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Supplementary Figure 2: Knockdown efficacy of siRNA treatment

Supplementary Figure 1: Transfection efficacy of siRNA treatment

Supplementary Table 3: List of STK11-associated markers in lung cancer cell lines

Supplementary Table 1: Categorization of 318 cancer cell lines and the occurrence of category-sensitive (and specific) gene expression markers

The present study examined the association between nightmare distress and alexithymia in traumatized North Korean (NK) refugees resettled in South Korea and the effects of clinical or subclinical psychiatric symptoms on this association.Thirty-eight NK refugees living in South Korea who had traumatic experiences (15 males, 23 females; 29.50 ± 13.11 years of age) were recruited. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Clinician-Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale were conducted. All participants completed a series of questionnaires on the history of their previous traumatic experiences, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and the Impact of Event Scale. In total, 18 refugees were classified as having nightmare distress based on NDQ scores, and 20 refugees were not.Refugees with nightmares reported significantly higher TAS total scores and Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF; a subscale of TAS) scores compared to those without nightmares. In addition, NDQ scores were positively correlated with TAS total scores (r = 0.43, p 0.01) and DIF scores (r = 0.49, p 0.01). These correlations remained significant after excluding refugees with current axis I psychiatric disorders or clinical or subclinical depressive symptoms. However, there was no significant correlation between nightmares and alexithymia after excluding refugees with clinical or subclinical trauma-related symptoms.Nightmares in traumatized refugees were associated with alexithymia even in the absence of current psychiatric disorders or depressive symptoms. Trauma-related symptoms might be a mediating factor between nightmares and alexithymia in traumatized refugees.

Superdiversity is a relevant context for Central Ohio and adolescent newcomer programs. These programs index broader societal debates about bilingual approaches, with research supporting programs t...

The authors explore ways teachers and school administrators can draw on the prior experiences and diverse language and literacy practices of refugee ELLs to develop culturally and linguistically re...

Jooyoung Lee,1 Sehyun Jeon,2 Somin Kim,1 Yumin Seo,1 Jinme Park,3 Yu Jin Lee,4 Seog Ju Kim1 1Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; 4Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Seog Ju KimDepartment of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Ilwon-ro, Kangnam-gu, #06351, Seoul, 135-710, KoreaTel +82-2-3410-3583Fax +82-2-3410-0050Email ksj7126@skku.eduIntroduction: Attentional deficits and sleep problems are common in refugees who have experienced trauma. In the present study, we used polysomnography (PSG) to investigate the relationship between attentional deficits and objective measures of sleep structure in traumatized North Korean refugees.Methods: We recruited 32 North Korean refugees (mean age = 33.78 ± 14.33 years) and 39 South Korean participants (mean age = 35.03 ± 11.08 years). Sustained attention and divided attention were assessed using the Computerized Attention Test. We conducted an overnight PSG to objectively assess sleep structure. The participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).Results: The North Korean refugees showed more commission errors (CEs, p < 0.05) and a larger standard deviation (SD) of the reaction time (RT) (p < 0.05) in the sustained attention task compared to the South Korean participants. Furthermore, the North Korean refugees showed a shorter period of wake after sleep onset (WASO, p < 0.01), less time spent in N1 (p < 0.05), and more time spent in N2 (p < 0.05). The larger SD of RT in the sustained attention task in the North Korean refugees was positively correlated with WASO (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) and N1 stage (r = 0.47, p < 0.05) after controlling for age, sex, BDI, BAI, and IES-R.Conclusion: The North Korean refugees showed poorer performance on the sustained attention task. Nocturnal PSG revealed shorter WASO and time spent in N1 in this population, which are independently associated with the preservation of attentional capacity. These data suggest that traumatized refugees may compensate for attentional deficits induced by their traumatic experiences via increased sleep continuity.Keywords: attention, sleep, trauma, North Korean refugees

Purpose In this mixed-methods study, we address two aims. First, we examine the impact of language variation on the ratings of children's narrative language. Second, we identify participants' ideologies related to narrative language and language variation. Method Forty adults listened to and rated six Black second-grade children on the quality of 12 narratives (six fictional, six personal). Adults then completed a quantitative survey and participated in a qualitative interview. Results Findings indicated that adults rated students with less variation from mainstream American English (MAE) more highly than students with greater variation from MAE for fictional narratives, but not for personal narratives. Personal narratives tended to be evaluated more favorably by parents than teachers. Black raters tended to assign higher ratings of narrative quality than did White raters. Thematic analysis and conversation analysis of qualitative interviews supported quantitative findings and provided pertinent information about participants' beliefs. Conclusion Taken together, quantitative and qualitative results point to a shared language ideology among adult raters of variation from MAE being more acceptable in informal contexts, such as telling a story of personal experience, and less acceptable in more formal contexts, such as narrating a fictional story prompted by a picture sequence.

Fast and accurate detection of viral RNA pathogens is important in apiculture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method has been developed, which is simple, specific, and sensitive. In this study, we rapidly (in 1 min) synthesized cDNA from the RNA of deformed wing virus (DWV)-infected bees (Apis mellifera), and then, within 10 min, amplified the target cDNA by ultra-rapid qPCR. The PCR products were hybridized to a DNA-chip for confirmation of target gene specificity. The results of this study suggest that our method might be a useful tool for detecting DWV, as well as for the diagnosis of RNA virus-mediated diseases on-site.

This chapter explores translanguaging as theory and practice by first introducing superdiversity as a phenomenon that leads to the creation of adolescent newcomer programs and then discussing how translanguaging intersects with these spaces in terms of sociolinguistic and pedagogical exploration. Relevant theoretical and empirical studies engage translanguaging as an important framework for supporting bi/multilingual adolescents. Drawing on ethnographic and classroom discourse analysis, the chapter then analyzes a key moment from a “Bilingual Biomes” project in a 10th grade Biology classroom at a Central Ohio adolescent newcomer program in which a “colibri” ‘hummingbird’ becomes a salient metaphor for translanguaging as theory and practice. Specifically, this metaphor explores translanguaging’s potential to destabilize national/named borders between languages, create opportunities for shared understanding, and evoke moments of unexpected joy.

Stretchable electronic devices with self-healing functions that can improve durability are highly recommended as next-generation personal instruments for economic and sustainable society. Here, we report a fabrication of self-healing strain-responsive electrochromic display based on a multiple crosslinked network hydrogel (MCNH) consisting of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. After optimizing the mechanical and self-healing properties of the hydrogel with variation of the chemical crosslinker, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and the ionic crosslinker CaCl2, an extreme mechanical stretchability of up to 2000% strain and shape recovery, and a self-healing efficiency of 83.5% after 8 h at room temperature are obtained. The MCNH-based strain sensor exhibits a fast and linear resistance response with a coefficient of determination of 0.997 over a wide strain range of 100%. The strain sensitivity of the hydrogel remains stable even after 10 repeated self-healing cycles at a single location. As a display application, a novel two-dimensional electrochromic device is fabricated using a hydrogel without depositing an electrochromic material (ECM) on the electrode. ECM-containing gel electrolyte exhibits electrochromic properties through the migration of ions to the electrodes. Coloration/discoloration occurs at a potential bias of 1.7 V with a transmittance change of 76.1% at 547 nm through the chemical oxidation/reduction of ethyl viologen ions in the hydrogel matrix. An integrated system comprising a self-healing strain sensor and an ECD attached to the skin is demonstrated to visually express the applied strain due to finger bending, aided by an external circuit. Such a strain-responsive ECD system preserves a stable performance with the self-healed sensor after a complete bisection. These results suggest the potential application of our newly synthesized hydrogel to various skin-attachable self-healing, and stretchable devices with high durability.

Use a framework to evaluate a tool: Is it mathematically sound? Does it offer opportunities for student engagement with little distraction? Will it afford students the chance to develop their own ideas?

We report on the fabrication of a high performance multi-functional supercapacitor which is intrinsically stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable. A repeatedly stretchable (500 times), photodegradable hydrogel that self-heals quickly at room temperature without any trigger is synthesized by crosslinking of azobenzeno-polyacrylamide (Azo-PAM) and water-soluble α-cyclodextrin polymer (α-CDP) via dynamic host-guest interaction. With the Azo-PAM/α-CDP/LiCl hydrogel as polyelectrolyte, the stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable supercapacitor is fabricated. After complete bisection, the supercapacitor recovers its electrochemical performance by physical contact in air-ambient conditions and maintains its performance upon multiple cycles of self-healing at a single bisected location. It also maintains elastic performance even after repeated stretching and self-healing. Finally, the supercapacitor exhibits photodegrading performance, dissolving in water upon UV-irradiation after use. This work demonstrates the superior performance and high potential of our newly devised stretchable, self-healable, and photodegradable supercapacitor as a smart energy storage device for next-generation durable and eco-friendly wearable electronics.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) has many commercial applications. However, its broad use is limited by the surface-bound oxygen lowering its thermal stability. Here, we developed a facile method to enhance the oxidative thermal resistance of MWNTs that involves molecular coating promoted surface passivation. In the approach, ball milling is employed to self assemble flavin mononucleotide (FMN) helically around MWNTs through non-covalent interactions with no increased defects in MWNT. Upon high temperature oxidation, the ribityl phosphate side chain of FMN in the nanoconstruct undergoes partial decomposition to generate a corresponding isoalloxazine derivative on the surface of the MWNTs. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the oxidatively annealed material is comprised of a tight isoalloxazine coating stacked on the sidewalls of the MWNT. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis studies show that the coating further elevates long-term stability and the energy barrier for oxidation of the MWNT by 28 kJ/mol from 113 kJ/mol for the bare MWNT. The role of the isoalloxazine coating is proposed to be surface passivation from molecular oxygen. As a consequence of the passivation, the maximum oxidative temperature of the MWNT is raised to 938 K as compared to that of 843 K for bare MWNT.

Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) provides an opportunity to control the optoelectronic properties of graphene owing to the relative orientation (θ)-induced van Hove singularities (vHs). However, how different environments affect vHs behaviors of various tBLGs and their Raman resonance window is not clear. A study of the optical vHs properties of tBLGs on a quartz substrate, prepared by chemical vapor deposition, was carried out using simultaneous reflection and Raman imaging techniques according to the presence of ubiquitous residual amorphous carbon (RAC). The results show that the presence of RAC exhibits a narrower vHs peak width and resonance Raman windows of tBLG as compared to that without RAC, due to the absence of charge-inhomogeneous interactions from bare substrate. In addition, the background-subtracted vHs peak reflectances from various θ values at a specific laser energy are proportional to the measured G-band enhancement factor (GEF). The comparison reveals the detailed optical and Raman resonance windows of various tBLGs in both environments. Extension of the approach to twisted fewlayer graphenes reveals the different vHs peak behaviors including broadening, intensification, and splitting governed by θ-, along with layer number-dependent band structure hybridization.

As technology becomes more ubiquitous in the mathematics classroom, teachers are being asked to incorporate it into their lessons more than ever before. The amount of resources available online is staggering and teachers need to be able to analyse and identify resources that would be most appropriate and effective with their students. This study examines the criteria prospective and current secondary mathematics teachers use and value most when evaluating mathematical cognitive technologies (MCTs). Results indicate all groups of participants developed criteria focused on how well an MCT represents the mathematics, student interaction and engagement with the MCT, and whether the MCT was user-friendly. However, none of their criteria focused on how well an MCT would reflect students’ solution strategies or illuminate their thinking. In addition, there were some differences between the criteria created by participants with and without teaching experience, specifically the types of supports available ...

Although fatigue is common in insomnia, the clinical associates of fatigue in patients with insomnia are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the clinical associates of fatigue in patients with insomnia. Patients visiting the Stanford Sleep Medicine Center completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Insomnia Symptom Questionnaire (ISQ), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Among 6367 patients, 2024 were diagnosed with insomnia (age 43.06 ± 15.19 years; 1110 women and 914 men) according to the ISI and the ISQ. Insomnia patients with severe fatigue (n = 1306) showed higher insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, depression and longer habitual sleep duration than those without severe fatigue (n = 718). Higher insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness and depressive symptoms, and longer habitual sleep duration, independently predicted higher fatigue scores. Among insomnia patients with daytime sleepiness (ESS≥10), only habitual sleep duration and depression predicted fatigue scores. The interaction between insomnia severity and daytime sleepiness significantly predicted the severity of fatigue. Depression was a significant mediator between insomnia and fatigue. For 598 insomnia patients undergoing overnight polysomnography (PSG), no significant correlations were found between fatigue and any PSG parameters. The current study suggests that managing insomnia or depression may reduce the fatigue of insomnia patients, whereas arbitrary efforts to prolong sleep duration may worsen their fatigue.

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is one of the main pathogens involved in the collapse of honey bee colonies. However, because the virus exhibits a high level of genetic variation and some IAPV strains exhibit high degrees of homology with related viruses, the detection of IAPV in infected honey bees is relatively challenging. To address this obstacle, the aim of the present study was to develop a new detection method that relies on multiple detection sites within the IAPV genome and on Ultra-rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (UR-qPCR). The new system simultaneously targeted a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) and two capsid genes (VP3 and VP1). This multi-point PCR approach was highly efficient, with the ability to detect 100% of IAPV infections, and outperformed single-point PCR, which was only able to detect 86.96–95.6% of IAPV infections. Sequence analysis indicated that RdRp was more variable than the two capsid genes, and the specificity of the proposed method was demonstrated by the detection of IAPV from samples co-infected by IAPV and KBV. Importantly, both freezing-thawing RNA isolation and UR-qPCR could be performed in 27 min and 40 s. Therefore, the present provides an useful tool for the rapid identification of IAPV in apiaries.

Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) contribute to the initiation and recurrence of tumors and to their resistance to conventional therapies. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screening of ∼4800 druggable genes in 3-dimensional CSLC cultures in comparison to 2-dimensional bulk cultures of U87 glioma cells revealed 3 groups of genes essential for the following: survival of the CSLC population only, bulk-cultured population only, or both populations. While diverse biologic processes were associated with siRNAs reducing the bulk-cultured population, CSLC-eliminating siRNAs were enriched in a few functional categories, such as lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, and gene expression. Interestingly, siRNAs that selectively reduced CSLC only were found to target genes for cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. The lipidomic profile of CSLCs revealed increased levels of monounsaturated lipids. Pharmacologic blockage of these target pathways reduced CSLCs, and this effect was eliminated by addition of downstream metabolite products. The present CSLC-sensitive target categories provide a useful resource that can be exploited for the selective elimination of CSLCs.-Song, M., Lee, H., Nam, M.-H., Jeong, E., Kim, S., Hong, Y., Kim, N., Yim, H. Y., Yoo, Y.-J., Kim, J. S., Kim, J.-S., Cho, Y.-Y., Mills, G. B., Kim, W.-Y., Yoon, S. Loss-of-function screens of druggable targetome against cancer stem-like cells.

Scalable and simple methods for selective extraction of pure, semiconducting (s) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is of profound importance for electronic and photovoltaic applications. We report a new, one-step procedure to obtain respective large-diameter s- and metallic (m)-SWNT enrichment purity in excess of 99% and 78%, respectively, via interaction between the aromatic dispersing agent and SWNTs. The approach utilizes N-dodecyl isoalloxazine (FC12) as a surfactant in conjunction with sonication and benchtop centrifugation methods. After centrifugation, the supernatant is enriched in s-SWNTs with less carbonaceous impurities, whereas precipitate is enhanced in m-SWNTs. In addition, the use of an increased centrifugal force enhances both the purity and population of larger diameter s-SWNTs. Photoinduced energy transfer from FC12 to SWNTs is facilitated by respective electronic level alignment. Owing to its peculiar photoreduction capability, FC12 can be employed to precipitate SWNTs upon UV irradiation and observe absorption of higher optical transitions of SWNTs. A thin-film transistor prepared from a dispersion of enriched s-SWNTs was fabricated to verify electrical performance of the sorted sample and was observed to display p-type conductance with an average on/off ratio over 10(6) and an average mobility over 10 cm(2)/V·s.

As technology become more ubiquitous in the classroom, teachers need to overcome two types of barriers to use it effectively: access to resources (including the development of knowledge) and the development of appropriate beliefs. To assist teachers in overcoming these barriers, we must understand the relationships that exist among them. We examined relationships between middle grade prospective teachers' beliefs and their technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge framework (TPACK). We found possible relationships between their beliefs about the nature of mathematics, learning and teaching mathematics, and the use of technology and their content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and technological pedagogical content knowledge, respectively.

Covalent functionalization of semiconducting MoS2 is important in order to broaden the optoelectronic applications of this material. In the current study, we developed a one-step method for covalent edge functionalization of semiconducting MoS2 with lipoic acid (LA). The process, which utilizes a simple sonochemical aqueous dispersion approach, generates a LA–MoS2 conjugate that has a few layered nanoflake structure with a width of a few hundred nanometers and that display an intact crystalline basal plane. The MoS2 conjugate has the tendency to stack and fold with random relative angles owing to the presence of LA edge linked groups.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between preservice secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs and knowledge regarding teaching mathematics with technology. By conducting three semi-structured interviews, I investigated four preservice secondary mathematics teachers’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) and their beliefs about the nature of mathematics, learning and teaching mathematics, and technology use in the mathematics classroom. The findings of this study suggest that preservice teachers with constructivist-oriented or student-centered beliefs about the nature of mathematics, learning mathematics, and technology use displayed higher levels of mathematical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and technological content knowledge, respectively, than preservice teachers with traditional or teacher-centered beliefs about mathematics, learning, and technology use.

The chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), which causes paralysis in bees, is very difficult to visually differentiate from other pathogens causing symptoms of paralysis. In addition, low numbers of viral gene molecules are difficult to detect. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an ultra-rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR method for specifically detecting CBPV. This method is based on rapid and precise quantification of the RNA virus CBPV, using ultra-rapid reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR to overcome difficulties in detecting low numbers of viral gene molecules. Under optimal conditions, CBPV-specific ultra-rapid PCR confirmed that 1.0 × 108 CBPV-specific genes could be detected in 4 min and 17 s, and 1.0 × 102 CBPV-specific genes could be detected in 11 min and 16 s. The detection of 1.0 × 102 CBPV-specific genes was conducted by nested PCR using the inner primer set CBPV-NF/NR. High-sensitivity detection was demonstrated by confirming that the PCR product for the initial template of 1.0 × 10° CBPV-specific gene was detectable. The CBPV-specific ultra-rapid quantitative PCR and nested PCR methods are applicable for infected honey bee samples to rapidly and accurately detect low numbers of viral gene molecules. This method can be used on-site where the infected sample is collected as well as in the laboratory. This method may also be applied to detect for other honey bee pathogens with a suitable primer for each pathogen.

Symmetry breaking of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has profound effects on their optoelectronic properties that are essential for fundamental study and applications. Here, we show that isomeric SWNTs that exhibit identical photoluminescence (PL) undergo symmetry breaking by flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and exhibit dual PLs and different binding affinities (Ka). Increasing the FMN concentration leads to systematic PL shifts of SWNTs according to structural modality and handedness due to symmetry breaking. Density gradient ultracentrifugation using a FMN–SWNT dispersion displays PL shifts and different densities according to SWNT handedness. Using the optical titration method to determine the PL-based Ka of SWNTs against an achiral surfactant as a titrant, left- and right-handed SWNTs display two-step PL inflection corresponding to respective Ka values with FMN, which leads to the determination of the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the SWNT ensemble that was confirmed by circular dichroism measurement....

The recent proliferation of data on large collections of well-characterized cancer cell lines linked to therapeutic drug responses has made it possible to identify lineage- and mutation-specific transcriptional markers that can help optimize implementation of anticancer agents. Here, we leverage these resources to systematically investigate the presence of mutation-specific transcription markers in a wide variety of cancer lineages and genotypes. Sensitivity and specificity of potential transcriptional biomarkers were simultaneously analyzed in 19 cell lineages grouped into 228 categories based on the mutational genotypes of 12 cancer-related genes. Among a total of 1,455 category-specific expression patterns, the expression of cAMP phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) with 11 isoforms, one of the PDE4(A-D) subfamilies, was predicted to be regulated by a mutant form of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1) present in lung cancer. STK11/LKB1 is the primary upstream kinase of adenine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK). Subsequently, we found that the knockdown of PDE4D gene expression inhibited proliferation of STK11-mutated lung cancer lines. Furthermore, challenge with a panel of PDE4-specific inhibitors was shown to selectively reduce the growth of STK11-mutated lung cancer lines. Thus, we show that multidimensional analysis of a well-characterized large-scale panel of cancer cell lines provides unprecedented opportunities for the identification of unexpected oncogenic mechanisms and mutation-specific drug targets. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(10); 2463–73. ©2014 AACR.

Patients referred to the Veterinary Medical Center at Chungbuk National University were analyzed. This study aimed to provide information to clinicians in Korea on the factors affecting fracture incidence in patients adapted to Korean companion animal culture. Eighty cases showingbone fractures were investigated from January, 2005 to December, 2011. Fractures were mainly observed in miniature dogs such as Yorkshire terrier (12%), Poodle (12%), and Maltese (9%). Almost 50% of all cases were less than 1 year old. Total bone fractures in summer and fall constituted 62%. Fracture incidence was higher in male dogs (54%) than female dogs (46%). Hindlimb fracture (37%) was the most common. Distribution of limb fractures was higher in the femur (19), followed by the tibia/fibula (15), radius/ulna (13), humerus (11), and mandible (8). Pelvic fracture was observed in 19 cases. Simple fracture (84%) was the most common fracture type, followed by comminuted fracture (16%). Distal portion was the most common fracture site in long bones (67%), followed by middle (26%) and proximal bones (7%). Fractures were mainly caused by traffic accidents (43%), whereas 28.5% of fractures were due to falling down. Plate & screw (26%) was the most common method of fracture repair, followed by intramedullary pin (24%), wire (11%), external skeletal fixation (10%), screw (9%), amputation (7%), cross pin (6%), IM pin and wire (5%), and rush pin (1%). Among 80 patients, 79%of patients showed a good prognosis after surgery, whereas 13% patients did not experience a good result. This study shows that miniature dogs are prone to falling and fractures, especially in the distal part of long bones.

White organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were fabricated by combining a blue OLED with a color conversion layer made of mixed Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ green and Ca2AlO19:Mn4+ red phosphors. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that Ce3+ ions in the Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors completely substituted for the Y3+ ions and the Mn4+ ions in the CaAl12O19:Mn4+ phosphors completely substituted for the Ca2+ ions. Electroluminescence spectra at 11 V for the OLEDs fabricated utilizing a color conversion layer showed that the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates for the Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ and CaAl12O19:Mn4+ phosphors mixed at the ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 were (0.31, 0.34) and (0.32, 0.37), respectively, indicative of a good white color.

Sorted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are of paramount importance for their utilization in high-end optoelectronic applications. Sodium cholate (SC)-based density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) has been instrumental in isolating small diameter (d t) SWNTs. Here, we show that SWNTs wrapped by flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a dispersing agent are sorted in DGU, and show sorting order reversal behavior, departing from prototypical SC-SWNT trends. Larger d t SWNTs are sorted in lower density (ρ), and buoyant ρ distribution of FMN-SWNT ranges from 1.15-1.25 g cm(-3). Such a nanotube layering pattern originates from both the binding affinity between FMN and SWNT and the less-susceptible hydrated volume of remote phosphate sidechains of FMN according to nanotube d t change.