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This study aimed at assessing the quality of raw milk from the local traditional dairy farm and outlet market in Togo. The samples were collected around the Sokode district in a random dairy farms (n=10) and the local milk markets (n=10). Milk samples were withdrawn from 10 cows per farm and one retailer per market. The samples were screened for total germs, coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus using microbiological culture methods. The three pathogenic bacteria evidenced were E. coli (farm: 89% vs market: 40%; χ 2 = 52.43; p = 0.001), Mycobacterium spp. (farm : 2% vs market: 00%; χ 2 = 2.02, p = 0.25) and Staphylococcus spp. (farm : 7% vs market: 10%; χ 2 = 4.69, p = 0.032). The global contaminations levels in CFU/mL by E. coli, Mycobacterium spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were 5.80 103 ± 1.87 103 , 3.45 ± 2.45, and 5.34 101 ± 1.14, respectively. All milk samples were not compliant with quality rules based on total germs and coliforms. It could be concluded that milking routine and raw milk hygiene remain a challenge in Togo and regular control from National Health Laboratory should be set up in that area&nbsp

The effects of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control in high tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) challenge and trypanocidal drug resistance settings remain poorly understood in Togo owing to poor data coverage on the current disease impact. From March 2014 to November 2017, a database of zoo-sanitary surveys integrating the evolution of disease incidence and intervention coverage made it possible to quantify the apparent effects attributable to the control effort, focused on all sedentary cattle breeds in the 1,000 km² area of Mô in Togo. The strategy involved an initial phase with cross-sectional entomological and parasitological. Then, three times a year, 20% of the bovine animals of the study area received α-cypermethrin pour-on, and infected cattle with poor health (798 cattle in 2014 and 358 in 2017) were individually given diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg of body weight. The tsetse density in the area decreased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.37 in March 2014 before the α-cypermethrin application to 0.48 ± 0.07 in February 2017. The α-cypermethrin pour-on application and diminazene aceturate treatment of cattle led to the largest reduction in disease incidence, from 28.1% in 2014 to 7.8% in 2017, an improvement in hematocrit from 24.27 ± 4.9% to 27.5 ± 4.6%, and a reduction in calf mortality from 15.9 ± 11% to 5.9%. Improved access to these interventions for different types of livestock and maintaining their effectiveness, despite high tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) challenges, should be the primary focus of control strategies in many areas of Togo.

Objectives: the overall objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum infection in the three foci of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) (Boffa, Dubreka and Forecariah) in coastal Guinea using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Methodology and results: DNA from blood samples was extracted and amplified using pf1/2 primers. A total of 1001 individuals were included. The population was predominantly male (57.34 %) and female (42.66%) with a sex ratio of 1.34. The mean age of the study population was 34 ± 16.5 years. The overall molecular prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 17.78 % (178/1001). In the three HAT foci, the prevalences were 10.37 % (31/299) in Boffa, 20.12 % (99/492) in Dubreka and 22.86 % (48/210) in Forecariah. Women (71/178 or 39.89 %) were significantly less infected than men (107/178 or 60.11 %) (p-value = 0.0013).Conclusion and application of results: These results showed the positive PCR results in the three HAT foci. The diagnosis of malaria could be improved by using PCR to determine the true extent of the disease, but this test is higher cost comparing to classical methods. The malaria/HAT co-infection in this coastal area could be a factor of aggravation of the sleeping sickness, and should be taken into account by the HAT control programme in Guinea. Objectifs : l’objectif général de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l’infection à Plasmodium (P.) falciparum dans les trois foyers de trypanosomiase humaine africaine (THA) (Boffa, Dubréka et Forécariah) en Guinée côtière en utilisant la réaction d’amplification en chaîne (PCR).Méthodologie et résultats : l’ADN des échantillons de sang a été extrait et amplifié en utilisant les amorces pf1/2. Au total, 1001 individus ont été inclus. La population était constituée essentiellement de 57,34 % d’hommes et de 42,66 % de femmes, soit un sexe ratio H/F de 1,34. L’âge moyen de la population d’étude était de 34 ans ± 16,5. La prévalence moléculaire globale de l’infection à P. falciparum était de 17,78 % (178/1001). Dans les trois foyers de THA, les prévalences ont été de 10,37 % (31/299) à Boffa, de 20,12 % (99/492) à Dubréka et de 22,86 % (48/210) à Forécariah. Les femmes (71/178 soit 39,89 %) étaient moins infectées que les hommes (107/178 soit 60,11 %) (p-value = 0,0013).Conclusion et application des résultats : Nos résultats ont montré des résultats positifs de la PCR dans les trois foyers de THA. Le diagnostic du paludisme pourrait être amélioré en utilisant la PCR pour déterminer l’étendue réelle de la maladie, mais ce test est plus coûteux que les méthodes classiques. La co-infection paludisme/THA dans cette zone côtière pourrait être un facteur d'aggravation de la maladie du sommeil, et devrait être prise en compte par le programme de lutte contre la THA en Guinée.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Map (study area) of the origins of Djallonk�� sheep sub-populations.

Background Continued post-elimination monitoring is required to ensure sustainability of zero transmission of human African trypanosomosis (HAT) and to avoid re-emergence caused by potential remaining Trypanosoma brucei gambiense reservoirs (animal and/or human). Until now, no tool is able to attest or validate elimination. Increasingly, the serological immune trypanolysis test is being implemented in the decision algorithms to characterise parasitological unconfirmed CATT or RDT seropositive subjects. Therefore, we wanted to assess further the high specificity of immune trypanolysis. Methods We first tested samples from domestic animals from a tsetse-infested area in Ethiopia, a country where no T. b. gambiense exists, but where bovine trypanosomosis is prevalent. Then, we tested cattle and human samples from the south-west of Burkina Faso, a historical focus of gambiense HAT that still shelters tsetse flies populations and animal trypanosomosis. Lastly, we were interested in testing human samples from active foci in Cote d9Ivoire and Guinea. Results Our results showed zero trypanolysis-positive animals from Ethiopia while in the historical HAT foci in Burkina Faso, 4.89% (14/286) of cattle were trypanolysis-positive. In humans, zero samples over 729 were trypanolysis-positive in Burkina Faso, while the percentage of positives was 3.77% (44/1166) in Guinea, including 7 new cases diagnosed during the sampling and 1.3% in Cote d9Ivoire (8/598). Conclusions Considering results from this study, we think that trypanolysis test, confirmed to be a very specific test in human, can be a tool able to certify HAT elimination in a given area. It also suggests that the risk of the reintroduction of T. b. gambiense in Burkina Faso is real, especially in the south-west which shelters a high density of tsetse populations, in addition to the possible presence of T. b. gambiens e in domestic animals. However, further studies on the specificity of the trypanolysis test regarding T. b. gambiense in animals should be conducted.