yeni Müslüman olanlar, dinlerini öğrenmek ve ilim tahsil etmek üzere devletin başkenti Kûfe ve Bağdat’a geliyor ve buradaki ders halkalarına katılıyorlardı. Emevilerin Arap olmayan Müslümanlara (mevâlî) karşı ırkçı bir tutumu, fıkıh öğrenmek Bağdat’a gelen öğrencilerin bir mevâlî olan Ebû Hanîfe’yi tercih etmelerinde etkili olmuştur. Hadis ve fıkıh eğitimini tamamlayan öğrenciler, memleketlerine dönmüş ve buralarda ders halkaları teşkil ederek Ebû Hanîfe’nin gerek fıkhî gerekse kelamî görüşlerini rivayet etmişlerdir. Ebû Hanîfe, kendisi de bunu öğrencilerinden istemiş olmalıdır. O, Yusuf b. Hâlid es-Semtî’yi çeşitli tavsiyeler vererek Basra’ya göndermiş, ancak o bu tavsiyelere dikkat etmemesi sebebiyle başarılı olamamıştır. Ebû Hanîfe, daha sonra Basra’ya Züfer b. Hüzeyl’i göndermiş ve o, Ebû Hanîfe’nin tavsiyelerini yerine getirerek başarılı olmuştur. Mu‘tezile’nin güçlü olduğu Basra’da Ebû Hanîfe’nin gerek fıkhî, gerekse de kelamî görüşleri kabul görmüştür. Bu durum Ebû Hanîfe’nin en azından Basra için planlı bir çalışmaya girdiğini göstermektedir. Diğer bölgeler için de aynı durum söz konusu olabilir. Memleketlerine dönen öğrencilerin faaliyetleri, Ebû Hanîfe’nin şöhretini artırmış ve uzak şehirlerden fıkıh tahsili için Ebû Hanîfe’nin ders halkasına gelenlerin sayısını artırmıştır. Hanefi düşünceyi yerinde öğrenmek isteyenler Bağdat’a gelerek Ebû Yusuf ve İmam Muhammed’in derslerine katılmışlardır. Burada kurucu metinleri gerek istinsah ederek gerekse de ezberleyerek yaşadıkları bölgelere götürmüşler ve oralarda Hanefi düşüncenin yerleşmesine katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Hicri ikinci asırda yoğun bir şekilde devam eden bu hareketlilik üçüncü hicri asırda azalmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle hicri üçüncü asrın ortalarından itibaren Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir şehirleri arasında bu hareketlilik artmıştır. Bu durumda Ebû Hanîfe’nin öğrencilerinin vefat etmesi ve sonraki nesil öğrencilerin farklı şehirlere dağılması etkili olmuştur., Hanafi sect was born in Iraq as a result of the evolution of the Ra'y tradition as a law school and spread over a very wide geography. The penetration of Hanafi thought into distant cities and its spreading in these regions was in the early periods through Abu Hanifa's students. Generally, new Muslims came to the capital of the state, Kufa and Baghdad, to learn their religion and to study science, and joined the lecture circles there. The racist attitude of the Umayyads towards non-Arab Muslims (mawali) was influential on the students who come to Baghdad to learn fiqh to choose Abu Hanifa, who was a mawâl. Students who completed their education in hadith and fiqh returned to their homeland and formed lecture circles in these places and narrated Abu Hanifa's both fiqh and theological ideas. Abu Hanifa must have asked this from his students. He sent Yusuf b. Hâlid al-Semtî to Basra with various recommendations, but he failed because he did not heed these recommendations. Later Abu Hanifa sent Zufer b. Huzeyl to Basra and he succeeded by following the recommendations of Abu Hanifa. In Basra, where Mu‘tezile was strong, Abu Hanifa's both of fiqh and theological ideas were accepted. This situation shows that Abu Hanifa entered into a planned study at least for Basra. The same may be the case for other regions. The activities of the students returning to their hometowns increased Abu Hanifa's reputation and increased the number of those coming to Abu Hanifa's lecture circles to study fiqh from distant cities. Those who wanted to learn Hanafi thought from its source came to Baghdad and attended the lessons of Abu Yusuf and Imam Muhammad. They took the founding texts to the regions where they lived, both by copying and memorizing, and they contributed to the establishment of Hanafi thought there. This dynamism, which continued intensely in the second century of Hijri, started to decrease in the third century. Especially after the middle of the third century of Hijri, this dynamism increased between the cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana. The death of Abu Hanifa's students and the distribution of the students in the next generation to different cities were influential in this situation.

Coronary artery perforations are one of the most feared, rare, and catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite the remarkable increase in coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention, there is no large database that collects coronary artery perforation for the Turkish population. Our study aimed to report our experience over a 10-year period for clinical and angiographic characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of coronary artery perforation during the percutaneous coronary intervention at different cardiology departments in Turkey.The study data came from a retrospective analysis of 48 360 percutaneous coronary intervention procedures between January 2010 and June 2020. A total of 110 cases who had coronary artery perforation during the percutaneous coronary intervention were found by angiographic review. Analysis has been performed for the basic clinical, angiographic, procedural characteristics, the management of coronary artery perforation, and outcome of all patients.The coronary artery perforation rate was 0.22%. Out of 110 patients with coronary artery perforation, 66 patients showed indications for percutaneous coronary intervention with acute coronary syndrome and 44 patients with stable angina pectoris. The most common lesion type and perforated artery were type C (34.5%) and left anterior descending (41.8%), respectively. The most observed coronary artery perforation according to Ellis classification was type III (37.2%). Almost 52.7% of patients have a covered stent implanted in the perforated artery. The all-cause mortality rate of coronary artery perforation patients in the hospital was 18.1%.The observed rate of coronary artery perforation in our study is consistent with the studies in this literature. However, the mortality rates related to coronary artery perforation are higher than in other studies in this literature. Especially, the in-hospital mortality rate was higher in type II and type III groups due to perforation and its complications. Nevertheless, percutaneous coronary intervention should be done in selected patients despite catastrophic complications.

Kidney international 103(2), 391-402 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.09.017, Published by Elsevier, New York, NY

Hanefîler, teşekkül döneminde siyasî otoriteyle çeşitli sebeplerle ilişki kurmuşlardır. Mezhebin kendisine izafe edildiği Ebû Hanîfe, Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde siyasî otoriteye mesafeli durmuş onların resmî görev tekliflerini geri çevirmiştir. Ebû Hanîfe’nin kendisine yapılan görev tekliflerini kabul etmemesinin nedenleri olarak Emevî ve Abbâsî idarelerinin Ehl-i beyte karşı takınmış olduğu katı tutum, Emevî ve Abbâsî iktidarlarının Müslümanların istişaresi ve hür iradeleriyle vermiş oldukları biatle seçilmesi gerektiği ilkesine muhalif olarak istişare olmaksızın ve baskı ile biat almaları, Ebû Hanîfe’nin mevcut şartlarda siyasî otoriteye tabi olarak görev alması dışarıdan meşruiyetinde sıkıntı olan bir iktidara tam meşruiyet verdiği şeklinde okunacağı endişesi gibi ihtimaller sayılabilir. Ebû Hanîfe’nin öğrencileri arasında ve sonraki nesillerde onun bu tutumunu benimseyenler olmasına karşın Züfer, Ebû Yûsuf, Muhammed b. Hasan gibi önde gelen öğrencileri yanında sonraki nesil Hanefîlerden de siyasî idarenin resmî görev tekliflerini kabul edenler olmuştur. Resmî görev alan Hanefî fakihlerin bu kararlarında mezhebin yayılmasına katkıda bulunma, şeriatın gerekleri doğrultusunda kadılık görevinin yerine getirilmesi, halifenin talebi gibi sebepler etkili olmuştur. Resmî görev almayanların kararlarında ise Ebû Hanîfe’den farklı olarak, ilimle meşgul olma istekleri, sağlık durumlarının el vermemesi gibi kişisel nedenler etkili olmuştur. Bunun yanında bazı dönemlerde, devletin siyasal politikaları çerçevesinde Hanefî fakihlerin kadı atamalarında öncelikli tercih edildikleri bazı dönemlerde de arka planda kaldıkları görülmektedir., Hanafis established relations with the political authority for various reasons during their formation period. Abu Hanifa, to whom the sect was attributed, stood aloof from from the political authority during the period of the Umayyads and Abbasids, and refused their official job offers. The strict attitude of the Umayyad and Abbasid administrations towards the Ahl al-Bey with whom Abu Hanifa had close relations was influential in this preference. In addition, the ideas that the caliph should be elected with the consultation and allegiance of Muslims, that the Umayyads and Abbasids did not come to power in this way, that the allegiance that were taken by force would be invalid, and the concern that they would legitimize them if they accepted the proposal of the political authority were influential in this attitude. Among Abu Hanifa's students and in the following generations, there were those who adopted this attitude. On the other hand, along with his prominent students such as Zufer b. Huzeyl, Abu Yûsuf, Muhammed b. al-Hasan, there were also those who accepted the official positions of the political administration from the next generation Hanafis. While the aim of spreading Abu Hanifa's thoughts was effective in this attitude first, this attitude was a personal choice in the following periods.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the geographical researches in the field of urban transformation in the national and international literature in topic and methodological context. The research was designed with a qualitative method and document analysis has an important place in shaping the study. While scanning the literature, key concepts were searched in national and international databases. According to the first findings in the examined literature, geographers’ tendencies towards the subject in the international literature can be based on an earlier date, while in the national literature, it has been understood that it coincides with a period close to the present. While urban transformation practices in the national literature focus on the socio-spatial elements in the land, the gentrification phenomenon that occurs as a result of urban transformation draws attention in the international literature. From a methodological point of view, it has been determined that the studies prepared with the qualitative research method and case study pattern stand out in the examined works., Bu araştırmanın amacı, ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde kentsel dönüşüm alanında ortaya konulmuş coğrafi araştırmaları, konusal ve metodolojik bağlamda değerlendirmektir. Araştırma nitel yöntem ile tasarlanmış ve doküman analizleri çalışmanın şekillenmesinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Literatür taraması yapılırken ulusal ve uluslararası veri tabanlarında anahtar kavramlar kullanılarak taramalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelenen literatürdeki ilk bulgulara göre uluslararası literatürde coğrafyacıların konuya yönelik eğilimleri daha eski bir tarihe kadar temellendirilebilirken ulusal literatürde ise günümüze yakın bir döneme rastladığı anlaşılmıştır. Ulusal literatürde kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları arazideki sosyomekânsal unsurlara odaklanmışken, uluslararası literatürde ise kentsel dönüşüm sonucunda meydana gelen soylulaştırma olgusu dikkat çekmektedir. Metodolojik açıdan ise incelenen eserlerde nitel araştırma yöntemi ve durum (vaka) çalışması deseni ile hazırlanan çalışmaların ön plana çıktığı tespit edilmiştir.

Although the idea of fiqh and method of founder Ebu Hanife is very important in the formation of the Hanefi sect, the works of the first-generation students also play an important role. As it is known, when Ebu Hanife was unable to answer a question in the fiqh area when he was interested in the subjects of the science of Kelam, He started the lessons of Hammâd b. Ebu Suleyman. He continued his fiqh collection for nearly twenty years alongside his teacher. When his teacher passed away, he became the head of the class by the request of his classmates. Ebu Hanife, who wanted the lessons to pass efficiently, required at least ten of his classmates to attend the lessons. With this request, he prevented the dispersion of the course ring, also had the opportunity to realize the course teaching method he had built with these ten experienced students. Ebu Hanife grouped the students according to their levels and formed three different course rings. Ebu Hanife introduced methods such as lesson learning brainstorming, discussion, debate and negotiation in his lessons. Ebu Hanife successfully applied the case study method, also called practice in today's legal education. He developed the course method of his teacher and operated the course ring like a fiqh academy. Ebu Hanife provided a democratic educational environment for his students, and students were able to express their thoughts freely in this environment. However, they did not exhibit an attitude of not accepting students who did not adopt their own thoughts and methods as the Ehl-i Hadis course rings did. Every student who wanted to learn fiqh could participate in the course rings of Ebu Hanife and first-generation students. As a result of this, those who adopted the thought and method of Ebu Hanife have been subjected to various accusations such as Cehmi and Murci. In his relations with the students, he went beyond the relationship of the regular teacher- student of his own time, valued his students' thoughts and gave them the opportunity to express themselves. He was interested in all kinds of financial and moral problems of his students and tried to solve the problems that prevent them from the lesson, besides putting the condition of attendance to ensure the attendance of the students whom he saw light. In the course ring Ebu Hanife chose a hypothetical lawsuit or one of the decisions made by the judges and asked if he knew a rumor (rivâyet) from his students about this incident. Then he would like students to discuss the solution of this event. During this discussion, the voices of the students in the mosque were so loud that when a stranger saw this situation, he would be surprised and strange. After the students' discussions were over, Ebu Hanife was promising some of his students and listening to their solutions. At the end of the lesson, he would analyze the event and explain its solution. Ebu Hanife's greatest contribution to fiqh science is that he prints the results of the discussions and debates he had with his students. Ebu Hanife, who was not busy with collecting hadiths, which were common at that time, required the passage of the fiqh. He would write the issues decided in the lessons as a main for the discussions and debates after him. Each subject that was discussed and resolved was called “asl”. Ebu Hanife asked the writing team to write each subject to the relevant section among the "usul". The task of this team, which was stated to be forty people, was to write down the issues related to the result. The course processing method of Ebu Hanife was successful, and many of his students undertook official duties such as judgeship. In fact, when it comes to judgeship, the first names that come to mind were the students of Ebu Hanife. In society, the perception that they do this job best and Ahl-i hadith do not know this work was generally accepted. Four famous students of Ebu Hanife, Zufer b. Huzeyl, Ebu Yusuf, Muhammed b. el-Hasan es-Seybâni and Hasan b. Ziyâd, they made very important contributions in the formation of the Hanafi sect. In addition to this, many of his unfamiliar students have made great efforts in the formation of the sect and to spread the method and fiqh idea of ​​ Ebu Hanife, especially in remote regions. These students have established lesson rings in the cities such as Belh, Merv, Samarkand, Bukhara, Nisâbur, and processed the fiqh and theological views of Abu Hanifa in these lesson rings. In addition, these students struggled with formations such as Jehmiyye in where they went. In addition, they contributed to the literature by writing various books. Some of these students have reached the case-law level and their case-law has been used to determine the main view of the sect. In addition, these students undertook various official duties in the regions they visited, such as judgeship, shurta (police), and court membership. As a result of their studies, Kufe came to the course circle in Bagdat, and many students came from these regions and collected fiqh. This situation continued after the death of Ebu Hanife. As a result of their studies, many students came from these regions joined to the course rings in Kufe and Bagdat and collected fiqh. This situation continued after the death of Ebu Hanife. In a narration, Ebu Hanife stated that his students, were thirty-six. Although the exact identities of these students could not be determined, their students who collected fiqh from Ebu Hanife (as much as they could be determined in sources) were Said b. Ebu Arube, Âfiye b. Yezid, Davud b. Nusayr et-Tâi, Ismail b. Yesa‘ el-Kindi, Mindel b. Ali el-Anezi, Hammâd b. Duleyl, Nasr b. Abdulkerim es-Sakil, Hibbân b. Ali el-Anezi, Nuh b. Ebu Meryem, Kâsim b. Main, Abdullah b. Ferruh el-Horasâni, Hammâd b. Ebu Hanife, Abdulmelik b. Muhammed el-A‘rac, Hammâd b. Zeyd, Serik b. Abdullah en-Nehai, Abdullah b. el-Mubarek, Nuh b. Derrâc el-Kufi, Nasr/Nadr b. Muhammed el-Mervezi, Yahya b. Zekeriyyâ, Yusuf b. Hâlid es-Semti, Ali b. Mushir, Cerir b. Abdulhamid er-Râzi, Fudayl b. Iyâz, Suayb b. Ishak, Esed b. Amr el-Beceli, Ali b. Zibyân el-Absi, Ali b. Harmele et-Teymi, Hafs b. Giyâs, Veki‘ b. el-Cerrâh el-Kufi, Ebu Muti‘ Hakem b. Abdullah el-Belhi, Huseyin b. Hasan el-Avfi, Cârud b. Yezid.

Bu makalede fıkıh usûlünün yenilenmesi konusunda modern dönemde ileri sürülen farklı görüşler incelenmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren İslam dü-nyasında tecdit, ihya ve ıslah gibi farklı isimlerle anılan birtakım girişimler söz konusu olmuş ve Müslümanların Batı karşısındaki geri kalışı konusunda farklı görüşler ve çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur.Bu çalışmada yenilenme konusundaki görüşleri ile öne çıkan dört ekolün temel fikir ve temsilcileri ana hatlarıyla tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu ekoller “çağdaş akılcı ekol”, “realist ekol”, “modernist ekol” ve “tarihselci ekol” şeklinde belirtilebilir. Çalışmamızda bu ekollerin fıkıh usulünün yenilenmesine dair görüş ve önerileri, geleneksel usûle yönelttiği eleştiriler ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Usûlün yenilen-mesi konusundaki görüşleri mahiyetleri itibarıyla “klasik fıkıh usûlünün işlevsizliğini ve gereksizliğini”, “fıkıh usûlünü çağa uyarlama”, “fıkıh usûlünün şeklî ve tali kaynaklarını yenileme” ve “fıkıh usulünü tarihsel açısından yenile-me” eğilimi şeklinde belirtmek mümkündür. Her bir eğilimin temsilcileri tanıtılacak ve usule yönelik teklifleri serdedilip değerlendirilecektir.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vascular devices generating high shear stress can cause type 2A acquired von Willebrand disease, which is characterized by low von Willebrand factor activity accompanied by hemorrhagic complications. The braided mesh structure of flow-diverting stents with a relatively small strut size can create abnormally high shear stress while arterial blood flows through the stent struts into the aneurysm, and flow-diverting stent may be associated with reduced von Willebrand factor activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aneurysmal morphologic parameters and patient data were examined retrospectively among patients who had an unruptured intracranial aneurysm treated with a flow-diverting stent. The RISTOtest (test for whole blood ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation) for von Willebrand factor activity, as well as tests for aspirin and clopidogrel/prasugrel effectiveness, were performed immediately before the endovascular procedure and 24 hours later by multiple electrode aggregometry. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients with 56 aneurysms were recruited, and statistical analyses were performed in 32 patents with 49 aneurysms. Compared with the baseline values, von Willebrand factor activity was reduced in 16 patients but increased in 23 patients. Aneurysmal variables (eg, neck area, volume, volume-to-neck area ratio, size ratio, and morphologic index) clearly distinguished patients with reduced von Willebrand factor activity from those with nonreduced von Willebrand factor activity. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the morphologic index and volume had the highest discriminative power, with an area under the curve of 0.99. CONCLUSIONS: In high-volume/large-neck aneurysms, flow-diverting stent implantation can cause reduced von Willebrand factor activity, which may be linked causally to acquired von Willebrand disease.

Aims: The frontal QRS-T (fQRS) angle has been investigated in the general population, including healthy people and patients with heart failure. The fQRS angle can predict mortality due to myocarditis, ischaemic and nonischaemic cardiomyopathies, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and chronic heart failure in the general population. Moreover, no studies to date have investigated fQRS angle in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Thus, the purpose of this retrospective multicentre study was to evaluate the fQRS angle of COVID-19 patients to predict in-hospital mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation.Methods and results: An electrocardiogram was performed for 327 COVID-19 patients during admission, and the fQRS angle was calculated. Mechanical ventilation was needed in 119 patients; of them, 110 died in the hospital. The patients were divided into two groups according to an fQRs angle >90 degrees versus an fQRS angle 90 degrees group and 26.1% and 29.9% in the fQRS 90 degrees patient group versus the fQRS 90 degrees was a predictor of in-hospital mortality and associated with the need for mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Money is considered one of the main five necessities the Islamic Jurisprudence called for its fair saving, which is via investment and daily exchange with people. Man is considered always part and parcel of his society, thus individuals should be careful in dealing with saving their monetary transactions. Money, however, can only gained in the rightful way, which working on a business. But sometimes, money can be inherited, and even if it were evil in essence, the new owner might be virtuous and straight forward. The new owner might find himself in dilemma of the result of having this fortune and how to deal with it from an Islamic perspective, as he, the new owner, knows quite well, the given money or inheritance is not a result of approved transactions and dealings. Jurisprudential Science came to find out a solution for this perplexing question and show the right procedures to be followed. Jurisprudential Science is considered one of the most important sciences as it focuses on facilitating the daily transactions of people, make them flexible to accommodate with each era and keep up with the new emerging issues. Therefore, this study aims to clarify one of the jurisprudential rules and connect them to the modern developments. This rule talks about the transformation of ownership. The significance of this research is shown in the attempt of answering some questions about the treatment of individuals whose money is suspected of interfering with the forbidden or suspicious money. The importance of this research also lies in the interference of this rule with many branches of jurisprudence, such as acceptance of charity and gift from those who earn forbidden money, or the transfer of wealth through inheritance, etc. Therefore, the question is, since the word “forbidden” is an adjective that describes the person who acquires money through prohibited methods and it is not directly related to the earned money, is it correct to describe a person’s income with the same adjective just because he deals with the suspected person or this adjective is only for the person who earns money through forbidden ways? This study is trying first to explain the meaning of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership”, its legitimate reference, the related rules and the opinion of scholars in the application of this rule in the acts of worship and donations. Then, the research is attempting to clarify the effect of this rule on the daily transactions of people, in particular, the way of treating the individuals who earn and acquire money through illegal ways. Finally, the article mentions the contemporary applications of this rule through the exploitation of occupation, the transformation of financial-commercial organizations to Islamic-financial organizations and the profit from dealing with commercial banks, insurance contracts and suspicious transactions. The research concluded the following results: If the reason of possessing something is changed, then the judgment of this thing based on the Islamic law is changed. The interference of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership” with many branches of jurisprudence. In the course of financial transactions, the Islamic law states that it is not necessary to search for the source of money, nor the method of earning this money, but rather deal with it as it come from legal methods. The transfer of illegal money from the person who acquired it to his heirs, or to others, does not remove the sin from him and it remains in his debt. There is no sin on a creditor who has recovered his debt from a debtor who has borrowed a loan to repay the debt.

Cezayir farklı etnik gruplardan oluşan ve büyük coğrafyaya sahip olan bir ülkedir. Bu özelliği oradaki ilimi çalışmaların gelişmesine ve farklı fıkhı ekollerin bulunmasını sağlamıştır. Bunlar arasında Hanefî mezhebi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Osmanlı devletinin hukuki yapısını oluşturan Hanefi mezhebi farklı bölgelerde yayıldığı gibi zamanla Osmanlılarla birlikte Cezayir’de de gelişmiş oldu. Bu araştırma Cezayir’de Hanefî mezhebinin gelişme aşamalarını ele almaktadır. Araştırmamız Hanefî mezhebine bağlı ünlü âlimler, eserleri ayrıca Cezayir’in dini ve bilim tarihinde bunların konumunu kapsamaktadır. Tarih açısından bu çalışma Osmanlı dönemden önce orada Hanefî mezhebinin var oluşu, Osmanlı dönemdeki gelişmeleri ve Fransızların Cezayiri İşgal ettiğinden itibaren bağımsızlığını kazanana kadardaki durumlarını ele almaktadır. Bu dönemlerdeki meşhur Hanefî âlimler, eserleri, bunlara bağlı olan vakıf ve camiler, takipçileri gibi konular üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca orada yaygın olan Malikî mezhebiyle mukayese de yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Osmanlı dönemi ve Fransızların yaptığı işgal döneminde Hanefî mezhebinin Cezayir’de önemli otoriteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle Osmanlıların gelişi Ceyzayir’de Hanefî Mezhebinin gelişmesine destek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır Yapılan araştırma şu sonuçları ortaya koymaktadır ki: Hanefî mezhebi Kuzey Afrika'da eskiden beri vardı. Kadı Iyaz, İbn Hallikân, ed-Dabbâğ ve İbnu’l-Hoca bu mezhebin daha yaygın olduğunu vurgulamışlardır. İmam Malik’ten ilim alanların orada bulunmasına rağmen onlardan sonraki tabakadakiler arasında yer alan Esed b. Furat Hanefî mezhebini benimseyip onun yaygınlaşmasını sağlamış ve kendi döneminde bir imam mevkisine sahip olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hanefî mezebinin Cezayir’e girişi ise Tunus yoluyla gerçekleşmiştir. Tarihi aşamalar açısından Hafsiler, ve Beni Abd’l-Vâd döneminden Osmanlı devletine kadar Hanefî mezhebine mensup olanlar bunun var oluşunu korumuşlardır. Bu da söz konusu zamanlarda Hanefî âlimlerin, medreselerin, eserlerin bulunduğunun bir göstergesidir. Bu âlimler Astronomi, Matematik Fıkıh, Hadis, Edep, Sanat gibi çeşitli alanlarda güzel çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Bu çalışmalar Cezayir'in ilim ve marifet hazinesini zenginleştirmiştir. Bundan sonra ve özellikle 921 yılında Cezayir’e Osmanlı Devletinin girmesi Hanefî mezhebinin oradaki hukuki yapısında yer almasını sağlamış. Bunlar tarafından ilmi ve manevi çalışmalara ortam olan vakıf, camii, tekke ve medreseler inşa edilmiş. Vakıflar tarafından öğretmenlere maaşlar bağlanmış. Böylece camilerde yaşayan ve dışarıdan gelen öğrenciler için ilim tahsili daha kolay olmuş. Bu çalışmalar daha düzgün ve devamlı olduğundan ilmi ve fikri ortam gelişmeye başladı.Bu ilmi çalışmalarla birlikte Osmanlının Cezayir’e kazandırdığı diğer husus ise müftülük müessesidir (Hanefî Şeyhülislamlık مشيخة الاسلام الحنفية). Fetva vermek en üstün makam sayılmaktaydı. Müftü, kadıları tayin etmek, medreseleri kontrol etmek, fetva vermek gibi sorumlulukları üstlenmekteydi. Söz konusu Hanefî fetva heyetinin ortaya koyduğu ilmi sonuçlar teoriden daha çok uygulamalı olma özelliği vardı. Yani onların çok fazla eserleri yoktur. Bunu Huseyin El annabi ve İbn Ali tarafından yapılan çalışmalarla vurgulanmıştır. Örnek olarak çeşitli konularda ve büyük olaylarda davalar için Şer‘î meclisler kurulmuştur. Merkezi de Cami Azam mescididir ve her Perşembe günü yapılırdı. Fransız ihtilalinden sonra Hanefîlerin sayısı azalmaya başlamıştır. Çünkü Hanefîlerin çoğu Osmanlı ailelerindendi, ayrıca Fransızların Hanefî islam hocalarına, Türk ailelerine karşı açtığı savaşın büyük etkisi olmuştur. Bununla birlikte Fransa Cezayir'i işgal ettikten sonra Muhammed El annabi gibi diğer müftüleri de sürgün etti. Bu da işgalden sonra yapılan ilk sürgün olarak bilinmektedir. Buna rağmen Fransızlar başkent ve merkezi şehirlere Kasantina, Midye gibi yerlere Hanefî müftülerini sürgün etmeye devam etmiştir. Osmanlı devleti döneminde Cezayir’in başkenti ve diğer şehirlerde hanefilere ait mescidlerin sayısı çoğalmıştır. Bu mescidler kapsamlı dini bir kurumu ya da osmanlıların ‘külliye’ olarak isimlendirdiği yapıyı temsil ederdi. Bu medreselerde hanefi mezhebi ve kuranı kerim okutulur ve ibadetler yapılırdı. 1750 yılında yapılan Buleyde şehrindeki ‘Mustafa el-İstanbuli’ mescidi, 1743 yılında yapılan Mıdıyye şehrindeki ‘el-Mescidu’l-Hanefî’ ve Şeyhulislamın merkezi olan Kastantindeki ‘Câmi‘u’l-Kebîr’ bu hanefi camilerindendir.İki mezhep arasındaki ilişki farklı dönemlerde de devamlılık göstermiştir. Bu ilişki Hanefi ve Maliki mezhebinin âlimlerinin bu medreselerindeki öğrencilerde ortaya çıkmıştı bazı dönemlerde de bu talebelerin arasında hâkimlerin karışacağı kadar çatışmalar ve rekabet yaşanmıştır. Ancak farkedilen şu ki, Maliki mezhebinin fetvaları Cezayir'de çok eskiden vardı. Osmanlı devletinin gelmesiyle birlikte eskiden beri varolan Hanefî mezhebi yenilenmiştir. Osmanlı devletinin gücüyle ve bitmeyen desteğiyle Cezayir’de yayılmıştır. Bütün bunlara rağmen bu mezhebin elde ettiği büyük başarılar ile Maliki okulunun düşünsel, bilimsel ve kültürel alanlarda üretimi arasında rekabeti çok büyük ve başarılıydı. Astronomi, askeri ve edebi bilimler, Fıkıh ve usul gibi ilim dallarında müellefat ve eserler coğalmıştır.Araştırmamız sırasında Hanefî eser ve kitaplar yerleriyle birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece kapsamlı ve yeterli bir araştırma olmuştur. Ve sonuç olarak son kısımda elde edilen tüm neticeleri izah ettik, bunlardan Hanefî mezhebinin Cezayir’de Osmanlının girmesiyle desteklenen bir mezhep olması, ayrıca Şeyhü’l-İslam makamı çoğunlukla Türk alimlere veriliyordu, bu alimler yüksek ilmi seviyeye sahiptiler. Bunların ilmi ve yetenekleri telif ve teöriden daha çok uygulamada görülmektedir. Buna rağmen Hanefî mezhebine mensup olan kitapların günümüzdeki Cezayir kütüphanelerinde farklı alanlarda payı çok fazladır. Bu ayrıcalıklardan dolayı çalışmamızın sonunda, çağımızdaki araştırmacılara bu önemli eserleri bütünsel olarak araştırma yapmalarını önerdik. Allah’ın yardımıyla bu çalışmadan iyi sonuçlar elde ettik.

WOS: 000461206800006, Objective: Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) can be used to determine hypervolemia and malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this prospective observational study, we investigated the survival predictability of impedance ratio (IR) calculated by BIS in HD patients (Clinical Trials Gov Identifier: NCT01468363). Materials and Methods: A total of 430 chronic HD patients, out of 500 prevalent chronic HD patients from the city of Zonguldak who met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study. With a mean follow-up of 32.2 +/- 14.4 months, BIS was performed in all patients. The IR percentage (IR%) was calculated by dividing the resistance values using the 200 kHz and 5 kHz impulses. Student's t-test, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed, and a p

Fikihta degisim bir yandan bir olguyu ifade ederken diger yandan da bir gerekliligi belirtir. Bu degisim, Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) hayatta iken “nesih” yolu ile soz konusu olmustur. Basta sahabe ve tâbiun donemleri olmak uzere sonraki donemlerde ise fikihtaki degisim hukmun veya fetvanin sartlara ve duruma gore degismesi suretiyle olmustur. Hukum ve fetvanin degismesinin bir yonunu ise “muctehidlerin gorus degistirmesi” olusturmaktadir Makalenin giris kisminda rucu kavrami uzerinde du3rmak suretiyle rucuun hukum ve sebeplerini ortaya koyduk. Daha sonra Ebu Yusuf’un fikhin ibadetler alanindaki rucularini ele aldik. Son olarak da rucularin kaynaklarindan soz ederek analizler yaptik.

[No abstract available]

Distal renal tubular acidosis (Type 1 RTA) is an acid-base disorder characterized by impaired urinary acidification by the distal tubule. Osteomalacia, rickets, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and electrolyte imbalance can be seen in these cases. We report the case of a 24-year-old male patient who had low back pain with a history of nephrolithiasis. Routine laboratory results revealed mild hypokalemia and hyperchloremia. After percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery, he developed muscle paralysis with a serum potassium level of 1.3 mEq/L. After intensive treatment of hypokalemia, the patient had normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, high urine pH, high transtubular potassium gradient, nephrocalcinosis, and hypercalciuria and was thus diagnosed as having distal RTA. After stabilization of the patient, he was discharged with oral potassium, bicarbonate, and spironolactone medications. Hypokalemia and hyperchloremia in a patient with a history of recurrent renal stones should be kept in mind for a possible distal RTA diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of this situation not only reduces the formation of renal stones, but also may be lifesaving in rare cases.

OBJECTIVES The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), mostly used for postoperative analgesic purposes for wound healing, is still a matter of debate. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of the most widely used NSAID and corticosteroids after surgical operations on tracheal wound healing in an experimental rat model. METHODS Thirty-nine male Wistar albino rats were included in this study. Tracheotomy was performed in 32 rats; then they were divided into 3 groups. After the first day, the animals in group 1 were treated with an NSAID (diclofenac 10 mg/kg/day) (NSAID, n = 12) for 7 days; the animals in group 2 were treated with a corticosteroid (dexamethasone, 2 × 0.1 mg/kg/day) (steroid, n = 10) for 7 days; the animals in group 3 (control, n = 10) were not given any medications. For a fourth group (histological control, n = 7), in order to evaluate normal morphological and histological characteristics, neither surgery nor medication was used. Five rats were eliminated from the study (2 rats in the NSAID group died and 3 rats in the steroid group developed local wound infections). The drop-out rate was 12.8%. Histological characteristics, inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, neochondrogenesis, neovascularization and epithelization were evaluated in 34 rats. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Inflammation, vascularization and number of fibroblasts and chondrocytes were significantly higher in the control group than in the histological control group. There was some reduction in all parameters except vascularization in the NSAID group (P > 0.05). When the steroid group was compared to the NSAID group, inflammation (P 0.05) were more suppressed in the steroid group. The number of fibroblasts increased in the steroid group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Steroids and NSAID may have negative effects on tracheal wound healing, probably by suppressing inflammation and fibroblast proliferation. NSAID was mostly used postoperatively for analgesic purposes and should be avoided.

Hanefi mezhebinin teşekkülünde kurucu İmam Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkıh düşüncesi ve metodu çok önemli olmakla birlikte ilk kuşak öğrencilerinin de çalışmaları önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ebû Hanîfe, hocasının ders metodunu geliştirerek ders halkasını bir akademi gibi çalıştırmış, bununla yetinmeyerek derslerde öğrencileriyle birlikte ulaştıkları sonuçları tedvin ettirmiştir. O, kendi zamanının alışılagelmiş ders işleme metodunun dışına çıkarak, öğrencilerinin düşüncelerine değer vermiş, onların kendilerini ifade etmelerine fırsat tanımıştır. Ebû Hanîfe’nin meşhur dört öğrencisi Züfer b. Hüzeyl (ö. 158/775), Ebû Yusuf Ya‘kûb b. İbrahim (ö. 182/798), Muhammed b. el-Hasan eş-Şeybânî (ö. 189/805) ve Hasan b. Ziyâd (ö. 204/819) Hanefi mezhebinin teşekkülünde çok önemli katkılar sunmuşlardır. Bununla birlikte meşhur olmayan ve sayıca çok daha fazla olan öğrencilerin mezhebin teşekkülünde, Ebû Hanîfe’nin metot ve fıkhî düşüncesinin özellikle uzak bölgelere yayılmasında çok önemli çabaları bulunmaktadır. Özellikle Ebû Hanîfe’nin Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir’de tanınmasını bu öğrencileri sağlamıştır. Bu öğrenciler, Belh, Merv, Semerkant, Buhara, Nîsâbûr, gibi şehirlerde ders halkaları teşekkül ettirerek Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkhî ve kelamî görüşlerini bu ders halkalarında işlemişlerdir. Ayrıca bu öğrenciler gittikleri yerlerde Cehmiyye gibi oluşumlarla mücadele etmişlerdir. Bunun yanında çeşitli eserler telif ederek literatüre katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Bu öğrencilerden bazıları içtihat seviyesine ulaşmış, müftâ bih görüşün belirlenmesinde onların içtihatlarına da başvurulmuştur. Bunun yanında kadılık görevi üstlenerek mezhebin kurumsallaşmasına katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Although the idea of fiqh and method of founder Ebû Hanîfe is very important in_x000D_ the formation of the Hanefi sect, the works of the first-generation students also_x000D_ play an important role. As it is known, when Ebû Hanîfe was unable to answer a_x000D_ question in the fiqh area when he was interested in the subjects of the science of_x000D_ Kelam, He started the lessons of Hammâd b. Ebû Süleyman. He continued his fiqh_x000D_ collection for nearly twenty years alongside his teacher. When his teacher passed_x000D_ away, he became the head of the class by the request of his classmates. Ebû_x000D_ Hanîfe, who wanted the lessons to pass efficiently, required at least ten of his_x000D_ classmates to attend the lessons. With this request, he prevented the dispersion_x000D_ of the course ring, also had the opportunity to realize the course teaching method_x000D_ he had built with these ten experienced students. Ebû Hanîfe grouped the_x000D_ students according to their levels and formed three different course rings. Ebû_x000D_ Hanîfe introduced methods such as lesson learning brainstorming, discussion,_x000D_ debate and negotiation in his lessons. Ebû Hanîfe successfully applied the case_x000D_ study method, also called practice in today's legal education. He developed the_x000D_ course method of his teacher and operated the course ring like a fiqh academy._x000D_ Ebû Hanîfe provided a democratic educational environment for his students, and_x000D_ students were able to express their thoughts freely in this environment. Although the idea of fiqh and method of founder Ebû Hanîfe is very important in the formation of the Hanefi sect, the works of the first-generation students also play an important role. As it is known, when Ebû Hanîfe was unable to answer a question in the fiqh area when he was interested in the subjects of the science of Kelam, He started the lessons of Hammâd b. Ebû Süleyman. He continued his fiqh collection for nearly twenty years alongside his teacher. When his teacher passed away, he became the head of the class by the request of his classmates. Ebû Hanîfe, who wanted the lessons to pass efficiently, required at least ten of his classmates to attend the lessons. With this request, he prevented the dispersion of the course ring, also had the opportunity to realize the course teaching method he had built with these ten experienced students. Ebû Hanîfe grouped the students according to their levels and formed three different course rings. Ebû Hanîfe introduced methods such as lesson learning brainstorming, discussion, debate and negotiation in his lessons. Ebû Hanîfe successfully applied the case study method, also called practice in today's legal education. He developed the course method of his teacher and operated the course ring like a fiqh academy. Ebû Hanîfe provided a democratic educational environment for his students, and students were able to express their thoughts freely in this environment. "Цель данного исследования - изучить роль, функцию бюрократии в демократизации и ее отношение к этому процессу. В связи с этим в этом историческом исследовании, посвященном изучению про- цесса демократизации в Турции от провозглашения республики до перехода к многопартийной системе, с теоретической точки зрения кратко рассматриваются отношения между бюрократией и демократией. Вслед за этим исследовано формирование бюро- кратической традиции управления, занимающей важное место в политической жизни Турции, а также роль бюрократии в процессе демократизации в однопартийный период и изменения, которые произошли в этом процессе с переходом к многопартийной си- стеме. В заключении показано, что в турецком контексте наблю- дается дилемма между бюрократией и демократией, бюрократия негативно повлияла на процесс демократизации, она была более эффективной в однопартийный период, а власть бюрократии была относительно ослаблена с переходом к многопартийности. Тем не менее, традиция бюрократической опеки сохранилась до наших дней, и эта ситуация наносит ущерб процессу демократизации.;This study aims to scrutinize the role, function and the attitude of the bureaucracy in the process of democratization. In this context, this historical study examining the process of democratization in Turkey from the proclamation of the republic to the transition to a multiparty system briefly discusses the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy from a theoretical perspective. Afterwards, the formation of a bureaucratic management tradition, which has an important place in Turkish political life, has been mentioned in this historical research, which has a significant place in Turkish political life, has been addressed. The role of the bureaucracy in the process of democratization during the one-party period and the change that has occurred in this process with the transition to a multi-party system were subsequently examined. In conclusion, in the Turkish context it is observed that there is a dilemma between bureaucracy and democracy, the bureaucracy had negatively affected the process of democratization, it was more effective in one-party period, and the power of bureaucracy was relatively weakened with the transition to a multi-party system. Yet, the tradition of bureaucratic tutelage has lasted its effects to this day and this situation harm the process of democratization." "al-Asbât in Islamic thought is a controversial concept among Shia and Sunni schools. Sunni school believes that they all were the brothers of Prophet Joseph and were Prophets. Yet, Shia school rejects the idea that al-Asbât were Prophets, due to the big sins they committed. Some of Shia sholars think that al-Asbât were Wasiyy (Legatee) of Prophets. Sheikh Ali Hasan Galum adds a new idea to al-Asbât by arguing the similarity between the concept of al-Asbât in Quran with those Judges in Torah. He gives the concept of Judges and al-Asbât as a reference to Twelve Imams. This article, after explaining the concept of Judges in Judaism, will deal with the concept of al-Asbât in Sunni sources. After that it will explain the meaning of al-Asbât generally in Shia thought. Then it will touch upon the similarity of the Judges with the concept of Twelve Imams which has handled for the first time by Sheikh Galum in Shia thought."

For the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, alternative treatment modalities may be necessary if anti-thyroid drugs cannot be used due to side effects, inefficiencies, or there is a need to start a rapid action such as thyroid storm. By using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), it is possible to effectively and rapidly remove the increased thyroid hormones. We evaluated our results and experience on a rapid, effective, and reliable alternative treatment modality in thyrotoxic patients. TPE was performed in 46 thyrotoxic patients at the Adult Therapeutic Apheresis Center. Forty six patients with a median age of 30 years (interquartile range [IQR] 30–50) were assessed. In 40 (87%) of the cases, the diagnosis was Graves’ disease. The other causes of thyrotoxicosis were amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (n = 4) and toxic nodular goiter (n = 2). The median and IQR of fT3 values in patients before TPE were 9.9 (6.5-16.8) pg/mL (N: 2.3–4.2) and the median and IQR of fT4 values were 2.9 (2.3–4.1) ng/dL (N: 0.74–1.52). When the procedure was terminated, the median and IQR of fT3 values in patients were 4.0 (3.1–5.2) pg/mL and the median and IQR fT4 values were 1.6 (1.4–2.0) ng/dL. The decrease in both free thyroid hormones was found to be statistically significant (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of delirium and its association with mortality rates in elderly inpatients.The medical records of 1435 patients over 65 years old who were treated at a regional university hospital and were referred to the university's Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry Clinic for psychological evaluation were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with and without a diagnosis of delirium were compared. The National Survival Database was used to determine mortality rates.The prevalence of delirium was 25.5%. The delirium group was older (p .0001) and had a larger proportion of males (p .0001). Mortality rate was higher in the delirium group at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years (p .0001 for all). Age, gender, lower urinary system diseases, chronic liver disease, solid hematologic malignancy, infections, and Alzheimer's disease emerged as significant parameters associated with mortality. Multivariate analysis of these parameters indicated that comorbid diseases (lower urinary system diseases, chronic liver disease, solid hematologic malignancy, infections, and Alzheimer's disease) are risk factors for mortality independent of demographic data such as age and gender.Independent of all other factors, delirium is associated with higher mortality risk.

The research takes views on the subject of renewal in the origins of jurispru-dence in modern times. At the end of the nineteenth century, calls for renewal began to appear with names such as "renewal", "renaissance" and "reform" and Muslims began to write their proposals, solutions and opinions to keep pace with Western civilization. Most of the renewal was related to the fundamentals of jurisprudence in the last century.In this article there are four schools of innovation were introduced in theolo-gy and the most important personalities and their views. These schools are modern school, rational school, historical school and modernist school. The article also focuses on the traditionalist views, suggestions and criticism.The opinions of scientists are sorted in four directions. The first trend revolves around the discontinuation of the use of the principles of jurisprudence. In secondary evidence such as custom and interest. The last section concerns the areas of renewal., Bu makalede fıkıh usûlünün yenilenmesi konusunda modern dönemde ileri sürülen farklı görüşler incelenmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren İslam dü-nyasında tecdit, ihya ve ıslah gibi farklı isimlerle anılan birtakım girişimler söz konusu olmuş ve Müslümanların Batı karşısındaki geri kalışı konusunda farklı görüşler ve çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur.Bu çalışmada yenilenme konusundaki görüşleri ile öne çıkan dört ekolün temel fikir ve temsilcileri ana hatlarıyla tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu ekoller “çağdaş akılcı ekol”, “realist ekol”, “modernist ekol” ve “tarihselci ekol” şeklinde belirtilebilir. Çalışmamızda bu ekollerin fıkıh usulünün yenilenmesine dair görüş ve önerileri, geleneksel usûle yönelttiği eleştiriler ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Usûlün yenilen-mesi konusundaki görüşleri mahiyetleri itibarıyla “klasik fıkıh usûlünün işlevsizliğini ve gereksizliğini”, “fıkıh usûlünü çağa uyarlama”, “fıkıh usûlünün şeklî ve tali kaynaklarını yenileme” ve “fıkıh usulünü tarihsel açısından yenile-me” eğilimi şeklinde belirtmek mümkündür. Her bir eğilimin temsilcileri tanıtılacak ve usule yönelik teklifleri serdedilip değerlendirilecektir.

İnsanın yeryüzündeki imtihanının en önemli noktalarından birisini “mal” ile ilişkisi oluşturmaktadır. Mal, insanın varlığını sürdürebilmesi için zorunlu olan unsurlardan birisi olduğu için İslam’ın koruma altına aldığı beş temel değerden birisi kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. İnsanlar arasındaki temel anlaşmazlık noktalarından birisi de mal konusudur. İnsanın mal ile ilişkisini ifade eden kavram “mülkiyet” kavramıdır. Mülkiyet, tarih boyunca bireysel ve toplumsal mücadele ve savaş sebeplerinin en önemlilerinden biri olduğu gibi toplumsal düzen, ekonomik rejim ve hukuk nizamlarını birbirinden ayıran en önemli konulardan birisi mülkiyet konusundaki tavır ve tutumlarıdır.İslam, mülkiyetin ilk olarak kazanılmasından başlamak suretiyle geliştirilmesi (nemalandırılması) ve nakli için birtakım kurallar belirlemiştir. İnsan davranışlarının dinî hükmünü belirlemeye çalışan fıkıh ilmi de daha ilk kuruluşundan itibaren İslam’ın mal ve mülkiyete ilişkin ortaya koyduğu düzenleme ve genel ilkelerin tek tek insan davranışlarına nasıl yansıdığını araştırmış ve fıkıh literatüründe malî konulara ilişkin muazzam bir birikim oluşmuştur. Fıkıh kitaplarında malî muamelata ilişkin hususlar hacimce oldukça geniş bir yekün tutmuştur. Fıkıh litetatüründe insanın mal üzerindeki hakimiyetini ifade eden mülkiyetin meşru sebepleri üzerinde durulmuş, bu konuda çeşitli hüküm ve kurallar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu kurallardan birisi de bu çalışmada ele alınan “mülkiyetin tebeddülü (el değiştirmesi)” konusu ile ilgili kuraldır. Çalışmamızda ele aldığımız fıkıh kaidesinin cevap bulmaya çalıştığı temel soru şudur: Bir kimsenin bir mal üzerindeki mülkiyetini elde etme yolu, söz konusu malın mülkiyetinin başkasına devredilmesi durumunda meşruiyete etki eder mi?Söz gelimi bir kimseye zekât olarak verilmiş olan bir mal, o kimse tarafından başkasına hediye ya da hibe edildiğinde zekât olma özelliğini sürdürür mü?Bir kimsenin gayri meşru yol ve yöntemlere başvurarak elde ettiği bir mülkiyet bir başkasına geçtiğinde veya devredildiğinde söz konusu gayri meşruluk vasfı devam eder mi? Ele aldığımız kuralın ortaya koyduğu temel düşünce şudur: “Malların haramlık ve helallik yönünden hükümleri malların sıfatlarındaki değişime bağlı olarak değişkenlik gösterir.” Bir malın sıfatındaki değişim hakiki olabileceği gibi hükmî de olabilir. Mesela şarabın sirkeye dönüşmesi malın sıfatındaki hakiki bir değişimdir. Bizim ele aldığımız mesele bu türden bir değişim değildir. Buna karşılık bir kimseye zekât olarak verilmiş bir malın o kimse tarafından bir şahsa hediye edilmesi malın sıfatındaki hükmî bir değişimdir. Zira ilk şahıs için “zekât” sıfatı taşıyan mal, ikinci şahıs için “hediye” sıfatı taşımaktadır. İşte malın sıfatındaki bu değişim ve dönüşüm malın bizzat kendisinin değişmesi ve dönüşmesi gibi kabul edilmekte ve yeni hüküm de buna göre belirlenmektedir. Bu kuralın işletilmesi birtakım kayıtlarla sınırlandırılmış olup sınırsız değildir. Buna göre kuralın geçerli olabilmesi için özel bir delilin sebebin değişimini malın değişimi yerine koyma kuralını geçersiz kılmaması gerekir. Söz gelimi “bir kimsenin bir malı bir şahsa vadeli olarak bir fiyata satıp sonra da aynı malı peşin olarak daha ucuza alması” anlamına gelen bey’u’l-îne uygulamasında bunu yasaklayan özel bir hadis bulunduğu için malın mülkiyetinin el değiştirmesi, malın değişmesi olarak görülmemiş ve bu durumun meşruiyeti temin etmeyeceği kabul edilmiştir. Yine bir maldan amaçlanan şey elde edildiğinde artık o malın mülkiyet sebebinin değişmesine itibar edilmez. Söz gelimi bir kimse fasit bir satım akdi ile elde ettiği malı tekrar satıcıya hibe etse, müşteri malın değerini tazminle yükümlü olmaz; çünkü amaç gerçekleşmiş, fasit satımla geri verilmesi gereken mal tekrar sahibine dönmüştür. Kuralı kayıtlayan üçüncü durum ise şudur: Bir kimse herhangi bir akde dayanmaksızın hırsızlık ve gasp gibi bir haksız fiille bir malın mülkiyetini ele geçirip başkasına devrettiğinde bu devir işlemi sonucunda malın yeni maliki açısından meşruiyet oluşmaz. Mal, ilk sahibinin mülkiyetinde kalmaya devam eder.Malın mülkiyet sebebinin değişmesini bizzat malın değişimi gibi kabul eden kuralımızın şer’î dayanaklarını Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet edilen bir takım hadisler oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda en çok bilinen ve zikredilen örnek, Hz. Peygamber’in, Berîre adlı cariyeye zekât olarak verilmiş bulunan hurmayı yemesidir. Bilindiği üzere zekât, Hz. Peygamber ve yakınlarına haram kılınmıştı. Bununla birlikte Hz. Peygamber, Berîre’ye zekât olarak verilmiş olan hurmanın, onun tarafından peygamberimize hediye edilmesini malın değişimi gibi değerlendirmiş ve o hurmadan yemekte bir sakınca görmemiştir.Fıkıh literatüründe bu kuralın çok farklı alanlarda işletildiği görülür. Bunlar arasında ibadetler, bağış türünden tasarruflar bulunduğu gibi bedelli mali akitler, miras gibi konular da bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda buna dair örneklere yer verilmiştir.Çalışmamızda ayrıca söz konusu kuralın günümüzdeki malî ilişkiler alanında nasıl işletilebileceği üzerinde fikir yürütmek suretiyle günümüzde gayri meşru kabul edilen bir takım yol ve yöntemlerle edinilmiş mülkiyetin başkalarına devredilmesi halinde bu gayri meşruluğun yeni mâliklere sirayet edip etmeyeceği hususlarını da araştırdık. Bu bağlamda “haram yolla elde edilmiş kazançtan nasıl kurtulunabilir?” sorusuna da cevap bulmaya çalıştık. Kuralın ortaya koyduğu düşünce doğrultusunda “kazanç yolu itibarıyla haram olan mülkiyetin, başkasına devri halinde haramlığın sirayet etmemesi” genel kuralının yalnızca yeni mâlik için söz konusu olduğunu, o mülkü haram yolla elde eden açısından günah ve sorumluluğun kalkmadığını tespit ettik., Money is considered one of the main five necessities the Islamic Jurisprudence called for its fair saving, which is via investment and daily exchange with people. Man is considered always part and parcel of his society, thus individuals should be careful in dealing with saving their monetary transactions. Money, however, can only gained in the rightful way, which working on a business. But sometimes, money can be inherited, and even if it were evil in essence, the new owner might be virtuous and straight forward. The new owner might find himself in dilemma of the result of having this fortune and how to deal with it from an Islamic perspective, as he, the new owner, knows quite well, the given money or inheritance is not a result of approved transactions and dealings. Jurisprudential Science came to find out a solution for this perplexing question and show the right procedures to be followed. Jurisprudential Science is considered one of the most important sciences as it focuses on facilitating the daily transactions of people, make them flexible to accommodate with each era and keep up with the new emerging issues. Therefore, this study aims to clarify one of the jurisprudential rules and connect them to the modern developments. This rule talks about the transformation of ownership. The significance of this research is shown in the attempt of answering some questions about the treatment of individuals whose money is suspected of interfering with the forbidden or suspicious money. The importance of this research also lies in the interference of this rule with many branches of jurisprudence, such as acceptance of charity and gift from those who earn forbidden money, or the transfer of wealth through inheritance, etc.Therefore, the question is, since the word “forbidden” is an adjective that describes the person who acquires money through prohibited methods and it is not directly related to the earned money, is it correct to describe a person’s income with the same adjective just because he deals with the suspected person or this adjective is only for the person who earns money through forbidden ways?This study is trying first to explain the meaning of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership”, its legitimate reference, the related rules and the opinion of scholars in the application of this rule in the acts of worship and donations. Then, the research is attempting to clarify the effect of this rule on the daily transactions of people, in particular, the way of treating the individuals who earn and acquire money through illegal ways. Finally, the article mentions the contemporary applications of this rule through the exploitation of occupation, the transformation of financial-commercial organizations to Islamic-financial organizations and the profit from dealing with commercial banks, insurance contracts and suspicious transactions.The research concluded the following results:If the reason of possessing something is changed, then the judgment of this thing based on the Islamic law is changed.The interference of the jurisprudential rule “Reasons of changing ownership” with many branches of jurisprudence.In the course of financial transactions, the Islamic law states that it is not necessary to search for the source of money, nor the method of earning this money, but rather deal with it as it come from legal methods.The transfer of illegal money from the person who acquired it to his heirs, or to others, does not remove the sin from him and it remains in his debt.There is no sin on a creditor who has recovered his debt from a debtor who has borrowed a loan to repay the debt., تهدف هذه الدِّراسة إلى بيان مسألة ترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بحياة النَّاساليوميَّة؛ لا سيَّما في معاملاتهم الماليَّة وعلاقاتهم الاجتماعيَّة فيما بينهم،وهي مسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك، وما ينتج عن هذا التَّبدُّل من الأحكام. مثال ذلك ظاهرةالكسب الحرام؛ حيث ينتقل فيها المال من مِلكيَّة الكاسب إلى ملكيَّة جديدة بطريقالوراثة أو بصورة من صور العقود النَّاقلة للملكيَّة كالبيع والهبة وغير ذلك، فهلهذه الحرمة هي صفة عارضة تقتصر على ذمَّة الشَّخص الَّذي اكتسب المال بطريقمحرَّم؟ أم أنَّها صفة ملازمة للمال تنتقل معه إلى المالك الجديد؟ من خلال دراسةمسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك يتَّضح أنَّ للأسباب الشَّرعيَّة أثرًا على الأشياء كماللأسباب الواقعيَّة، فبالرَّغم من أنَّ المال لم يتبدَّل في حقيقته إلَّا أنَّ تَبدُّل سببتملُّكه جعله متبدِّلًا حكمًا وكأنَّ ذاتالعين قد تغيَّرت.لقد سار هذا البحث في دراسة تبدُّل سبب الملك والآثار المترتِّبة عليه من خلال دراسة القاعدة الفقهيَّة: "تبدُّل سبب الملك يقوم مقام تبدُّلالذَّات" والصِّيغ الأخرى لها، ومقيِّداتها، ومستندها الشَّرعي، وحجيَّتهاعند الفقهاء، وذِكْر بعض الصُّور الَّتي بُنيت على هذهالقاعدة في العبادات والتَّبرعات والمعاملات الماليَّة؛ لاسيَّما معاملة الأفرادالَّذين يكسبون الحرام، ثم انتقل البحث بعد ذلك إلى ذكر مجال تطبيق هذه القاعدةالفقهيَّة في المعاملات المعاصرة؛ ومن أهم تلك الصُّور الَّتي يمكن أن نطبِّقعليها هذه القاعدة: الكسب النَّاشئ عن الاستغلال الوظيفي، وتحوُّل المؤسَّساتالماليَّة التِّجاريَّة إلى مؤسَّسات ماليَّة إسلاميَّة، والكسب الحاصل منالتَّعامل مع المصارف التِّجاريَّة، والكسب الحاصل من عقود التَّأمين، و الكسب النَّاشئعن المعاملات المشبوهة.هذا وتكمن أهميَّة هذه الدِّراسة في عدم وجود دراسة سابقة مفردة تربط هذهالقاعدة بالتَّطبيقات الفقهيَّة؛ لا سيَّما المعاصرة منها، ودخول القاعدة فيالكثير من الفروع الفقهيَّة.

Cavusoglu, Turker/0000-0001-7100-7080; uyanikgil, Yigit/0000-0002-4016-0522; Kozcu, Fatma Gul/0000-0003-1304-8065; uyanikgil, Yigit/0000-0002-4016-0522, WOS: 000493904000014, PubMed: 31518496, Background. Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is widely used for immunosuppressivetherapy in renal transplantation. Nephrotoxicity is the main dose-limiting undesirable consequence of CsA. Urotensin II (U-II), a novel peptide with a powerful influence on vascular biology, has been added to the list of potential renal vascular regulators. Upregulation of the urotensin receptors and elevation of plasma U-II levels are thought to possibly play a role in the etiology of renal failure. Objectives. the present study examines this hypothesis by evaluating renal function and histology with regard to the potential role of U-II and its antagonist, palosuran, in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Material and methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CsA (15 mg/kg, for 21 days, intraperitoneally) or CsA + palosuran (300 mg/kg, for 21 days). Renal function was measured and histopathology, U-II immunostaining and protein detection with western blotting of the kidneys were performed. Results. Cyclosporine-A administration caused a marked decline in creatinine clearance (Ccr). Fractional sodium excretion (FENa) tended to increase in the CsA-treated rats. Plasma U-II levels decreased in the CsA-treated rats. Cyclosporine-A treatment resulted in a marked deterioration in renal histology and an increase in the expression of U-II protein in the kidneys. Palosuran's improvement of renal function manifested as a significant decrease in serum creatinine levels and a significant increase in urine creatinine levels, resulting in a marked increase in Ccr. Palosuran produced a significant normalization of kidney histology and prevented an increase in U-II expression. Conclusions. Cyclosporine-A-induced renal impairment was accompanied by an increase in U-II expression in kidneys and a contrary decrease in systemic U-II levels. Palosuran improved the condition of rats suffering from renal dysfunction by preventing the decrease in renal U-II expression without affecting the systemic levels of U-II. the protective effect of palosuran in CsA nephrotoxicity is possibly independent of its U-II receptor antagonism.

Algerian diversity in human structure and its size has contributed alot to the expansion of the knowledge of Islamic science. This is reflected during the time Ottoma Empire in Central Morocco the current Algeria, were the Hanafi doctrine was the authority doctrine used in the empire. This doctrine has spread throughout the world, in this article we have highlighted the stages of its inception and the most prominent scholars and their work in expansion of islamic knowledge and their religious position in the the history of Algeria. We mentioned the Hanafi school during the islamic ottoman empire era, Ottoman era and French occupation until independence. And we have compared Hanefi doctrine with the Maliki doctrine prevailing in Algeria It is noted in this study that Hanafi doctrine was present in North Africa since ancient times this is confirmed by Judge Ayyad, Ibn Khalkan, Dabbagh and Ibn al-Khoja.Despite the high class of knowldege received from the Imam Malik, Asad ibn al-Furat recieved Asadiyah from Ibn al-Qasim which he introduced to Kairouan where many people listened to it made him their leader (imam) which resulted into the spread of the Hanafi doctrine.The entry of Hanafi doctrine into Algeria was through Tunisia and the spread took place in stages during which the scholars of the Hanafi school rise up throughout the period and this was from the era of the Hafs, which was interrupted by the state of Bani Abdel-Wad until the beginning of the Ottoman state. This indicate the existence of scholars of the Hanafi doctrine, students, schools and texts. These scholars have emerged in various fields of astronomy, arithmetic, jurisprudence, modernity, literature, martial arts and poetry, thus supporting the knowledge in Algeria before. This paved the way for this to return again and search for status as the ruling doctrine in Algeria till the coning Ottoman empire to power in the year 921. During Ottoman rule increased support for doctrines of jurisprudence, especially the Hanafi doctrine and establishement of many endowments which acted as direct revenues to support doctrinal doctrines, serve education and build educational institutions, such as schools and mosques, improving the welfare of students, teacher’s salaries and obtaining sources of livelihood for supervisors of mosques and foreign students which ensured continuous income that helped stabilize its situation and increase its education activity, intellectual production and expansion.As for the position of giving Fatwa was considered the highest religious position the islamic Ottoman state, where the Mufti was responsible for the appointment and dismissal of judges, supervision of schools, and issuing fatwah,and this body did not exist before the advent of the Ottoman Empire, the Hanafi advisory Committee was more practical than theoretical, and we have seen great creativity by Hussein al-Annabi and Ibn Ali holding legitimate council to adjudicate in the cases and major fugitives and track the judgments of the judges and listen to the complainants held every Thursday and center was the largest mosque. since the French occupation of Algeria, a number of Hanafi judges were diminished, in addition to their fighting against the sheiks and removal of some inspectors such as Mohammed ibn Annabi who was the first denied immediately after the French occupation of Algeria. This was because most of them were from Ottoman families, but despite all of this the French authorities continued to appoint Hanafi Mufti in some of the major cities such as in the capital, Constantine, eayan alduflaa and Medea.As for the relationship between the Hanafi and Malik schools, it was distinguished in some cases, and there was a turnout among the students of the two schools on the main pillars of doctrines of the two sects, and some times conflicts and rivalries among them which reached the intervention of judges, but it is noticed that the Malik doctrine is very old in Algeria, and the Hanafi doctrine was renewed in the spirit of the Ottoman Caliphate and its power and infinite support spread throughout Algeria. However, this doctrine has created an innovation in which the Malik’s doctrine in their intellectual, scientific and cultural production like in fields of astronomy, literature, jurisprudence, and others In this research, many of the books and the Hanafi effects that took place has been discussed in a comprehensive study and Finally we have put at the end all the findings of Hanafi doctrine as it was more practical than theoretical which enriched the Algerian library with valuable books in various fields and we recommend scholars of our time to benefit from them., Cezayir farklı etnik gruplardan oluşan ve büyük coğrafyaya sahip olan bir ülkedir. Bu özelliği oradaki ilimi çalışmaların gelişmesine ve farklı fıkhı ekollerin bulunmasını sağlamıştır. Bunlar arasında Hanefî mezhebi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Osmanlı devletinin hukuki yapısını oluşturan Hanefi mezhebi farklı bölgelerde yayıldığı gibi zamanla Osmanlılarla birlikte Cezayir’de de gelişmiş oldu. Bu araştırma Cezayir’de Hanefî mezhebinin gelişme aşamalarını ele almaktadır. Araştırmamız Hanefî mezhebine bağlı ünlü âlimler, eserleri ayrıca Cezayir’in dini ve bilim tarihinde bunların konumunu kapsamaktadır. Tarih açısından bu çalışma Osmanlı dönemden önce orada Hanefî mezhebinin var oluşu, Osmanlı dönemdeki gelişmeleri ve Fransızların Cezayiri İşgal ettiğinden itibaren bağımsızlığını kazanana kadardaki durumlarını ele almaktadır. Bu dönemlerdeki meşhur Hanefî âlimler, eserleri, bunlara bağlı olan vakıf ve camiler, takipçileri gibi konular üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca orada yaygın olan Malikî mezhebiyle mukayese de yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Osmanlı dönemi ve Fransızların yaptığı işgal döneminde Hanefî mezhebinin Cezayir’de önemli otoriteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle Osmanlıların gelişi Ceyzayir’de Hanefî Mezhebinin gelişmesine destek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır Yapılan araştırma şu sonuçları ortaya koymaktadır ki: Hanefî mezhebi Kuzey Afrika'da eskiden beri vardı. Kadı Iyaz, İbn Hallikân, ed-Dabbâğ ve İbnu’l-Hoca bu mezhebin daha yaygın olduğunu vurgulamışlardır. İmam Malik’ten ilim alanların orada bulunmasına rağmen onlardan sonraki tabakadakiler arasında yer alan Esed b. Furat Hanefî mezhebini benimseyip onun yaygınlaşmasını sağlamış ve kendi döneminde bir imam mevkisine sahip olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hanefî mezebinin Cezayir’e girişi ise Tunus yoluyla gerçekleşmiştir. Tarihi aşamalar açısından Hafsiler, ve Beni Abd’l-Vâd döneminden Osmanlı devletine kadar Hanefî mezhebine mensup olanlar bunun var oluşunu korumuşlardır. Bu da söz konusu zamanlarda Hanefî âlimlerin, medreselerin, eserlerin bulunduğunun bir göstergesidir. Bu âlimler Astronomi, Matematik Fıkıh, Hadis, Edep, Sanat gibi çeşitli alanlarda güzel çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Bu çalışmalar Cezayir'in ilim ve marifet hazinesini zenginleştirmiştir. Bundan sonra ve özellikle 921 yılında Cezayir’e Osmanlı Devletinin girmesi Hanefî mezhebinin oradaki hukuki yapısında yer almasını sağlamış. Bunlar tarafından ilmi ve manevi çalışmalara ortam olan vakıf, camii, tekke ve medreseler inşa edilmiş. Vakıflar tarafından öğretmenlere maaşlar bağlanmış. Böylece camilerde yaşayan ve dışarıdan gelen öğrenciler için ilim tahsili daha kolay olmuş. Bu çalışmalar daha düzgün ve devamlı olduğundan ilmi ve fikri ortam gelişmeye başladı.Bu ilmi çalışmalarla birlikte Osmanlının Cezayir’e kazandırdığı diğer husus ise müftülük müessesidir (Hanefî Şeyhülislamlık مشيخة الاسلام الحنفية). Fetva vermek en üstün makam sayılmaktaydı. Müftü, kadıları tayin etmek, medreseleri kontrol etmek, fetva vermek gibi sorumlulukları üstlenmekteydi. Söz konusu Hanefî fetva heyetinin ortaya koyduğu ilmi sonuçlar teoriden daha çok uygulamalı olma özelliği vardı. Yani onların çok fazla eserleri yoktur. Bunu Huseyin El annabi ve İbn Ali tarafından yapılan çalışmalarla vurgulanmıştır. Örnek olarak çeşitli konularda ve büyük olaylarda davalar için Şer‘î meclisler kurulmuştur. Merkezi de Cami Azam mescididir ve her Perşembe günü yapılırdı. Fransız ihtilalinden sonra Hanefîlerin sayısı azalmaya başlamıştır. Çünkü Hanefîlerin çoğu Osmanlı ailelerindendi, ayrıca Fransızların Hanefî islam hocalarına, Türk ailelerine karşı açtığı savaşın büyük etkisi olmuştur. Bununla birlikte Fransa Cezayir'i işgal ettikten sonra Muhammed El annabi gibi diğer müftüleri de sürgün etti. Bu da işgalden sonra yapılan ilk sürgün olarak bilinmektedir. Buna rağmen Fransızlar başkent ve merkezi şehirlere Kasantina, Midye gibi yerlere Hanefî müftülerini sürgün etmeye devam etmiştir. Osmanlı devleti döneminde Cezayir’in başkenti ve diğer şehirlerde hanefilere ait mescidlerin sayısı çoğalmıştır. Bu mescidler kapsamlı dini bir kurumu ya da osmanlıların ‘külliye’ olarak isimlendirdiği yapıyı temsil ederdi. Bu medreselerde hanefi mezhebi ve kuranı kerim okutulur ve ibadetler yapılırdı. 1750 yılında yapılan Buleyde şehrindeki ‘Mustafa el-İstanbuli’ mescidi, 1743 yılında yapılan Mıdıyye şehrindeki ‘el-Mescidu’l-Hanefî’ ve Şeyhulislamın merkezi olan Kastantindeki ‘Câmi‘u’l-Kebîr’ bu hanefi camilerindendir.İki mezhep arasındaki ilişki farklı dönemlerde de devamlılık göstermiştir. Bu ilişki Hanefi ve Maliki mezhebinin âlimlerinin bu medreselerindeki öğrencilerde ortaya çıkmıştı bazı dönemlerde de bu talebelerin arasında hâkimlerin karışacağı kadar çatışmalar ve rekabet yaşanmıştır. Ancak farkedilen şu ki, Maliki mezhebinin fetvaları Cezayir'de çok eskiden vardı. Osmanlı devletinin gelmesiyle birlikte eskiden beri varolan Hanefî mezhebi yenilenmiştir. Osmanlı devletinin gücüyle ve bitmeyen desteğiyle Cezayir’de yayılmıştır. Bütün bunlara rağmen bu mezhebin elde ettiği büyük başarılar ile Maliki okulunun düşünsel, bilimsel ve kültürel alanlarda üretimi arasında rekabeti çok büyük ve başarılıydı. Astronomi, askeri ve edebi bilimler, Fıkıh ve usul gibi ilim dallarında müellefat ve eserler coğalmıştır.Araştırmamız sırasında Hanefî eser ve kitaplar yerleriyle birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece kapsamlı ve yeterli bir araştırma olmuştur. Ve sonuç olarak son kısımda elde edilen tüm neticeleri izah ettik, bunlardan Hanefî mezhebinin Cezayir’de Osmanlının girmesiyle desteklenen bir mezhep olması, ayrıca Şeyhü’l-İslam makamı çoğunlukla Türk alimlere veriliyordu, bu alimler yüksek ilmi seviyeye sahiptiler. Bunların ilmi ve yetenekleri telif ve teöriden daha çok uygulamada görülmektedir. Buna rağmen Hanefî mezhebine mensup olan kitapların günümüzdeki Cezayir kütüphanelerinde farklı alanlarda payı çok fazladır. Bu ayrıcalıklardan dolayı çalışmamızın sonunda, çağımızdaki araştırmacılara bu önemli eserleri bütünsel olarak araştırma yapmalarını önerdik. Allah’ın yardımıyla bu çalışmadan iyi sonuçlar elde ettik., تتميز البلاد الجزائرية بتنوع التركيبة البشرية وشساعةمساحتها، وهو ما أعطى مجالا للتوسع العلمي والإحتكاك المعرفي، وتجسد ذلك في المذهبالحنفي السلطة الروحية للدولة العثمانية في المغرب الأوسط (الجزائر حاليا)، لذلك قمنابتسليط الضوء في مقالتنا هذه على مراحل نشأته، وأبرز علماءه وإنتاجهم العلمي وموقعكل ذلك من تاريخ الجزائر الديني والمعرفي، فذكرنا تواجد المذهب الحنفي في مرحلة ماقبل الحكم العثماني وأثنائه والمتصدين للفتوى الحنفية آنذاك، ثم المذهب الحنفي فيعهد الإحتلال الفرنسي إلى غاية الإستقلال،كما تعرضنا لأحوالهذا المذهب ومساجده ومراكز تمويله المتمثلة في الأوقاف، وقمنا بترجمة لأبرز أعيانهفي الجزائر، ومقارنته مع المذهب المالكي السائد في الجزائر، وفي الأخير خاتمة وضحنافيها جميع النتائج المتوصل إليها، وبعدها المصادر والمراجع المعتمدة في البحث،وبذلك تنكشف دعائم السلطة الروحية للمذهب الحنفي في العهد العثماني والاحتلالالفرنسي، وتظهر المؤلفات والآثار، فاستعنا بالله عزوجل وعزمنا على جمع شتات هذاالموضوع بما يعطيه حقَه، وبما يوضح مبهمه ويكشف عن مستُوره، فكانت بذلك دراسةشاملة لما بحث وزيادة، فاستخلصنا نتائج جيدة من هذا البحث منها " أن المذهبالحنفي في الجزائر من المذاهب التي تدعمت أكثر بدخول العثمانيين، كما أن غالبية منتقلد منصب شيخ الاسلام الحنفي في الجزائر من الأتراك تميزوا بمستوى علمي جيد، وكانعلمهم تطبيقيا أكثر منه تأليفيا ونظريا، وعلى الرغم من ذلك فقد أثرى المذهب الحنفيالمكتبة الجزائرية بكتب قيمة وفي مختلف المجالات، لذلك اقترحنا في الخاتمة أنّهلابد على باحثي عصرنا من جمع مختلف مؤلفاته وتحقيقها والإحاطة أكثر بقضاياهومسائله

WOS: 000385006100027, PubMed ID: 26701977, Exposure to high Ca concentrations may influence the development of low-turnover bone disease and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients on hemodialysis (HD). In this randomized, controlled study, we investigated the effects of lowering dialysate Ca level on progression of CAC and histologic bone abnormalities in patients on HD. Patients on HD with intact parathyroid hormone levels, Fresenius Medical Care, Turkey, Kentucky Nephrology Research Trust provided support for histologic processing and analysis of bone samples. The study was supported by Fresenius Medical Care, Turkey with an unrestricted grant.

In this study, we comparatively study the electrochemical characteristics of Si, Si-C and vacuum-assisted filtration fabrication of a novel free-standing Si@C/Mutli Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) nanocomposite. The surfaces of the as-received Si nanaoparticles were coated with an amorphous carbon layer and homogenously anchored onto the surfaces of as-received MWCNTs by a simple vacuum filtration method. The samples were then analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Si@C/MWCNT samples have shown a stable capacity of 1290 mA h g(-1) after 200 cycles. The results have proven that MWCNT's large surface area, highly conductive network which can provide good contact between Si@C nanoparticles, tolerating large volume change sand suppressing aggregation of Si@C nanoparticles during charge/discharge processes. Such a comparison between the performances of carbon-MWCNT-metal materials is reasonably envisaged not only to be useful for understanding the individual contribution from MWCNT and metal but also to form a fundamental basis for energy storage applications. Free-standing Si-C/MWCNT nano paper has been successfully obtained by a facile vacuum filtration method. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The recently reported benefit of telbivudine for renal function has not been systematically studied in long-term liver transplantation (LT) recipients who are at high risk for renal impairment. We aimed to examine whether switching lamivudine therapy to telbivudine could improve renal function in LT recipients who have impaired renal function. This single-center, prospective cohort study enrolled LT recipients who were on lamivudine for hepatitis B virus (HBV) prophylaxis and who had renal impairment for at least 1 year. Lamivudine was switched to telbivudine. The primary outcome was to evaluate the change in renal function at weeks 12, 24, 36, and 48. The secondary outcomes were to assess the efficacy of telbivudine for HBV prophylaxis and the safety profile of telbivudine in the posttransplant setting. After 45 patients were enrolled, the study was terminated early because of increased rates of polyneuropathy/myopathy. During telbivudine treatment (median, 64 weeks), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased in 34 patients (76%). The improvement in renal function was prominent after 24 weeks of telbivudine treatment. Telbivudine was effective as prophylaxis against HBV recurrence. Twenty-six patients (58%) developed polyneuropathy and/or myopathy. The 1-year estimated incidence of polyneuropathy/myopathy was 28%. Diabetes was the strongest predictor of polyneuropathy/myopathy (hazard ratio, 4.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-11.50; P = 0.007). In conclusion, although it seems to have a favorable effect in the improvement of renal function and seems to be effective in the prevention of HBV recurrence, the high risk of polyneuropathy and myopathy hampers the use of telbivudine in LT recipients. Liver Transpl 21:1066-1075, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.

Introduction Several studies have attempted to define the diagnostic criteria of the geriatric syndrome sarcopenia. Studies of sarcopenia prevalence in Turkey are limited; one reason for this is the absence of standard diagnostic reference values. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its influencing factors in the local elderly nursing home residents in accordance with the EWGSOP consensus report. Materials and methods The study included a total of 211 nursing home residents. Anthropometric measurements, muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance were examined. Muscle mass of the nursing home residents was compared to an 18–45-year-old healthy control group. Descriptive values for numerical variables are given as mean, standard deviation; categorical variables are shown as frequency and percentage. Results A total of 211 nursing home residents were included in the study. The average age was 77.30 ± 7.20; the participants were 58.8% women and 37.4% young-old. The prevalence of sarcopenia in Turkish nursing home residents was found to be 33.6%. Among sarcopenic participants, 32.4% were women and 67.6% were men. In our study, sarcopenia was more prevalent in men, the young-old, and patients with Parkinson's or chronic obstructive lung disease, while sarcopenia was seen less in obese patients. No relationship was found between the Barthel index and sarcopenia. Conclusions Sarcopenia prevalence was 33.6% when the diagnostic criteria described by the EWGSOP were used. Sarcopenia prevalence was higher in men and the young-old age groups. Sarcopenia was more frequent in nursing home residents with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition.

OBJECTIVE: Hypervolemia and malnutrition are often undiagnosed risk factors for hemodialysis (HD). Our aim was to investigate the long-term effects of hypervolemia and malnutrition evaluated by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on survival. (Clinical Trials. Gov Identifier: NCT01468363). MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 431 Prevalent HD patients were followed for 32.2±14.4 months. The patients underwent BIS measurement, a medical history was obtained, and routine tests were analyzed at the baseline and at the end of the study. Hospitalizations and complications of HD were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age was 59.4±14.6 (10-92) years with a total of 431 (53.6% males) patients of which 125 died. The percentage of diabetics was 47%, erythropoietin use 67%, and diuretic use 40%. Predialysis systolic blood pressure (BP) was 133.4±25.8 and diastolic BP 79.2±12.4 mm Hg. The rate of diabetes, and the number of hospitalizations and blood transfusions were higher in the patients who died. Diastolic BP as a clinical hypervolemia finding, BIS hypervolemia indicator of over hydration (OH), and extracellular water (ECW) were all increased, and fat tissue index as a malnutrition finding was decreased in patients who died. There were significant rates of anemia and hypoalbuminemia in this group as well. The cumulative survival was lower in hypervolemic patients as assessed by relative hydration status OH/ECW. CONCLUSION: Hypervolemia and malnutrition are the long-term mortality indicators in hemodialysis. Early diagnosis and treatment is important. Clinical findings may not be sufficient and laboratory and BIS methods can be used for diagnosis.

Objective: Body composition analysis is useful technique for assessing hydration, nutritional status and predicting clinical outcomes. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is a cheap and noninvasive tool for monitoring body composition but needs some improvements regarding measurement methods. We aimed to find out if body position has an effect on the BIA results. Material and Methods: Personal characteristics including age, gender, height, weight and blood pressure were recorded. Hydration and nutritional status measured by body composition monitor in supine and standing positions consequently for each individual. Results: Two hundred and one populations from various region in Turkey, 61% (n: 123) male, mean age was 46.3±12 years (18-76) of age, participated in this crossectional study. From supine to standing positions overhydration and extracellular water (ECW) were increased from 0.04±1.08 and 17.69±2.92 to 0.46±1.05 L and 17.84±2.90 L while intracellular water (ICW) decreased from 22.55±4.35 to 22.04±4.28 L significantly. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131.3±18.1 and 75.1±12 decreased to 127.0±16.0 and 72.2±9.0 mmHg in supine to standing positions (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Supine and standing positions could affect the volume parameters of BIA due to shift of ECW and ICW by gravity but nutritional parameters also changes significantly. Protocols should be re evaluated in order to get more accurate results in bioimpedance measurements.

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Improvements in health care prevention including vaccinations and treatment have led to an increase in the birth life expectancy. The vaccines that are now recommended for people over 60 are influenza, herpes zoster and a vaccine combining tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and pneumococcal vaccine. Our aim was to estimate the prevelance of vaccination among diabetic patients attending in Tepecik Training Hospital and in Ege University Faculty of Medicine. Patients and Methods: Individuals at or over the age of 60 who were attending to Tepecik Training Hospital and at Ege University Faculty of Medicine. Department of Internal Medicine was targeted from February to May 2014. Our data are collected from the patients face to face by questionnaire. Results: A total of 274 elderly patients with a mean ± SD (range) age of 72 ± 6 (62 - 93) years were questioned. The vaccination ratios were determined as 34% (93) for influenza, 9.5% (26) for pneumococcal, 10.6% (27) for tetanus vaccine. The patients were divided in two groups as diabetics and non-diabetics. The influenza vaccination rate is 38.1% in diabetic patients, rate of 31.8% in non-diabetic patients, the pneumococcal vaccine rate is 13.4% in diabetic patients, rate of 7.39% in non-diabetic patients. The tetanus vaccination rate is 9.28% in diabetic patients, rate of 11.36% in non-diabetic patients. No statistically significant difference between two groups was determined.

Introduction: Overhydration is the main contributory factor of left ventricular hypertrophy and closely associated with cardiovascular events in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The aim of this prospective-study was to investigate the impact of strict salt and volume control on hypertension and cardiac condition in ESRD patients. Methods: A total of 12 peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 15 prevalent hemodialysis (HD) patients were enrolled. All patients either PD or HD were allocated to intervention of strict salt restriction according to basal hydration state of empty abdomen in PD and midweek predialysis HD which were estimated by body composition monitor (BCM) and echocardiography. Results: Mean ages were 48.3±16.7 years for PD, and 48.8±18 for HD patients. Extracellular water/height was 10.04±2.70 and 10.39±1.53L/m in PD and HD groups. Systolic blood pressures decreased in PD and HD from 133.1±28 and 147.3±28.5 to 114.8±16.5 and 119.3±12.1mmHg, respectively, (p0.05). LVMI and LAI were not increased in both groups. Conclusion: Strict salt and volume control in ESRD patients after assessment of hydration status with either using BCM or echocardiography provides better management of volume control leading to more precise cardiovascular protection. © 2013 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

Background Fluid overload is the main determinant of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients. However, assessment of fluid overload can be difficult in clinical practice. We investigated whether objective measurement of fluid overload with bioimpedance spectroscopy is helpful in optimizing fluid status. Study Design Prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Setting & Participants 156 hemodialysis patients from 2 centers were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Intervention Dry weight was assessed by routine clinical practice and fluid overload was assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy in both groups. In the intervention group (n = 78), fluid overload information was provided to treating physicians and used to adjust fluid removal during dialysis. In the control group (n = 78), fluid overload information was not provided to treating physicians and fluid removal during dialysis was adjusted according to usual clinical practice. Outcomes The primary outcome was regression of left ventricular mass index during a 1-year follow-up. Improvement in blood pressure and left atrial volume were the main secondary outcomes. Changes in arterial stiffness parameters were additional outcomes. Measurements Fluid overload was assessed twice monthly in the intervention group and every 3 months in the control group before the mid- or end-week hemodialysis session. Echocardiography, 48-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement, and pulse wave analysis were performed at baseline and 12 months. Results Baseline fluid overload parameters in the intervention and control groups were 1.45 ± 1.11 (SD) and 1.44 ± 1.12 L, respectively ( P = 0.7). Time-averaged fluid overload values significantly decreased in the intervention group (mean difference, −0.5 ± 0.8 L), but not in the control group (mean difference, 0.1 ± 1.2 L), and the mean difference between groups was −0.5 L (95% CI, −0.8 to −0.2; P = 0.001). Left ventricular mass index regressed from 131 ± 36 to 116 ± 29 g/m 2 ( P 2 ; P = 0.9); mean difference between groups was −10.2 g/m 2 (95% CI, −19.2 to −1.17 g/m 2 ; P = 0.04). In addition, values for left atrial volume index, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness parameters decreased in the intervention group, but not in the control group. Limitations Ambulatory blood pressure data were not available for all patients. Conclusions Assessment of fluid overload with bioimpedance spectroscopy provides better management of fluid status, leading to regression of left ventricular mass index, decrease in blood pressure, and improvement in arterial stiffness.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the general characteristics of geriatric patients hospitalized at the internal medicine intensive care unit (IMICU). Methods All patients aged above 65 years and admitted to the intensive care unit of the internal medicine department at Ege University Hospital October 2010 to February 2011 were included in the study. Files of the patients were accessed retrospectively and the following information was recorded: age, gender, main cause of intensive care admission, number of chronic diseases, laboratory results, drug use and other therapeutic procedures, length of stay, outcomes in terms of survival and mortality. Secondary outcomes were defined to compare patients admitted to the intensive care unit from the emergency ward with those transferred from the internal medicine wards. Results The total number of patients admitted to the internal medicine intensive care unit during the study period was 357, of whom 171 (47.99%) were aged above 65 years, a mean age of 74±6.6 years without any statistically significant difference between gender ( P =0.859). Days of hospitalization at the intensive care were 15.7±4.8, in patient mortality was found to be 17.7%, The mean number of chronic diseases per patient was 2.2±1.3. and the most frequent chronic diseases were arterial hypertension 57%. The most frequent pathology of the patients was found to be renal dysfunction 38.6% ( n =66), followed by anaemia 38.0% ( n =65) and liver dysfunction 11.7% ( n =20). The ratio of haemodialysis (HD) was found as 11.7%. When the patients were assessed in terms of invasive interventions by grouping them into those admitted from the emergency unit and those transferring from the internal medicine departments, it was seen that foley, intravenous catheterization, nasogastric tube insertion and HD were significantly higher for the patients admitted from the emergency unit. Mortality rate was found to be significantly higher for same group (44% versus 17, P Conclusion The proportion of elderly in the intensive care unit is increasing. In the present study renal dysfunction is the most common organ failure. Infection seems to be one of the common problems in IMICU. Organ failure and invasive intervention needs are high in elderly patient admitted from the emergency ward to intensive care.

Background: This prospective cohort study compared the changes in body water composition and nutritional parameters measured with multifrequency bioimpedance analysis between 8-hour three times weekly nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) and 4-hour conventional hemodialysis (CHD) patients. Patients and Methods: 55 patients on CHD and 57 patients on NHD were included in the study. Multifrequency bioimpedance analysis was performed at baseline and at the 12th month. The primary outcomes of the study were changes in extracellular water (ECW), fat mass, dry lean mass and phase angle. Secondary outcomes of the study included changes in blood pressure and biochemical parameters related to nutrition and inflammation. Results: ECW/height values decreased in the NHD group, while they increased in the CHD group. Fat mass, dry lean mass, and serum albumin increased and high sensitive CRP decreased in the NHD group but did not change in the CHD group. When changes in parameters from baseline to the 12th month between the groups were compared, NHD was associated with improvement in volume parameter including ECW/height (difference -0.44 l/m, p < 0.001). Change in blood pressure was not different between the groups, however requirement for antihypertensive medication decreased from 26.5 to 8.5% in the NHD group (p = 0.002). NHD was also associated with increases in fat mass (difference 1.8 kg, p < 0.001), dry lean mass (difference 0.6 kg, p = 0.006), serum albumin (difference 0.19 g/dl, p < 0.001) and cholesterol (difference 18.8 mg, p < 0.001). Phase angle values decreased in the CHD group but did not change in the NHD group (difference between the groups 0.37°, p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study revealed that longer HD facilitates volume control and improves nutritional status.

Our aim was to investigate the role of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) and massive pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).We retrospectively involved a total of 61 patients. In CTPAs, pulmonary arterial obstruction index (PAOI), right ventricular/left ventricular diameter ratio (RV/LV), and superior vena cava (SVC) diameters were calculated, followed by echocardiography (ECHO), and clinical results were evaluated based on the reports available.CTPA findings that included PAOI, RV/LV ratio, and SVC diameter were, respectively, 54.9 ± 22.7 %, 1.58 ± 0.51, and 20.3 ± 0.2 mm in patients with RVD on ECHO, whereas corresponding values were, respectively, 37.8 ± 24.2 %, 1.32 ± 0.47, and 18.4 ± 3.3 mm in those without RVD (respectively, p = 0.006, p = 0.038, and p = 0.026). PAOI was 63.3 ± 22.0 % in patients among whom massive PTE was detected and 43.1 ± 23.9 % in the group without massive PTE (p = 0.01). As for mortality; given an RV/LV ratio1.0, this ratio had 100 % sensitivity and 35.6 % specificity, whereas given a PAOI of ≥50 %, sensitivity and specificity were 83.3 % and 57.8 %, respectively.We concluded that in the patients with PTE, PAOI ≥50 % and RV/LV1.0 in CTPA could be helpful to demonstrate RVD.

Impedance ratio (Imp-R) obtained by multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been shown to be associated with volume and nutrition status. In this prospective study, the predictive role of Imp-R for mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients was investigated. Multifrequency (5–50–100–200 kHz) BIA was applied to 493 prevalent HD patients in March–April 2006. Imp-R was defined as the ratio of 200–5 kHz impedance values. Demographical, clinical and laboratory data at the time of the analysis were recorded. All-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality were assessed during 3 years of follow-up. Mean age was 57.7 ± 13.9 years, HD duration 52.1 ± 42.6 months and prevalence of diabetes 21.7 %. Imp-R was negatively correlated with nutritional markers including albumin, creatinine and hemoglobin levels. In addition, there was a positive correlation between Imp-R and age, ratio of extracellular water to total body water and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. Over a mean follow-up period of 27.9 ± 11.1 months, 93 deaths (52 from CV reasons) were observed. In the multivariate analysis, Imp-R was significantly associated with all-cause and CV mortality after adjustments [HR 1.13, 95 % CI (1.04–1.23); p = 0.004 and HR 1.15, 95 % CI (1.03–1.27); p = 0.01, respectively]. The risk of all-cause mortality was 3.4 times higher in the fourth quartile of Imp-R (>83.5 %) compared to the first Imp-R quartile (

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to deficient activity of alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) leading to renal insufficiency in males. The aim of present study was to investigate the level of α-Gal A activity and to determine the prevalence of Fabry disease in a Turkish male hemodialysis population. The activity of plasma α-Gal A was measured in a group of 808 male hemodialysis patients using fluorimetric methods. Patients with low α-Gal A activity were evaluated clinically and genetic testing was carried out. A correlation with creatinine, uric acid, urea, white blood cell (WBC), and high sensitivity (hs)CRP and α-Gal A activity was also investigated. Plasma α-Gal A activity among this male population undergoing hemodialysis was 7.88 ± 5.18 µM/hour/L (0.40–55.72), significantly lower when compared to controls. No influence of creatinine, uric acid, WBC, or hsCRP on measured α-Gal A activity was reported. Two new Fabry disease patients were identified. Both were previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings provide, for the first time, data regarding the prevalence of α-Gal A deficiency (0.24%) in Turkish males receiving hemodialysis.