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Objectives: The China–Laos border has been identified as an important origin of imported malaria outside China. The aim of this study was to describe the asymptomatic malaria infections and epidemic trend of malaria in the China–Laos border region. Methods: A prevalence survey and surveillance of mosquito vectors was conducted in Muang Khua District of Phongsaly Province, China–Laos border, to determine the parasite carriage rate using nested PCR and microscopy. The species composition of malaria vectors was determined by overnight trapping. Blood samples were collected from 354 local residents aged 1–72 years in Sankang village in 2016. A total of 2430 adult mosquitoes were collected from four other villages in Muang Khua District from June to August 2016. Results: The parasite carriage rate was 7.63% (27/354) by microscopy or 7.91% (28/354) by nested PCR. The results of surveillance of the mosquito vectors revealed that the predominant genera of adult mosquitoes were Culex (69.92%, 1699/2430) and Anopheles (21.48%, 522/2430). Anopheles sinensis (82.95%, 433/522) was identified as the predominant species among the seven members of Anopheles found in this border region. Conclusions: A high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was present and the most important malaria vector was Anopheles sinensis, suggesting that the malaria epidemic situation on the China–Laos border is serious.