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Les documents qui accompagnent la naissance et le développement du commerce en Occident entre le Moyen Âge et la première époque moderne trouvent leurs racines au moment où débute, à partir de l’an Mil, le lent processus de transition vers une société urbaine rénovée et une économie d’échanges et de marché. Les bases d’un ensemble intégré de trafics sont alors posées : commerce local et international, de grossiste ou de détail, financement d’industries et opérations de change, etc. Au cours des époques médiévale et moderne, marchandises et capital ont été les principaux facteurs de développement d’un ensemble d’affaires trop variées pour pouvoir être gérées autrement qu’à travers un complexe réseau d’échanges et d’associations. Celui-ci était fondé sur des écrits provenant de milieux de production divers et appelait une diversification typologique que l’on retrouvait un peu partout, mais dont la traduction documentaire variait d’une aire géographique à une autre en fonction des produits et du rôle tenu par chacun des acteurs économiques. Lors de son congrès de Rome de 2015, la Commission internationale de diplomatique a choisi de reparcourir cette vaste fresque historique afin de revenir sur quelques notions générales et fondamentales, parmi lesquelles la valeur juridico-commerciale du document commercial en lui-même et sa circulation dans un marché aux frontières sans cesse dilatées.

Les premières sources écrites de Hongrie remontent à l’époque de la formation du Royaume de Hongrie au tournant du premier millénaire. Pendant 200 ans, elles restent rares à cause des destructions produites par l’invasion des Mongols (1241-1242) et aussi parce que l’épanouissement complet de l’écriture ne s’accomplit qu’au XIIIe siècle, parallèlement au développement de l’État et de la société. Toutefois, les sources linguistiques et historiques relatives au commerce sont extrêmement variées. Ces documents traitent des questions du commerce, en particulier l’organisation des marchés et des foires, de la perception des douanes, de la provision des privilèges commerciaux, de la consommation de produits, de l’exportation et des recours au crédit. La majorité des sources sont émises par la cour royale (lois, chartes, contrats), ce qui est dû à l’absence d’institution notariale et au fait que l’écriture urbaine ne commencera qu’au milieu du XIIIe siècle. The first written sources of Hungary go back to the turn of the first millennium when the Kingdom of Hungary was established. During 200 years, they remained rather rares because of the destruction produced by the Tatar-Mongol invasion (1241-1242) and also because literacy got fully developed only by the XIIIth century, in parallel with the development of the State and society. However, the linguistic and historical sources related to trade are extremely varied. These documents deal with commercial issues, in particular with the organisation of markets and fairs, the collection of customs duties, the provision of trade privileges, the consumption of products, export and the provision and use of credit. The majority of sources were issued by the royal court (laws, charters, contracts), which is due to the absence of the institution of the notary public, and also to the fact that urban literacy started only in the middle of the XIIIth century.

OBJECTIVE: Transsylvian selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy (tsSAHE) represents a generally recognized surgical procedure for drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Although postoperative seizure freedom can be achieved in about 70% of tsSAHE, there is a considerable amount of patients with persisting postoperative seizures. This might partly be explained by differing extents of resection of various tsSAHE target volumes. In this study we analyzed the resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala as well as piriform cortex in regard of postoperative seizure outcome.METHODS: Between 2012 and 2017, 82 of 103 patients with mTLE who underwent tsSAHE at the authors' institution were included in the analysis. Resected proportions of hippocampus, amygdala and temporal piriform cortex as target structures of tsSAHE were volumetrically assessed and stratified according to favorable (International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class 1) and unfavorable (ILAE class 2-6) seizure outcome.RESULTS: Patients with favorable seizure outcome revealed a significantly larger proportion of resected temporal piriform cortex volumes compared to patients with unfavorable seizure outcome (median resected proportional volumes were 51% (IQR 42-61) versus (vs.) 13 (IQR 11-18), P = 0.0001). Resected proportions of hippocampus and amygdala did not significantly differ for these groups (hippocampus: 81% (IQR 73-88) vs. 80% (IQR 74-92) (P = 0.7); amygdala: 100% (IQR 100-100) vs. 100% (IQR 100-100) (P = 0.7)).INTERPRETATION: These results strongly suggest temporal piriform cortex to constitute a key target resection volume to achieve seizure freedom following tsSAHE.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) involved in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and thrombosis. NETs are regularly found in cerebral thromboemboli. We here analyzed associated HMGB1 expression in human thromboemboli retrieved via mechanical thrombectomy from 37 stroke patients with large vessel occlusion. HMGB1 was detected in all thromboemboli, accounting for 1.7% (IQR 0.6–6.2%) of the total thromboemboli area and was found to be colocalized with neutrophils and NETs and in spatial proximity to platelets. Correlation analysis revealed that the detection of HMGB1 was strongly related to the number of neutrophils (r = 0.58, p = 0.0002) and platelets (r = 0.51, p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate that HMGB1 is a substantial constituent of thromboemboli causing large vessel occlusion stroke.

Objective: Transsylvian selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy (tsSAHE) represents a valid surgical procedure for drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). However, although postoperative seizure freedom can be achieved in about 70% of tsSAHE, there is a considerable amount of patients with[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 71. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), 9. Joint Meeting mit der Japanischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Ischemic stroke caused by thromboembolic occlusion of large cerebral arteries, such as the internal carotid (ICA) and/or the middle cerebral artery (MCA), is treated by mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MT allows salvage of the vessel-occluding thrombemboli, which most frequently originate from the left atrium or the left ventricle of the heart or from sites of plaque rupture within large arteries above the heart. Clot composition may influence the efficacy of (intravenous) thrombolysis and MT, respectively. We analyzed 37 human thrombemboli obtained from acute ischemic stroke patients during MT with special emphasis on histological staining of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We found neutrophils as the main cellular component of cerebral thrombemboli but encountered considerable morphological heterogeneity. Neutrophils accumulated in the border region of fibrin-rich structures indicating possible interaction of neutrophils with distinct structural thrombembolus components. Web-like NETs were found in 35 of 37 thrombemboli in varying amounts. NETs were almost exclusively found within fibrin-rich areas. Importantly, stroke etiology, age and present oral anticoagulation was associated with morphological patterns and the amount of neutrophils. Correlation of histological data and imaging data revealed that relative Hounsfield units of cerebral thrombemboli positively correlated with the amount of red blood cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that neutrophils and NETs are substantial constituents of cerebral thrombemboli and contribute to their structural complexity.