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Software development is one of the most powerful, important and necessary hour in today's generation. Every organization, industry, small business, constitutions etc. require software for the functionality of their system and the reduction of manual labor or traditional work that used to be precarious and had more mistakes. SDLC is about minimizing risk and failure and maximizing product quality. To development it works in a step-by-step procedure and the SDLC was just created. The SDLC defines a framework that includes various activities and tasks performed during the software development process. There are many types SDLC models that have their advantages and disadvantages and will work as according to their needs.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment prevents illness, death, and transmission. The 90-90-90 disease control target is only 73% of people living with HIV virally suppressed. For 2010 to 2019, we abstracted HIV funding data for 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (70% of global HIV burden and >99% of HIV burden in the region in 2018). During 2010–2019, there was ∼$52 billion funding for 40 countries (99% Africa HIV burden). Domestic funding ranged from $0 to $3.2 billion. PEPFAR funding was $32 billion (average $1.4 billion; range $0.089–4.3 billion) among 22 countries. Global Fund averaged $306 million ($1.9 million to $1.1 billion) for 40 countries. Among PLHIV, known HIV status averaged 80% (11% to 94%). ART coverage averaged 64% (9% to 90%). Viral suppression among PLHIV ranged from 8% to 87%. Of the 40 countries, 21 reported under 60% of PLHIV to be on treatment and 13 did not report viral suppression for 2018. Achieving 90-90-90 is feasible in challenging settings if resources are used efficiently. Despite the significant investment in the HIV response, many countries have not reached the 90-90-90 target. Greater attention to efficiency and prioritizing important targets will be required to end AIDS in Africa.

After over 40 years, the HIV pandemic is amongst the deadliest in history - 100% fatal without treatment, HIV has infected over 84 million people, and has caused over 40 million deaths. Global HIV spending between 2000 and 2015 totaled over a half trillion dollars. Delays in harnessing scientific advances, including 'test and treat' and treatment as prevention of illness, death, and transmission (TasP) provide a cautionary tale applicable to other pandemics. Resource allocation has also been problematic with many highest burden countries spending less than 50% on care and treatment.Between 2002 and 2021, over $94 billion was budgeted for HIV in 40 sub-Saharan African countries, with 19 countries over $1 billion. In 2021, 8.1 million (32%) People Living with HIV (PLHIV) are still not on treatment; viral suppression data, the most important programme success indicator, is unavailable for 50% of countries. Of 19 countries with at least one billion dollars budgeted, seven have below 80% ART coverage, leaving 3.5 million (29%) of PLHIV off treatment and vulnerable to illness, death, and transmitting the virus to partners and children.With additional funding and improved efficiency, achieving the 95-95-95 target to diagnose 95% of all HIV-positive individuals, provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 95% of those diagnosed and achieve viral suppression for 95% of those treated by 2030 is feasible and the humane pathway towards ending the HIV pandemic.

Why do some countries rapidly adopt policies suggested by scientific consensus while others are slow to do so? Through a mixed methods study, we show that the institutional political economy of countries is a stronger and more robust predictor of health policy adoption than either disease burden or national wealth. Our findings challenge expectations in scholarship and among many international actors that policy divergence is best addressed through greater evidence and dissemination channels. Our study of HIV treatment policies shows that factors such as the formal structures of government and the degree of racial and ethnic stratification in society predict the speed with which new medical science is translated into policy, while level of democracy does not. This provides important new insights about the drivers of policy transfer and diffusion and suggests new paths for practical efforts to secure adoption of ‘evidence-based’ policies.

Today, data is produced, transmitted and stored across the internet in abundant quantities. In such a world, modern-day network security systems have had to develop at an equally astounding rate in order to keep up with the data deluge. Subsequently, companies spend a substantial amount of money, time and effort in developing intrusion detection systems to ensure timely detection and prevention of malicious activity in order to preserve system security. In our paper, we propose a two-stage algorithm to solve the problem of NIDS resulting in fewer false positives and false negatives. We built and evaluated the performance of our IDS using the benchmarked NSL-KDD dataset, which consists of 41 features, of which 3 are categorical and the remaining numeric. Categorical features have been transformed via One Hot Encoding due to which the feature space explodes to 122 features. Our aim henceforth is to reduce this feature space through methods of feature selection and dimensionality reduction to develop a computationally inexpensive classifier capable of operating on the reduced feature space using sequential models. The work has involved using autoencoders for feature space reduction followed by a feed forward network, and has delivered encouraging results. We have then extended our analysis to identify features which can be eliminated without any substantial loss of information available for the classification algorithm. The remaining set of features can then be input into a different model to possibly provide better results or reduce training and evaluation time.

Sound radiation and transmission loss characteristics of variable stiffness composite plate reinforced with the curvilinear fibers are investigated numerically. The formulation is developed using higher-order shear flexible finite element model combined with Helmholtz wave equation. The governing equations obtained using Hamilton’s approach are further solved through the modal super position method to analyze the vibration response under steady state excitation. The inherent material damping of the laminate is accounted through the modal damping calculated using the modal strain energy approach. The acoustic pressure of the variable stiffness laminates is estimated using the Raleigh integral. Subsequently, acoustic response characteristics such as acoustic power level, radiation efficiency, directivity pattern, and transmission loss from the laminates are predicted using the estimated sound pressure for various forcing frequencies. A parametric study covering a wide range of design variables including center and edge fiber angles, lamination scheme, thickness ratio, and boundary conditions on the acoustic sound behavior arising from the vibration of curvilinear fiber composite plate is detailed. This study reveals that the acoustic response of the curvilinear fiber composite plate is significantly influenced by the curvilinear fiber angles at the center/edge fiber angle of the layers. It is hoped that the results obtained here will be useful for designers in developing structures with desired acoustic response characteristics.

The sole purpose of the proposed work is to cater the present issues on woman safety. In Today's Scenario, a woman faces kidnapping, molestation, absconding and in worst cases rape. This requires immediate attention. The proposed system has been integrated in the dress of a woman; when any danger is detected, the system sends a SMS to the concerned persons along with the present location via the GPS and GSM modules. The proposed work aims at providing security and safety through self-monitoring and quick response system through a wearable jacket. It is a first in class integrated system with all the modern technologies. Being economical RAKSHAK is not only a system that provides safety but also happens to become a crime investigation tool. Taking into consideration all these facts, Rakshak as a system is a silent revolution aimed at human safety and security.

The idea proposed here is the introduction of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) named “Drishya” to tackle the situation of the spread of novel coronavirus. The UAV has been equipped with all the necessary technologies to cater to such adverse situations. Drishya’s main objective is to monitor social distancing and trace COVID-19 infected suspects with the help of two cameras, one for normal vision and the other for high range thermal optimization. The thermal camera will be able to detect any suspect with a temperature higher than normal and hence can be sent for screening. With such technology least human intervention is required on the field which makes it more safe. This process is a better alternative due to its high efficiency and least human involvement. It is most applicable for high transmission areas or rather the areas symbolized as a red zone. It also acts as a helping hand for the medical teams out for screening person to person.

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is integral to the US End of AIDS strategy. However, low adherence, high costs, frequent testing and monitoring side effects make delivery of PrEP complicated. Gilead has sponsored PrEP-related research and access as part of its marketing efforts. We review conflict of interests (COI) in the scientific literature for the US PrEP-related articles to understand the impact of Gilead’s corporate sponsorship. Methods: We searched PubMed for US PrEP articles published in 2018 in the top 10 medical journals and top 10 HIV/AIDS journals and abstracted information on author/institutional COI, type of COI, and favorability of results and conclusions. We identified first three and senior authors from the articles and the leading institutions, defined as institution of three or more authors or participating institutions in a trial. We conducted on searches Google, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, OpenPaymentsData.cms.gov, others to identify potential Gilead support to authors and institutions. Findings: Our search identified 93 articles. Of the 289 first three and senior authors in these articles, 34 (11%) declared a Gilead COI and 28 (10%) had undeclared Gilead COI. There were 51 leading institutions, of which, 12 (24%) declared Gilead COI and 22 (45%) had undeclared COI. Overall, 30 (32%) of the 93 articles had declared Gilead COI. Combining declared and undeclared COIs for authors and institutions provided an overall 83 (89%) articles with a potential Gilead COI. Declared Gilead support was significantly associated with favorable conclusions (p

BackgroundAs of May 14th, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused 4,444,670 confirmed illnesses and claimed over 302,493 deaths worldwide. The experience of well-resourced countries including China, United States, Italy and France, illustrates that COVID-19 threatens to overwhelm even the best-resourced health systems. Interventions have focused on social distancing including isolation and quarantine with some countries effectively using testing and contract tracing. Methods:Data analyses used UNAIDS testing and treatment data or HIV among the 31 countries with the highest HIV burden (85% of global HIV burden). Additional HIV data was sourced directly from official websites. Economic status was determined using World Bank data. COVID-19 data are from the Worldmeters site.ResultsHigher HIV viral suppression in the 26 countries with 2018 GDP per capita of more than USD 20,000 and more than 3,000 people living with HIV was, on average, associated with lower COVID testing and higher COVID-19 death rates. Comparing the high-income countries HIV treatment coverage and COVID testing capacity showed no relation in the rankings. This is likely due to many factors including the phase of the national COVID-19 epidemic, ability to provide tests, and health care system access and quality. Among the high-income countries, there is a weak and negative correlation between COVID tests per case detected and deaths per 1,000 COVID casesConclusionWhile the HIV has many differences, people engaged in the HIV and COVID-19 responses can share lessons learned about how to address the major challenge of testing and treating millions of people to address these ongoing major pandemics.

Purpose of review The HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis syndemic remains a major global public health threat. HIV and tuberculosis (TB) global targets have been set. Success will depend on achieving combined disease control. We explore current policy, economic investment, and disease control strategies for HIV, TB, and HIV-associated TB. We review published HIV, TB, and HIV-associated TB data for 30 WHO priority countries and propose a comprehensive HIV and TB care continua. Recent findings In 2016, people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) ranged from 13 to 84%; viral suppression ranged from 21 to 79%. Only 5% of PLHIV without TB reported a course of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). TB treatment success (2015) ranged from 34 to 94%. Data for the combined indicators: TB treatment success and viral suppression and IPT and ART for PLHIV are not collected. Reported 2003-2017 global international and domestic resources for TB and HIV-associated TB averaged $2.9 billion per year; cumulative total was $43 billion. Summary Integrating HIV and TB control efforts including monitoring and evaluation systems will be necessary to end both TB and HIV. A comprehensive HIV and TB continuum supports integrated, comprehensive HIV and TB disease control efforts focused on improving both individual and public health.

Introduction and objectives: A public health project was conducted from first week of January 2018 to last week of March 2018 with a follow up in December 2018. The objective of the project was to study the impact of culturally relevant food and lifestyle guidelines on public health. i.e a Food systems approach versus a Food group approach to public health. The secondary objective was to broaden the definition of public health beyond weight loss and introduce the concept of metabolic health. Lastly, to demonstrate that social media can be an effective tool for disseminating food and lifestyle interventions to a large group of participants. Methodology: In this project, cumulative weekly guidelines were given to participants for 12 weeks. More than 125,000 participants from more than 40 countries across the globe registered for the project. At the beginning, the participants self-rated their score on six metabolic health parameters: energy levels during the day, sleep quality in the night, sweet cravings post meals, acidity/bloating/indigestion, exercise compliance, and pain during PMS/period (for women participants only). These parameters were than tracked throughout the 12 weeks through self-rating every 4 weeks. In addition, the participants tracked inch-loss from waist at the navel. The 12 weekly guidelines covered the following categories: Food and eating practices-related, Physical activity and exercise-related and Lifestyle and habits-related. Results: Incorporating the guidelines led to a significant improvement in metabolic health parameters (40 to 65 percent. on average) and also led to inches lost from the waist (more than 80 percent of participants lost at least an inch). The easy and sensible nature of the guidelines also ensured that even after one full year, most of the participants (more than 90 percent) continue to inculcate them in their daily lives. Conclusion: Public health messages therefore should focus on advocating local, culturally compliant and traditional foods and eating practices along with increase in physical activity and exercise and improvement in daily habits like gadget and plastic use.

IntroductionThe World Health Organization now recommends dolutegravir (DTG) as part of the preferred first-line treatment for all adults living with HIV including women who may become pregnant. The new regimen with its high barrier to resistance, shortened time to suppression, superior side effects profile, and lower health sector and individual costs, represents a significant improvement. The recommendation removes an important obstacle to accessing dolutegravir as an essential element in controlling the epidemic. DiscussionTranslating science to policy to HIV service delivery is complex and vulnerable to significant delays. WHO, assuming a regulatory role, used preliminary Botswana Tsepamo study information regarding neural tube defects to issue a “safety signal” regarding DTG in May 2018. Regulatory evaluations of rare adverse reactions are complex, take time, and require considerable subject area specific expertise. After over a year, the WHO reversed its initial findings and issued revised treatment recommendations. However, the mixed messaging and confusion around dolutegravir’s safety profile has delayed national level adoption. The pace of national adoption of new WHO recommendations is measurable through published national guidelines and/or circulars available in the public domain. After 2015, published guidelines for 22 of 46 sub-Saharan countries (94% of 2018 regional HIV burden) showed that only three countries representing 4% of regional burden have adopted the new WHO preferred 1st line recommendations. ConclusionsMonitoring and evaluating the translation of science to service delivery is a critical element of successful disease control and elimination. The DTG false alarm and ongoing delayed access provides an opportunity to learn valuable lessons and implement corrective actions. However, lessons can only be learned by accurately describing and examining the timeline, processes, and impact of policy decisions that can adversely impact millions of people living with HIV. As with any successful global disease elimination effort or major project, it is important to establish a critical pathway for translation of science to service delivery and hold people and agencies accountable for their roles in accelerating and/or delaying progress.

With an exponential increase in the amount of data produced, transmitted, stored and exchanged over the internet, intrusion detection systems have formed an integral part of modern-day network security systems. Considerable expense, time and efforts are spent in ensuring timely detection and denial of malicious users in order to preserve the key objectives of system security; confidentiality, integrity, and availability. In this paper, we intend to propose a dual stage algorithm to tackle the problem of NIDS. Our aim in this paper is to construct an algorithm that results in few false positives and fewer false negatives, as any IDS should be. Research into network intrusion detection systems dates back to the early 1990s where researchers initially developed rule-based algorithms such as SNORT and TCPDUMP. As the subject gained traction and importance, researchers began to shift efforts towards creating anomaly detection systems using benchmarked datasets to test their algorithms. In the early 2010s, several papers pertaining to NIDS were published, and a majority of the technological breakthroughs in this field were influenced by the theory of deep learning. We have focused on building an IDS using the benchmarked NSL-KDD dataset. The dataset consists of 41 features, of which 3 are categorical and the remaining, numeric. Having opted for One-Hot Encoding of the categorical features, our feature space explodes to a sum of 122 features. Despite the obvious drawbacks, this was necessary as the categorical features do not contain any implicit ordering within their values. The aim is to develop an efficiently compressed feature space with the ultimate goal being to develop a computationally light classification model capable of operating on the compressed feature set using sequential models to our benefit.

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) first came to our attention thirty-seven years ago, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which it causes is, without treatment, 100% fatal with devastating consequences for millions of people[1][1]. More than 35 million people have already died of

Due to the present day to day life, it becomes difficult to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Hence, it results in a lack of proper blood flow to various parts of the body. Acupuncture was a technique used by the Chinese to improve health conditions which were based on scientific methods. Improper walking patterns may result in poorer health conditions and as mentioned above, improper blood flow to various parts of the body. Long duration walking and standing can result in hypoxia which refers to the low level of oxygen at various parts of the body. Active reflexology Actuating and footwear mapping allow to monitor and regulate health in a smarter way. It provides a solution for optimized blood flow by using the technique of acupuncture. Optimizing the blood flow in real time will result in the more practical exploration and understanding of the blood circulation pattern in the human body.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis syndemic remains a global public health threat. Separate HIV and tuberculosis (TB) global targets have been set; however, success will depend on achieving combined disease control objectives and care continua. The objective of this study was to review available policy, budgets, and data to reconceptualize TB and HIV disease control objectives by combining HIV and TB care continua. For 22 World Health Organization (WHO) TB and TB/HIV priority countries, we used 2015 data from the HIV90–90–90watch website, UNAIDS AIDSinfo, and WHO 2016 and 2017 Global TB Reports. Global resources available in TB and HIV/TB activities for 2003–2017 were collected from publicly available sources. In 22 high-burden countries, people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy ranged from 9 to 70%; viral suppression was 38–63%. TB treatment success ranged from 71 to 94% with 14 (81% HIV/TB burden) countries above 80% TB treatment success. From 2003 to 2017, reported global international and domestic resources for HIV-associated TB and TB averaged $2.85 billion per year; the total for 2003–2017 was 43 billion dollars. Reviewing combined HIV and TB targets demonstrate disease control progress and challenges. Using an integrated HIV and TB continuum supports HIV and TB disease control efforts focused on improving both individual and public health.

Achieving the 90-90-90 targets by 2020 requires increased focus, resources, and efficiency to provide earlier access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: We used 2009 to 2013 National AIDS Spending Assessment data to assess HIV care and treatment spending in 38 high-burden, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Results: In 2013, 23 of the 38 high-burden countries spent less than 50% of total HIV spending on care and treatment. HIV spending on ART per people living with HIV (PLHIV; adjusted) averaged US$299 (US$32-US$2463). During 2009 to 2013, a 10% increase in average spending on care and treatment per PLHIV was associated with an increase in ART coverage of 2.4% and a decrease in estimated AIDS-related death rate of 2.4 per 1000 PLHIV. Discussion: HIV spending in high-burden LMICs does not consistently reflect the new science around the preventative and clinical benefits of earlier HIV diagnosis and ART initiation.

aalso at E.E. Dept. KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Since the 45 nm CMOS node, high-k gate dielectrics and strain engineering go hand in hand to further boost the transistor performance. An example of a so-called global strain platform relies on a thin strained-silicon (sSi) layer on top of a strain-relaxed Si1-xGex buffer (SRB) (Fig. 1). In addition, replacing thermally grown SiO2 by a deposited dielectric opens the door for the implementation of so-called high-mobility channel materials (Ge – pMOS; InxGa1-xAs – nMOS;...), which can be grown hetero-epitaxially on a silicon substrate. Due to the lattice mismatch of most of these materials with silicon, strain relaxation will occur above a certain critical thickness, leading to the introduction of both misfit and threading dislocations (TDs). It is well-known that dislocations introduce a one-dimensional band of states in the band-gap and hence are electrically active [1],[2]. The aim of the present review is to address the impact of such extended defects on the electrical performance of simple devices (p-n junctions, MOSFETs,...) for various high-mobility materials. A first example which will be discussed is the impact of TDs on the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of p-n junctions fabricated in sSi and relaxed-Ge-on-Si substrates. As can be derived from Fig. 1, the depletion region mainly extends in the SiGe SRB, so that the electrical activity of the dislocations in this layer will be probed. It is clear from Fig. 2 that the reverse current IR of the diodes more or less proportionally increases with the density of TDs [3]. The same applies for the recombination and generation lifetime. Similar studies have been carried out for p-n junctions fabricated in a Si0.2Ge0.8 SRB and in relaxed Ge-on-Si epi layers. Summarizing all these results in Fig. 3, one can observe that the area leakage current density increases proportionally with the density of TDs and exponentially with the Ge content [4]. The latter can be explained by considering the impact on the band gap, yielding an exponential increase of the intrinsic carrier density. Comparing with Fig. 3b, it is clear that there exists a trade-off between leakage current density and epi layer thickness: thinner relaxed Ge layers on silicon will have a higher equilibrium TD density [5] and, hence, leakage current. However, considering a typical SRAM cell design, it can be concluded that for typical TDD values of 107-108 cm-2, the contribution to the off-state leakage is negligible compared with the contribution of the perimeter. A second example investigates the impact of anti-phase boundaries (APBs) on the reverse current of p-n junctions fabricated in GaAs (Fig. 4a) will be discussed. As can be derived from Fig. 4b, there is a modest increase of IRbetween on-axis junctions with a high APB density and off-axis diodes. Overall, it has been concluded that APBs are not so efficient leakage generators in GaAs. Finally, the impact of TDs on other device parameters, like the mobility or the threshold voltage of a MOSFET will be discussed. References [1] W. Schröter and H. Cerva, Solid State Phenomen., 85-86, p. 67 (2002). [2] E. Simoen et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, p. R27 (2011). [3] G. Eneman et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, p. 192112 (2005). [4] E. Simoen et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, p. R1 (2010). [5] G. Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 94, p. 102115-1 (2009). Figure 1

In this work, the electrical properties of p-GeSn/n-Ge diodes are investigated in order to assess the impact of defects at the interface between Ge and GeSn using temperature-dependent current–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements. These structures are made from GeSn epitaxial layers grown by CVD on Ge with in situ doping by Boron. As results, an average ideality factor of 1.2 has been determined and an activation energy comprised between 0.28 eV and 0.30 eV has been extracted from the temperature dependence of the reverse-bias current. Based on the comparison with numerical results obtained from device simulations, we explain this activation energy by the presence of traps located near the GeSn/Ge interface.