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Abstract Lung cancer (LC) is a life-threatening and dangerous disease all over the world. However, earlier diagnoses and treatment can save lives. Earlier diagnoses of malevolent cells in the lungs responsible for oxygenating the human body and expelling carbon dioxide due to significant procedures are critical. Even though a computed tomography (CT) scan is the best imaging approach in the healthcare sector, it is challenging for physicians to identify and interpret the tumour from CT scans. LC diagnosis in CT scan using artificial intelligence (AI) can help radiologists in earlier diagnoses, enhance performance, and decrease false negatives. Deep learning (DL) for detecting lymph node contribution on histopathological slides has become popular due to its great significance in patient diagnoses and treatment. This study introduces a computer-aided diagnosis for LC by utilizing the Waterwheel Plant Algorithm with DL (CADLC-WWPADL) approach. The primary aim of the CADLC-WWPADL approach is to classify and identify the existence of LC on CT scans. The CADLC-WWPADL method uses a lightweight MobileNet model for feature extraction. Besides, the CADLC-WWPADL method employs WWPA for the hyperparameter tuning process. Furthermore, the symmetrical autoencoder (SAE) model is utilized for classification. An investigational evaluation is performed to demonstrate the significant detection outputs of the CADLC-WWPADL technique. An extensive comparative study reported that the CADLC-WWPADL technique effectively performs with other models with a maximum accuracy of 99.05% under the benchmark CT image dataset.

Today, managing a large amount of information becomes increasingly crucial. Efficient storage and retrieval of digital data are essential for their effective utilization. This study investigates the efficacy of Spatial Domain Image Compression Techniques, which directly manipulate the original image to reduce its size by leveraging pixel spatial relationships. These techniques segment the image into blocks and process each block independently. Evaluation entails measuring perceptual quality through metrics, such as PSNR, WPSNR, NMSE, and SSIM applied to the compressed image. Experimental results provide a comparative analysis of the performance of these techniques.

The enormous increase in mobile data traffic and the heterogeneity and stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of different applications have placed a substantial strain on the underlying network infrastructure and represent a challenge for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (Cellular V2X). V2X communication is a key enabler for the realization of smart and connected transportation systems, offering a wide range of applications, such as enhanced road safety, traffic management, and autonomous driving. In this context, the best way to provide great flexibility and address both the present and future QoS concerns is to use intelligent Radio Resource Management (RRM) in general and creative packet scheduling in particular. The diverse QoS requirements of multiple application classes under dynamic network conditions present substantial challenges for conventional scheduling algorithms given the increasing demand for bandwidth-hungry applications. This study proposes a scheduling system for V2X communications based on traffic prioritization that manages QoS provisioning for different types of traffic considering channel quality, remaining payload, and delay. Simulation results demonstrate the highly promising performance of the proposed New Scheduling V2X Communications (NSVC) algorithm that leads to significantly lower latencies, as the average delay scheme did not exceed 0.001 ms for 100 users.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly altered our way of life, being integrated into many application types. These applications require a certain level of security, which is always a top priority when offering various services. It is particularly difficult to protect the information produced by IoT devices from security threats and protect the exchanged data as they pass through various nodes and gateways. Group Key Management (GKM) is an essential method for controlling the deployment of keys for network access and safe data delivery in such dynamic situations. However, the huge volume of IoT devices and the growing subscriber base present a scalability difficulty that is not addressed by the current IoT authentication techniques based on GKM. Moreover, all GKM models currently in use enable the independence of participants. They only concentrate on dependent symmetrical group keys for each subgroup, which is ineffective for subscriptions with very dynamic behavior. To address these issues, this study proposes a unique Decentralized Lightweight Group Key Management (DLGKM) framework integrated with a Reliable and Secure Multicast Routing Protocol (REMI-DLGKM), which is a reliable and efficient multicast routing system for IoT networks. REMI-DLGKM is a cluster-based routing protocol that qualifies for faster multiplex message distribution within the system. According to simulation results, this protocol is more effective than cutting-edge protocols in terms of end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio. The packet delivery ratio of REMI-DLGKM was 99.21%, which is 4.395 higher than other methods, such as SRPL, QMR, and MAODV. The proposed routing protocol can reduce energy consumption in IoT devices by employing effective key management strategies.

This study introduces a novel image cryptosystem designed to improve security and reliability within underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems particularly for water bodies that exhibits higher absorption and scattering coefficients. An image encryption scheme, characterized by high security, and consists of a chaotic iteration of dragon fractal shapes (ChDrFr). The system performance is assessed across five distinct water types, each exhibiting unique optical properties. For enhancing the quality of encrypted images received, median and high-pass filters are utilized. To test the ability of this new algorithm to ward off different types of attacks, numerical simulation is applied. Specifically, a correlation coefficient of approximately zero is witnessed between the original images and those generated by encryption. The optimum values for information entropy and unified average changed intensity (UACI) are almost reached for the encrypted images. A comparison is undertaken between different encryption methods and the one proposed in this paper, depending on ChDrFr. Results show that the proposed encryption scheme yields better results and achieves much securer encrypted images, when compared to the images encrypted by other encryption algorithms. Additionally, the encrypted images show enhancement in the underwater transmission distance with 6% for Pure Sea (PS) and Clear Ocean (CL), 4% for Coastal Sea (CS), 0.9% for Harbor I (HI), and 0.8% for Harbor II (HII). Moreover, the utilization of filters results in improvement in the Structured Similarity Index (SSIM), Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (PSNR), and Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR).

Background: Paracetamol (PCM) overdosing induces hepatotoxicity, which can result in death if the dose is high enough and the patients are not given N-acetyl cysteine. Berberine (BBR) has a variety of biological proprieties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Aim: Assessment of the potential effect of BBR and selenium when used alone or together on the paracetamol–induced acute hepatic toxicity in rats. Methods: This research involved 40 clinically healthy mature adult male albino rats, their weights ranged from 150-200 g and housed in standard conditions. Our study involved evaluating the potential effect of BBR and selenium when used alone or together on the paracetamol–induced acute hepatic toxicity via estimation of the liver function tests, determination of the antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation markers, immune-modulatory effects, liver histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: Co-treatment of BBR (150 mg/kg BW) with selenium (5 mg/kg BW) showed significant improvement in the liver function parameters, the antioxidant enzyme activities, reduction in the nitric oxide, lysozyme, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels, and marked elevation in the IgM levels. Conclusion: Altogether, BBR, Selenium or both augment antioxidant activity and alleviate the paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 292-303]

This work introduces an n-D algorithm to generate multi-dimensional Sigma Shift Matrix (nD-SSM) code sequences is proposed, which is based on spectral/temporal/spatial incoherent optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system. Our proposed system is capable of generating code in accordance with the value of n, where $n=1$ , 2 and 3 for 1D, 2D, and 3D respectively. The nD-SSM codes improve system cardinality by eliminating multiple access interference and its accompanied phase induced intensity noise (PIIN). Additionally, the nD-SSM technique permits various users with different dimensions of codewords to send their data. The data will be sent with the lowest probability of interference. The design of transmitter-receiver structure of nD-SSM OCDMA system is described. Gaussian approximation is used to analyze performance of the proposed nD-SSM OCDMA system by investigating signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) under different conditions of transmission. The maximum allowable number of users with BER ~10-9 is 43, 108, 140, 158 and 600, respectively for 1D-SSM, 2D-SSM, 2D-DEU, 3D-PD and 3D-SSM codes, respectively at 622 Mbps. These numbers of users with the same value of BER decreased to 18 for 1D-SSM, 46 for 2D-SSM, 2 for 2D-DEU, 82 for 3D-PD, and 237 for 3D-SSM at 2.5 Gbps. At 10 Gbps, the maximum allowable number of users are 9, 24, 40, and 97 for 1D-SSM, 2D-SSM, 3D-PD, and 3D-SSM, respectively. Accordingly, the proposed 3D-SSM code supports the larger number of users at different data rates when compared to other codes.

A new hybrid optical fiber communication (OFC) and free space optics (FSO) communication systems are proposed for enhancing the transmission capacity. It is based on using subcarrier modulation (SCM) with spectral amplitude coding based optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) technique using three different codes. Permutation vector (PV) code, zero cross correlation (ZCC) code, and fixed right shift (FRS) code are used. The performance is evaluated for various numbers of users, data rate, effective power levels, number of subcarriers, and number of carrier channels. Additionally, the effects under different fog conditions including light fog (LF), medium fog (MF), and heavy fog (HF) are evaluated. Moreover, the proposed FSO system achieves ranges of 1.8 km, 1.05 km, and 0.8 km under LF, MF, and HF conditions respectively. Our results show that the proposed OFC system supports 7, 6, and 5 simultaneous users with PV, ZCC, and FRS codes respectively. Similarly, each user carries 5 channels, and each channel carries 14 subcarriers with 1 Gbps information per subcarrier when PV code is adopted. As for FSO transmission, the proposed hybrid system can support up to 22, 18, and 14 users under LF, MF, and HF respectively. Each user also carries information from 5 channels. All results are obtained at BER less than $3\times {10}^{-3}$ .

Free Space Optics (FSO) has emerged as a viable solution to meet the growing demand for high bandwidth, secure data transmission, and high speed. However, the FSO system is highly susceptible to environmental factors, with precipitation in particular having a significant impact on FSO links. Optical loss, phase fluctuation, and multipath fading of the received optical power are all caused by these external factors. From this perspective, to improve the system’s performance in such conditions, a novel image encryption technique based on the Choquet Fuzzy Integral (CFI) in conjunction with the integer wavelet transform is proposed. The security of the proposed method is demonstrated via analysis security on the one, and its efficacy in terms of transmission performance of an encrypted image over an FSO channel exposed to rainy weather conditions is analyzed on the other. Authentic meteorological data from two distinct cities are considered to demonstrate the model’s real-world applicability: Alexandria, Egypt, in Africa, and Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), in Asia. To evaluate the system’s performance, a variety of metrics such as FSO range, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and the Structural Similarity Index Method (SSIM) are used. Furthermore, the findings from studying the impact of weather conditions reveal that, as the intensity of rainfall increases, the encrypted image experiences a reduction in its propagation range within the FSO channel. For example, under heavy rain (HR) conditions, the maximum FSO range for high-quality received encrypted images is 1055 m, which extends to 2290 m as rain intensity decreases (for light rain). In terms of the two cities, Jeddah, with its lower average rainfall intensity compared to Alexandria, allows the encrypted image to travel an additional 2400 m.

Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid that has been identified from a variety of plant species including Cortex phellodendron (Huang bai), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), and Rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian). A growing body of research has demonstrated that this chemical has a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. BBR has been proven in studies to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Furthermore, BBR appears to boost the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism by raising the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx while reducing OS variables such as protein carbonyl (PC) content, MDA, and NO levels. This review threw light on the pharmacological activities and medicinal uses of BBR.

Abstract Background One of the top four malignancies affecting women worldwide is breast cancer. Breast density is a risk factor for breast cancer on its own and also a limiting factor for the sensitivity of screening mammography. Tools of artificial intelligence (AI) can help radiologists to make decisions, potentially reducing perceptual and interpretation errors, or as a way to prioritize exams based on the likelihood of malignancy. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of breast density on the performance of AI in mammography (MG) for the diagnosis of breast malignancy. Methods In total, 110 patients with pathologically proven breast cancer participated in this retrospective study. These patients had full field digital mammography, and the mammogram pictures were exported to the AI software system. Heat maps displaying the location of discovered lesions then highlighted the affected area or areas and also provided abnormality scores indicating the probability of malignancy (POM). The results of the histopathological analysis were correlated with the breast density and AI category. Results The artificial intelligence software gave a breast density score to each patient as well as POM scoring. Both the software and the radiologist agreed on the breast density in 80.00% (N = 88) of the patients. Upon correlation of AI results to the BI-RADS given by radiologist, demonstrated statistically very significant correlation (P value 0.001), indicating that the likelihood of error is less than one in a thousand. Upon correlating the pathology results with the AI abnormality score, the AI showed sensitivity of 93.64% as it detected 103 true positive lesions. AI showed 100% sensitivity in both ACR A and ACR B, and 94.74%, 76.47% in ACR C, ACR D, respectively. False negative results represented 5.26% in ACR C group and the highest with 23.53% in ACR D group of patients. The P value was found less than 0.001. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated (R = 0.27) which was interpreted as a weak correlation between the decrease in sensitivity of AI and the breast density. Conclusions Our study showed that there is a slight link between increasing breast density and a relative decline in AI's ability to detect malignant lesions, suggesting that AI can detect breast cancer effectively in breasts of different parenchymal densities, with its effectiveness being highest in breasts with lower parenchymal density.

Free space optics (FSO) communication systems are preferred due to their high transmission capacity so it can support the ever-increasing volume of online traffic. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) is ideal for enhancing capacity by utilizing the same wavelengths for different information transmission. This paper presents a new FSO system based on the combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and OCDMA systems. Three OCDMA channels, employing diagonal permutation shift (DPS) codes, carry 20 Gbps each, modulated by 4-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and OFDM. To assess performance, the proposed system considers severe climate conditions like rain, fog, and snow. The effectiveness is measured by bit error rate (BER) and received optical power (ROP). In addition, actual meteorological data for the cities of Alexandria, Egypt and Pune, India are evaluated to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model in a real-world setting. The results reveal successful transmission with an overall capacity of 60 Gbps over a 3600 m FSO range in Alexandria, achieving a 0.27 dBm ROP. In Pune, with higher average rainfall, the maximum FSO link is 2750 m with a −0.06 ROP. Furthermore, the proposed model can propagate up to 850 m under weak turbulence (WT).

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic disorder affecting females. The management of PCOS is challenging and current interventions are not enough to deal with all consequences of this syndrome. We explored the beneficial effect of combined sodium glucose co transporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT‐2i); (empagliflozin) and metformin on hormonal and metabolic parameters in an animal model of PCOS and insulin resistance (IR). Forty adult female Wistar rats divided into five groups: control, PCOS‐IR, PCOS‐IR treated with metformin, PCOS‐IR treated with empagliflozin, and PCOS‐IR treated with combined metformin and empagliflozin. Single modality treatment with metformin or empagliflozin yielded significant improvement in body mass index, insulin resistance, lipid profile, sex hormones, inflammatory markers, and ovarian cystic follicles. Combined metformin with empagliflozin expressed further significant improvement in sex hormones, inflammatory markers with disappearance of ovarian cystic follicles. The superior significant improvement with combined treatment over the single modality was in line with significant improvement in the ovarian AMPKα‐SIRT1 expression.

Abstract Background Hepatitis C is associated with metabolic effects and fatty liver disease. The effect of different direct antivirals on the liver steatosis, and the metabolic profile, still needs to be established. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of achieving the sustained virological response after 12 weeks (SVR-12 weeks) with different combinations of direct antiviral drugs, on the hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis presented by laboratory and transient elastography parameters. Our study population is nondiabetic, chronically infected HCV Egyptian patients and naïve to any form of HCV treatment. Methods This cohort study was carried on 100 nondiabetic HCV treatment-naïve patients attending the Hepatology Clinic, in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Ain Shams University, and Kobry El Koba Military Hospital. The patients were divided into four groups according to their treatment regimens as follows: group A: 25 patients who received sofosbuvir (400 mg) and daclatasvir (60 mg) daily for 12 weeks; group B: 25 patients who received sofosbuvir (400 mg) and ledipasvir (90 mg) daily for 12 weeks; group C: 25 patients who received ombitasvir (12.5 mg), paritaprevir (75 mg), and ritonavir (50 mg) daily for 12 weeks; and group D: 25 patients who received sofosbuvir (400 mg) and simeprevir (150 mg) daily for 12 weeks. All patients were subjected to the following investigations: HCV quantitative PCR before and after 12 weeks of treatment, clinical and laboratory metabolic evaluation including alfa-fetoprotein level, thyroid profile assessment, ferritin level, pelvi-abdominal ultrasound, and FibroScan examination. Results All patients achieved SVR after 12 weeks. FibroScan median decreased (P < 0.001) from 19.29 ± 6.97 kPa at baseline to 14.15 ± 6.48 kPa at SVR12. NAFLD score median increased from 1.88 (1.49–2.22) at baseline to 2.01 (1.61–2.33) after 12 weeks of treatment. The highest level of NAFLD score was in group C, and the lowest was in group B. The BMI mean decreased from 28.31 ± 1.53 at baseline to 28.07 ± 1.52 at SVR12. HbA1C level mean decreased from 5.73 ± 0.23 at baseline to 5.40 ± 0.24 at SVR12. In addition, liver enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, APRI score (AST-platelet ratio index), and HBA1C decreased after 12-week treatment with a statistically significant difference, while the mean LDL increased after 12 weeks of treatment. Conclusions DAAs affect the metabolic profile of the treated patients. There is a noticed improvement in the FibroScan, NAFLD score, and lipid profile after achieving the SVR-12 weeks. However, LDL is increased after viral cure, mostly due to viral-host molecular interaction.

In order to address the growing demands for both enhanced security levels and increased transmission capacity, this research proposes a novel approach for free space optical (FSO) transmission. The proposed design incorporates an identity column shift matrix (ICSM) code to ensure robust security. Additionally, capacity enhancement is achieved through the utilization of a 4-level quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) scheme in conjunction with an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulator. The performance of the system is evaluated across three channels, each transmitting data at a rate of 20 Gb/s, while operating in an FSO channel that is subjected to varying atmospheric attenuation effects and atmospheric turbulence. Real meteorological data from three different cities [Alexandria, Egypt; Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA); and Hyderabad, India], situated across two continents, are incorporated to demonstrate the practicality of implementing the proposed model in real-world environments. The experimental results reveal that an increase in atmospheric turbulence leads to a higher bit error rate (BER) and lower received optical power (ROP), resulting in degraded data reception. Furthermore, the study examines the impact of weather conditions, indicating that the longest and shortest propagation ranges of 12.5 and 0.286 km, respectively, are achieved under clear weather and heavy dust storms. These conditions yield an ROP of −9.5 dBm and a log (BER) of approximately −2.5. Conversely, in the presence of strong turbulence, the performance further deteriorates. The proposed model demonstrates its ability to transmit a message signal over a distance of 0.8375 km, with a log (BER) of −2.6 under weak atmospheric turbulence. However, under strong atmospheric turbulence at the same distance, the log (BER) increases to −0.5. Regarding specific cities, the FSO range for transmitting information signals is found to be 9.58 km in Jeddah, which decreases to 6.58 km in Alexandria and 5.17 km in Hyderabad due to the increased atmospheric attenuation in these cities.

This paper introduces a new hybrid system for high-bandwidth and high-transmission-capacity communication. The system integrates a multi-mode fiber (MMF) cable with free space optics (FSO) using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. The proposed system uses a single wavelength to simultaneously transmit 40 Gb/s data on four distinct OAM beams ((LG0,0, LG0,17, LG0,40, and LG0,75)) with a symmetric circular shape. The performance of the system was evaluated with a fixed MMF length of 100 m and varying FSO ranges, according to extreme climate changes such as rain and fog, and atmospheric turbulences. The results indicate that the suggested system is capable of transmit up to 1250 m (100 m MMF length + 1150 m FSO range) under clear weather (CW) and weak turbulence (WT), with a minimum transmission distance of 440 m (100 m MMF length + 340 m FSO range) under heavy fog (HF). The performance of the system was also demonstrated based on actual meteorological data for two different cities, Alexandria, Egypt and Chandigarh, India, with different visibility ranges and geographical locations. Since Alexandria has a longer visibility range than Chandigarh, our proposed model could spread over a larger area than it could be in Chandigarh. The obtained ranges were within an acceptable bit error rate (BER) of less than 10−9. The system’s maximum range was 1200 m for Alexandria and 1100 m for Chandigarh. The proposed model can be suggested for use in next generation (NG) passive optical networks (PON) for supporting symmetric 40 Gb/s data.

This paper proposes a new cipher image transmission system in free space optics system (FSO). A secure and effective image cryptosystem algorithm based on the Choquet fuzzy integral (CFI) technique and the integer wavelet transform is utilized. Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the efficacy of encrypted images against different attacks. The pixel correlation coefficient is found to be quite small for horizontally, vertically, and diagonally in the ranges $2.0557\times {10}^{-4}$ to 0.00057, $9.0256\times {10}^{-4}$ to 0.0045, and 0.00035 to 0.00342, respectively. Additionally, the information entropy of the encrypted image is found to be within the range of 7.9991:7.9972, which is very close to the ideal value of 8. As for the unified average changing intensity (UACI) and the number of pixel change rate (NPCR) metrics, they are in the ranges 33.46 to 33.42 and 99.58 to 99.63, respectively, which are also very close to the optimum values. Median and high pass filters are employed for further enhancing the received decrypted image. Different fog conditions are considered during the transmission of the encrypted image over FSO channel. The signal to noise ratio (SNR), FSO propagation range, and structured similarity index method (SSIM) are metrics used for performance evaluation. The results indicate that images transmitted with ciphering exhibit better performance than plain images. The maximum FSO spans over which the image can propagate in the channel while maintaining good quality are 1790 m, 1198 m, and 947 m under light fog (LF), medium fog (MF), and heavy fog (HF), respectively. In contrast, these ranges extend to 1798 m (LF), 1206 m (MF), and 953 m (HF) with good visual quality when ciphered images are transmitted. Furthermore, the employed enhancement technique demonstrates improvements in SNR and SSIM values for the received images. For instance, when the original image is transmitted in an FSO channel affected by MF, the SNR is −21 dB. This value significantly improves to 12.6 dB when median and high pass filters are applied for enhancement. In addition, the SSIM value goes from 0.18 for the original image to 0.29 when enhancement techniques like median and high pass filters are used at a 1206 m FSO range in MF weather. Consequently, the proposed encrypted image transfer improves image quality. This advancement can be attributed to the CFI encryption algorithm’s rigorous security mechanisms, which assure data safety as it travels through the atmosphere.

This article proposes a novel 2 × 4 × 10 Gbps hybrid multi-mode-fiber (MMF) free-space optics-communication (FSOC) system based on integrating two multiplexing techniques; polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) and mode-division-multiplexing (MDM). Two polarization states are used, each of these states carries four different Hermite Gaussian (HG) modes while each HG modes carries 10 Gbps data. Performance analysis is investigated by considering fixed length of MMF cable and varying FSOC range in absence and presence of different atmospheric turbulences (weak turbulence (WT) and strong turbulence (ST)). Additionally, it is evaluated also by taking a fixed range for FSO link and considering ideal scintillation with different MMF lengths. Moreover, it is investigated under rainy weather of Alexandria city in Egypt, Pune city in India, and Jeddah city in the Kingdom-of-Saudi-Arabia (KSA). The link distance, beam-angle, eye-diagrams, and bit-error-rate are the parameters that used for evaluating the system's performance. The results after simulating model using optisystem reveal 80 Gbps overall transmission capacity at 1500 m (100 m MMF + 1400 m FSO link) in the presence of ST, while for fixed FSO link (100 m), the achievable transmission is 350 m. The overall ranges of 1300 m, 1200 m, and 1600 m are achieved for Alexandria, Pune, and Jeddah.

For capacity enhancement of free space optics (FSO) communication, a new model based on using four Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams, each carries four different users use optical code division multiplexing (OCDMA) techniques, is proposed. Additionally, the permutation vector (PV) codes that have zero cross correlation with direct detection (DD) technique are assigned to the OCDMA system. Each user carries 10 Gbps information data, so the overall capacity is 4 LG beams × 4 users (OCDMA) × 10 Gbps = 160 Gbps. Furthermore, the proposed model is simulated under the effects of different attenuations caused by different weather conditions and the performance is studied. The conducted results reveal successful transmission of 13 km under clear air (CA), 1.75 km under heavy haze (HH), 1.1 km under heavy rain (HR), and 0.9 km under heavy fog (HF) with an overall system capacity of 160 Gbps. These results were obtained with an acceptable log bit error rate (BER) less than −9 and quality (Q)-factor nearly 6.

A novel 120 Gbps free space optics (FSO) transmission scheme is introduced by combining orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed signals with spectral amplitude coded (SAC)-optical code division multiplexing access (OCDMA) technique. Four OAM beams, each carrying three independent channels with 10 Gbps data rate, are used for increasing the capacity of the FSO system to 120 Gbps. Enhanced double weight (EDW) codes are employed for the SAC-OCDMA system. The proposed system is simulated and its performance is compared for the twelve channels under different weather conditions including clear air (CA), varying levels of rain, haze and fog conditions. The obtained results reveal that longer propagation distances between transmitter and receiver are possible with a bit error rate (BER) of ∼ 10-5. The possible distances are, respectively, 300 m, 160 m, 200 m, and 150 m, under CA, heavy rain (HR), heavy haze (HH), and heavy fog (HF), with a system capacity of 120 Gbps.

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are among the most damaging tree pests globally. Rising temperatures, drought, fire, storms, cyclones, and poor forest management cause stress and loss of vigour in trees, and these conditions favour bark beetle outbreaks. While research has been conducted on push–pull strategies to deter bark beetles, using attractive and deterrent semiochemicals, the potential of this strategy to reduce bark beetle populations, particularly in the genera Dendroctonus and Ips, remains uncertain. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 52 research articles to quantify the effects of semiochemical treatments on managing different species of Dendroctonus and Ips for forest protection. Based on this analysis, we found that push–pull semiochemicals can significantly reduce Dendroctonus and Ips populations measured by a reduction in the attraction to lure/trap catches, tree mortality, and attacks on trees. The overall efficacy of the push–pull semiochemical treatment shows a 66% reduction for Ips compared to control and a 54% reduction compared to control for Dendroctonus, while, at the species level, there was a 69% reduction for Dendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins) and a 94% reduction in Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff), and a 93% reduction in Ips latidens (LeConte). Interestingly, among different treatment sources, the efficacy of conspecific semiochemicals in combination with heterospecific semiochemicals and non-host volatiles showed a 92% reduction in Dendroctonus spp., and conspecific semiochemicals in combination with non-host volatiles showed a 77% significant reduction in Ips spp., while the efficacy of heterospecific semiochemicals in reducing Ips population was about 69%, and 20% in Dendroctonus. Among different ecological regions, the use of a push–pull strategy showed a 70% reduction in Dendroctonus in central-west North America, and Ips showed a 75% reduction in southwest North America. Our results demonstrate that semiochemical-based push–pull techniques have the potential to reduce Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetle populations. Furthermore, based on our analysis, the efficacy of such eco-friendly interventions could be further improved and provide a good tool for forest managers to control these pests, at least under some circumstances.

Objective: To identify the relationship between interleukin (IL)-15 levels and sarcopenia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients who have received antiretroviral therapy. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design with 70 participants conducted from January to March 2021. All the participants were assessed for sarcopenia and the IL-15 levels. Sarcopenia was established based on the the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria. Plasma IL-15 was determined. This analysis was carried out by means of 2×2 tabulation and the statistical test used is Chi-square. Results: Seventy patients received antiretroviral therapy >6 months and showed a good clinical response. Among them, 36 (51.4%) took zidovudine-based antiretroviral therapy with a median duration of illness of 5 years. The proportion of sarcopenia in patients with HIV infection was 32.9%. The median CD4 cell count was 395.5 cells/L (range: 203-937 cells/L). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age>50 years (aOR 8.3, 95% CI 1.6-44.5), underweight (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 1.5-40.5), IL-15≥150.5 ng/L (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.3-19.0) and female (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 1.2-18.3 were significant and independent adverse predictors of sarcopenia in subjects with HIV infection. Conclusions: There is an association between high levels of IL-15 and sarcopenia in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy for more than 6 months with good clinical response.

The role of nanofluids in the development of many electronic devices at the industrial level is very significant. This investigation describes the thermal exploration for a bioconvective flow of Maxwell nanoparticles over stretching and revolving the cylinder placed in a porous medium. The fluid flow is in contact with chemically reactive activation energy. The swirling flow is induced by the stretching rotary cylinder. The magnetic effect of constant strength B0 is practiced to the flow system in combination with thermally radiative effects and a heat source/sink for controlling the thermal effects upon the flow system. The thermophoretic and Brownian motion characteristics, due to the nanofluid flow, are captured by implementing the Buongiorno model. The central focus of this study is to explore the thermal and mass transfer for the flow problem accompanied by motile microorganisms. The governing equations have been converted to the dimensionless form with similar variables, and the homotopy analysis method (HAM) has then been applied for solution. It has been concluded in this investigation that fluid flow decays for escalation in the Maxwell, porosity, and magnetic parameters, and Forchheimer and bioconvection Rayleigh numbers, while upsurges with the augmenting values of the Buoyancy factor. With the increasing values of the Brownian number, thermophoretic and radiation factors upsurge the thermal profiles and decline the concentration profiles. Moreover, the density of motile microorganisms declines with the expansion in the Peclet number. The range for η is taken from 0 to seven to get the convergence of the graph.

The focus of functional data analysis has been mostly on independent functional observations. It is therefore hoped that the present contribution will provide an informative account of a useful approach that merges the ideas of the ergodic theory and the functional data analysis by using the local linear approach. More precisely, we aim, in this paper, to estimate the conditional distribution function (CDF) of a scalar response variable given a random variable taking values in a semimetric space. Under the ergodicity assumption, we study the uniform almost complete convergence (with a rate), as well as the asymptotic normality of the constructed estimator. The relevance of the proposed estimator is verified through a simulation study.

Abstract Background Accurate staging and proper management of axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) in breast cancer patients are important for treatment. Surgical management of the axilla has evolved greatly in the last 20 years. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), which was first investigated in the early 1990s, has replaced routine axillary lymph node dissection. This study evaluates the capability of using an ultrasound (US) as an alternative tool for the frozen section in the assessment of the ex vivo sentinel lymph node biopsy in countries with limited resources. Results The study is a prospective study that included 216 female patients with early breast cancer and negative axillary lymph nodes. All excised lymph nodes were examined by the intraoperative US and frozen section examinations. All the results were correlated with the final histopathological results. The number of negative nodes by US, frozen, and paraffin section examination was 58.30%, 69.40%, and 69.40%, respectively. The number of positive nodes by the US, frozen, and paraffin section examinations was 41.70%, 30.60%, and 30.60% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of US in the detection of positive lymph nodes were 95.45%, 82%, 70%, 97.62%, and 86.11%, respectively, and the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of frozen examination in the detection of positive lymph nodes were 90.91%, 96%, 90.91%, 96%, and 94.44%, respectively. Conclusion Intraoperative US is a good negative test in the assessment of ex vivo SLNB, but it is not a good positive test, so it cannot replace the intraoperative frozen section in the assessment of SLNs.

A novel free space optics (FSO) system is introduced in this article by combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) to be implemented in 5G technology and smart cities. Enhanced double-weight (EDW) codes are used as signature codes, while for the detection technique, single photodiode detection (SPD) is applied for the SAC-OCDMA system. OFDM with a four-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) scheme is assigned to the three users in the SAC-OCDMA system, each carrying 15 Gbps. Adverse weather conditions, such as clear, fog, haze, rain, and dust storm, that affect the FSO channel are considered. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of log of bit error rate and received power at different propagation distances. The simulation results show successful transmission of 3 × 15 Gbps with a propagation range of 3.45 km under clear air and 1.316, 1.045, and 0.7 km under rain conditions (light, medium, and heavy rain) with a received power of −12.6 dBm. As for haze conditions, the range and received power are 2.391 km with −13 dBm for low haze, 1.591 km with −12.7 dBm for medium haze, and 1.025 km with −12.6 dBm for heavy haze. The range is reduced and becomes 1.085, 0.784, and 0.645 km under fog conditions (light, medium, and heavy fog) with −12.6 dBm received power. Furthermore, the system achieved a range of 0.681, 0.232, and 0.102 km under dust conditions (light, medium, and heavy dust) with a received power of −16 dBm.

The need for a high-speed transmission network has become essential due to the exponential increase in traffic. In this paper, a free-space-optics (FSO) link modelled by integrating two multiplexing techniques, i.e., spectral amplitude coding-optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) using zero cross correlation (ZCC) codes and polarization division multiplexing (PDM), is proposed. On the X-polarization (XPolar) state, three users with three different ZCC codes are transmitted. In addition, another three users with the same ZCC codes are transmitted on the Y-polarization (YPolar) state. Each user carries 20 Gbps of information. Weather conditions, such as clear, fog, and snowfall, are considered when assessing the efficacy of our suggested model. The results exhibit 120 Gbps transmission at 10 km under clear weather. For foggy weather, the propagation range varies from 1.6 km to 0.76 km according to the density of the fog. Moreover, the system can transport information up to 1.2 km during wet snowfall, though this range decreases to 0.26 km under dry snowfall showing that the highest attenuation is caused by dry snowfall weather conditions. The achieved ranges are obtained with a bit error rate ≤10−9 and Q-factor greater than 6. Consequently, this proposed FSO model is suggested for use in 5G and 6G high speed transmission networks.

Abstract Background The main objective of this work aimed to investigate the impact of incorporation apricot seed kernel (ASK) in rabbit rations on their digestion coefficients, nutritive values, performance, carcass characteristics, and blood constituents (hematology and biochemistry). Method Forty-five New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 5–6 weeks (730 ± 23 g) were divided into five groups (9 rabbit in each group) for 72 days. The first experimental ration considered the control (R1) that not contained apricot seed kernel (0% ASK). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th experimental rations contained 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 % for R2, R3, R4, and R5, respectively. Results ASK had no significant effect on the nutrient digestibility except for EE and nutritive values. Incorporating ASK at different levels significantly (P < 0.05) increased average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ASK at different levels had no effect on both digestive tract and head weights, while giblets and carcass weights were increased (P < 0.05) compared to the control (R1). Rations contained ASK with level 0.75, 1.5, and 3% were significantly (P < 0.05) increased crude protein content of best 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs. Meanwhile, R2, R3, and R4 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ether extract content of best 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs. Inclusion ASK had no significant difference on red blood cell count (RBCs), white blood cell count (WBCs), packed cell volume percentages (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). However, levels of ASK (0.75, 1.5 and 3%) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased eosinophils. Both basophiles and lymphocytes counts were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with ASK (R4). ASK had no significant effect on total protein, albumin, ALT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine. Meanwhile, rabbits received ration contained 4.5% ASK (R5) significantly (P < 0.05) increased total globulins and AST contents. Conclusion From the data obtained and under the same condition for this study, it can be concluded that, apricot seed kernel can be used safety as an alternative source of protein used to rates reach up to 4.5% without adverse effects on growth rates, feed consumption, digestion coefficients, nutritive values, carcass characteristics, and blood constituents.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract as an adjunct treatment on lead acetate induced hepato- nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Methods: Thirty-six male New Zealand White rabbits were assigned into two main groups. The first group (14 rabbits) served as normal control. The secondgroup (22 rabbits) was administered orally with lead acetate at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the 4th and the 8th week of treatment, 6 animals (3 animals at each period) of the second group were sacrificed while the remaining animals (16 rabbits) were assigned randomly into 2 subgroups (8 rabbits each): treated and non-treated. The first subgroup was orally given 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline for further 4 weeks while the second subgroup was administered orally with Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day for the same period. Blood samples were collected to determine hematological and serum biochemical indices. Tissue specimens were collected from the liver and kidney for evaluation of the oxidant/antioxidant markers and for histopathological examinations. Results: Lead acetate exposure decreased the mean body weight gain, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and lymphocytes count. Moreover, it markedly increased counts of monocytes and platelets, serum enzyme activity, levels of creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Malondialdehyde level was markedly increased while the reduced glutathione content was significantly decreased in liver tissue of lead intoxicated-rabbits. Histopathological alterations were also noticed in the liver and kidney of lead intoxicated rabbits. Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract significantly improved hematological and serum biochemical parameters and histopathological structure of the liver and kidney. Conclusions: Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract ameliorates hemato-biochemical and histopathological alterations caused by lead acetate and improveshepatic and renal functions.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) became in recent years a promising implement for cell therapies. Our study described the isolation and characterization of liver mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs). We isolated LMSCs from the rabbit liver tissue from two groups: 20th day's old fetuses and 4 days-old kittens. LMSCs were characterized by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Flow cytometry of the isolated LMSCs showed variable expression of the cluster of differentiation markers (CD) including, CD105, CD106, CD11b, CD38, CD63, CD9, and CD14. Fetal liver isolated LMSCs showed expression of CD105, CD106, CD9, and CD63 but no expression of CD14, CD11b, and CD38 was observed. Absolute expression of LMSCs was performed by qRT-PCR analysis to detect cytoskeleton genes including, vimentin, nestin, and desmin in the experimental groups. In vivo localization of stem cell markers such as CD105 (Endoglin), vimentin, and desmin was also distinguished in fetal and neonatal liver tissues using IHC.

This paper presents a novel 160 Gbps free space optics (FSO) communication system for 6G applications. Polarization division multiplexing (PDM) is integrated with an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique to form a PDM-OCDMA hybrid. There are two polarization states: one is X-polarization generated from adjusting the azimuthal angle of a light source at 0° while the other is Y-polarization which is generated by adjusting the azimuthal angle of a light source at 90°. Each polarization state is used for the transmission of four independent users. Each channel is assigned by permutation vector (PV) codes and carries 20 Gbps data. Four different weather conditions are considered for evaluating the performance of our proposed model. These weather conditions are clear air (CA), foggy conditions (low fog (LF), medium fog (MF), and heavy fog (HF)), dust storms (low dust storm (LD), moderate dust storm (MD), heavy dust storm (HD)), and snowfall (wet snow (WS) and dry snow (DS)). Bit error rate (BER), Q-factors, maximum propagation range, channel capacity, and eye diagrams are used for evaluating the performance of the proposed model. Simulation results assure successful transmission of 160 Gbps overall capacity for eight channels. The longest FSO range is 7 km which occurred under CA while the minimum is achieved under HD, which is 0.112 km due to large attenuation caused by HD. Within fog conditions, the maximum propagation distances are 1.525 km in LF, 1.05 km in MF, and 0.85 km in HF. Likewise, under WS and DS, the proposed system can support transmission distances of 1.15 km and 0.28 km, respectively. All these transmission distances are achieved at BER less than 10−5.

This paper introduces a novel free space optics (FSO) communication system for future-generation high-speed networks. The proposed system integrates orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique. Two OAM beams are used (LG0,0 and LG0,10), each of which is used for transmitting three independent channels. Each channel is assigned by fixed right shift (FRS) codes and carries 10 Gbps of information data. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated under different foggy and dust storm conditions. Furthermore, the performance of two cities with different geographical locations, Alexandria city in Egypt and Srinagar city in India, is investigated to demonstrate its ability to be implemented in future generations. Bit error rate (BER), eye diagrams, received optical power (ROP), and channel capacity are used for studying the performance of the proposed system. The observed simulation results show successful transmission of 60 Gbps overall capacity with the longest propagation FSO range for Alexandria city, which is 1400 m. Because dust storms have a large attenuation when compared to different foggy conditions, the proposed model had the shortest propagation range of 315 m under low dust (LD), 105 m under moderate dust (MD), and 40 m under heavy dust (HD). Furthermore, the cloudy weather conditions that affect Srinagar city, which is considered a hilly area, make our suggested model achieve 1000 m.

Objectives To evaluate urinary tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (uTWEAK) levels as well as renal fibroblast growth factor-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14) expression by immunohistochemistry in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to assess the possible role of TWEAK level as an indicator of lupus nephritis (LN) and its relation to disease activity as well as pathological LN classification. Patients and methods Urinary levels of TWEAK using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemical and immunological markers of SLE were measured in 30 patients with SLE and 15 age-matched and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. Patients with SLE were divided into two subgroups: 15 patients with LN and 15 without LN. Disease activity was assessed using systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). Fn14 was examined in renal biopsies from LN group by immunohistochemistry. Results A significantly higher uTWEAK level was found in patients having SLE with LN compared with those without LN and controls (F=149.2, P

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential possibility of crude larval and recombinant (rHcp26/23) antigens of Haemonchus contortus for immunization to control sheep hemonchosis. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 lambs were divided into five groups. Lambs were immunized with larval and recombinant (rHcp26/23) proteins at day 0 and day 14 and after that challenged with 5000 infective larvae of H. contortus on day 42. An unvaccinated positive control group was challenged with L3 in the meantime. An unvaccinated negative control group was not challenged. Results: Fecal egg count reduction taking after challenge for rHcp26/23 and larval antigens was 92.2% and 38.2%, respectively, compared with the positive control group. Vaccine incited protection in rHcp26/23 and larval immunization was reflected in significant (p

Introduction: Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer related deaths. Based on insight into immune system/cancer interactions, cancer immunotherapy strategies have been developed. Of these strategies, immune checkpoints regulators are among the most important. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is one of the 2 ligands of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1); an important immune checkpoint regulator. Clinical trials using PD-L1 antibodies have shown efficacy in various cancers. Some of these antibodies have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for clinical use. Aim: Detection of Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of PD-L1 by Tumour Cells (TC) and stromal Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) in female BC, as well as, correlation of this expression with the pathologic parameters of the tumours. Materials and Methods: One hundred BC tissue sections were collected from mastectomy specimens. IHC expression of PD-L1 was investigated in TC and TILs. Correlation of PD-L1 expression with the tumours pathologic parameters was performed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) Software program, version 25.0. Results: TC PD-L1 expression was detected in 61% of cases and showed statistically significant correlation with higher tumour grade, higher prognostic stage, Estrogen receptor negativity, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Type 2 (HER2) enriched molecular subtype and LVI (p-value

Background: Albuminuria showed to be a deteriorating condition in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) associated with high morbidity and mortality. A need for a novel marker for early detection of DKD development and progression becomes mandating. Objective: To study the clinical value of urinary podocin as an early marker of diabetic kidney disease and its association with severity of the disease. Patients and Methods: This study included 45 individuals with type 2 DM whose GFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , recruited from Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Patients were further divided into three groups according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). In addition to, ten healthy volunteers serving as the control group was enrolled in the study. Routine chemistry including serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, albumin, lipid profile, urine analysis, ACR and urinary podocin quantification were conducted for all participants (by ELISA method). Results: Podocin was higher in patients with ACR

BACKGROUND:Several influential aspects of survey research have been under-investigated and there is a lack of guidance on reporting survey studies, especially web-based projects. In this review, we aim to investigate the reporting practices and quality of both web- and non-web-based survey studies to enhance the quality of reporting medical evidence that is derived from survey studies and to maximize the efficiency of its consumption. METHODS:Reporting practices and quality of 100 random web- and 100 random non-web-based articles published from 2004 to 2016 were assessed using the SUrvey Reporting GuidelinE (SURGE). The CHERRIES guideline was also used to assess the reporting quality of Web-based studies. RESULTS:Our results revealed a potential gap in the reporting of many necessary checklist items in both web-based and non-web-based survey studies including development, description and testing of the questionnaire, the advertisement and administration of the questionnaire, sample representativeness and response rates, incentives, informed consent, and methods of statistical analysis. CONCLUSION:Our findings confirm the presence of major discrepancies in reporting results of survey-based studies. This can be attributed to the lack of availability of updated universal checklists for quality of reporting standards. We have summarized our findings in a table that may serve as a roadmap for future guidelines and checklists, which will hopefully include all types and all aspects of survey research.

Objective: To evaluate the synergetic effect of an ethanolic extract of Egyptian propolis in immunization of BALB/c mice with Taenia saginata (T. saginata) crude antigen against bovine cysticercosis, with reference to its effects on liver and kidney functions. Methods: Sixty female mice BALB/c strain weighing 20 to 25 g and 6-8 weeks old were randomly allocated into six groups of ten mice each. Mice in groups 1 and 2 (G1 and G2) were immunized intraperitoneally with 100 µg of T. saginata crude antigen in 100 µL phosphate buffer saline emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Besides, the mice in G2 were administered with propolis extract simultaneously with immunization. Control mice were either administered with propolis extract (G3) or injected with the same volume of phosphate buffer saline emulsified in Freund's adjuvant (G4). The mice in G5 were non-immunized infected control while, those in G6 were non-immunized non-infected control. Two weeks after the last immunization, each mouse was challenged intraperitoneally with 5 000 oncospheres except those of G6. Ethanolic extract of propolis was prepared at a dose 50 mg/kg body weight. Results: After 24 weeks of challenge, the mice in G2 showed the highest level of protection (100%), with no cyst being detected rather than mice in G1 (33.3% protection). Additionally, the ELISA results, in this study, showed higher antibody titer in G2 with reduction the alteration in liver and kidney functions compared to G1. Conclusions: Egyptian propolis could increase the level of protection against experimental challenge infection with T. saginata eggs when administered simultaneously with immunization. Furthermore, it could enhance the production of antibodies to immunized antigen and decrease the alteration in liver and kidney functions.