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AbstractAimMethodsResultsConclusionTo enhance cefixime’s effectiveness and address drug delivery challenges like concentration at the site, dose, and time, present study investigated the impact of polymer blends on cefixime’s in vitro release profile.Cefixime-loaded nanoparticles were prepared via a modified solvent evaporation method, forming a W/O/W double emulsion. Characterisation included FT-IR, zeta potential, TGA, TEM, and XRD, with in vitro studies and kinetic models used to analyse the release mechanism.The PH-4 nanoparticle formulation (80:20 PCL/HPMC, 0.5% PVA) achieved an 81% loading rate, no adverse effects, and a controlled release of 84.66%±2.53 over 30 days. It showed stable physicochemical properties, with in vitro antibacterial tests revealing inhibition zones of 27.4 ± 2.12 mm for E. coli and 17.2 ± 2.23 mm for S. aureus at 12 hours.Based on the findings, developed nanoparticulate system containing PCL/HPMC demonstrates its efficacy and safety as a controlled drug delivery method for antibiotics like cefixime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of azilsartan medoxomil solid dispersions utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone to enhance water solubility and dissolution rates. The research involved two preparation methods: solvent evaporation and kneading techniques. Findings reveal that solid dispersions created through the solvent evaporation technique significantly outperform those made by kneading in terms of solubility improvements. Among the various formulations tested, B3, which utilized a drug-to-carrier ratio of 1:0.5 via solvent evaporation, exhibited an impressive four-fold increase in solubility in aqueous environments. The application of solid dispersion technology is anticipated to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of azilsartan medoxomil formulations. Further optimization of the formulation parameters may lead to improved drug delivery systems, ultimately benefiting the management of hypertension and related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is a yellow colored, fat soluble, low molecular weight, natural polyphenolic compound. It is a spice which is derived from the rhizomes of turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). Curcumin shows a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects in drug delivery. Curcumin is the principle curcuminoid of the popular Zingiberaceae family, Indian spice turmeric. Curcumin can exist in at least two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. The enol form is more energetically stable in the solid phase and in solution. It has actively been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, ocular diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, skin disease, infection, chronic inflammation, chronic kidney disease etc. However, due to its weak solubility and bioavailability, it has limited potential as an oral medication. It has low water solubility, poor permeability, instability at alkaline Ph, fast metabolism contributes to curcumin limited oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conducted research study, solubility investigation was performed to elucidate the dissolution rate and behaviour of a drug incorporated within a solid dispersion matrix. The foremost objective was to appraise the impact of formulation parameters on the improvement of drug's solubility, the list of factors influencing the bioavailability. To this end, a systematic series of experiments were undertaken, wherein the drug was co-precipitated with a hydrophilic polymer carrier using various solvent systems and ratios. The resulting solid dispersions were meticulously characterized, employing state-ofthe-art analytical techniques. Subsequently, solubility profiles were generated through equilibrium solubility studies, encompassing a range of pH conditions and temperatures, to comprehensively evaluate the dissolution behaviour of the drug. Based on study, it was concluded that the solubility of Pazopanib Hydrochloride (Pazopanib base) is significantly increased from 0.001 mg/ml to ~8.000 mg/ml. the same was confirmed from the analytical tools. Analytical tools also confirm the conversion of crystalline form to amorphous form. The outcomes of these investigations provide essential insights into the potential utility of solid dispersion systems as a viable strategy for enhancing the solubility and, consequently, the therapeutic efficacy of the drug in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the ignition and combustion performance of boron (B), the B@ potassium perchlorate (KP) composite micro‐units are successfully prepared by recrystallization of solvent evaporation. The morphology and structural composition show that B@KP composite micro‐units are formed by the gentle recrystallization of KP at the heterogeneous interface between B particles and solvents. It is shown by thermal analysis that the initial thermal decomposition temperature of KP is reduced by 49 °C due to the reduction of particle size. In addition, the heat of 420 J/g released by the thermal decomposition of KP is beneficial to the evaporation of the oxide boron (B2O3) film on the surface of B, which reduces the initial oxidation temperature of B by 185 °C and improves the ignition performance of B. Interestingly, the oxygen (O2) released by the thermal decomposition of KP quickly reacts with B to release heat of 3608 J/g, which improves the combustion performance of B. The optimal mass ratio of B to KP is 1: 5, which results in the ignition delay time of 641 ms, a reduction of 19 ms compared to the physical mixed sample. The ignition delay times of other samples are 724 ms, 680 ms and 650 ms respectively, and B could not be ignited successfully. In the combustion process, all samples emit a bright green flame of B combustion, and even a fierce combustion flame like a mushroom cloud appears. In a word, the B@KP composite micro‐units have great potential for application in solid propellants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to increase solubility of ondansetron hydrochloride by preparing co-crystals by co-crystallization method using various co-formers. Co-crystals of ondansetron HCl were prepared using co-formers such as benzoic acid, aspirin, benzamide, para amino benzoic acid (PABA), urea and citric acid by solvent evaporation method. Co-crystals were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM. The solubility of ondansetron co-crystals was significantly higher than that of pure ondansetron HCI. The dissolution rate of co-crystals reported were in the range of 63-99% compared with pure ondansetron HCl i.e., 38.70% within 30 min. The FTIR indicated a shift in the characteristic peaks of the co-crystals but did not suggest any interaction between the co-former and the drug. DSC data indicated a change in the endotherm, resulting in a new melting point of the co-crystals. The XRD spectra demonstrated the presence of different crystalline phases. Besides, SEM demonstrated the formation of different solid phase in presence of co-formers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This current research reports the synthesis and characterization of a cocrystal of Fluconazole (FLU), a widely used antifungal drug, with a nutraceutical coformer (NCF) that has potential health benefits as well as improving its solubility and antifungal activity. Method: The co-crystal was obtained by solvent evaporation in a stoichiometric ratio using three natural coformers: Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and glycerine, and characterized by various analytical techniques, including Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: The cocrystals showed lower heats of fusion (ΔH) compared to pure Fluconazole, indicating the possibility of increased entropy and solubility for all cocrystals. Using the solvent evaporation method with ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and glycine showed significant enhancement of solubility, ranging from 1.06-fold to 4.80-fold, depending on the co-former and different media used. Discussion and Conclusion: The zone of inhibition assay showed that cocrystals of Fluconazole with nutraceuticals (FLU+CAF, FLU+GLY, and FLU+FER) exhibited higher zones of inhibition compared to pure Fluconazole and DMSO control. Solubility and dissolution studies revealed that cocrystals of Fluconazole with nutraceutical coformers could be an effective approach to enhancing the solubility and antifungal activity of Fluconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As solubility plays key role in drug dissolution and bioavailability lots of techniques to enhance solubility are evolved. One of the techniques is co crystallization. The main aim of the work is to enhance the solubility of domperidone by co crystallization using coformers like Para amino benzoic acid and succinic acid. The cocrystals were evaluated for melting point and solubility enhancement. these cocrystals were used to prepare buccal films by solvent casting method. In the preparation of buccal films Tamarind kernel powder obtained from the seeds of Tamarind is used as mucoadhesive polymer and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as film former, Polyethylene glycol 6000 as plasticizer, dehydrated banana powder as super disintegrant, sodium saccharin as sweetener and mixture of ethanol and water as solvents. The mucoadhesive strength of Tamarind kernel powder was determined using modified physical balance method. Four buccal films were prepared in which PDBF1 and PDBF2 are the two buccal films prepared using cocrystals of domperidone and Para amino benzoic acid and other two buccal films SDBF1 and SDBF2 with cocrystals of domperidone and Succinic acid. The buccal films were evaluated for different tests like folding endurance, swelling index and Surface pH. In vitro diffusion studies were conducted by Franz diffusion cell using egg membrane as semipermeable membrane and phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The buccal films prepared with cocrystals of domperidone and succinic acid at weight ratio 1:2 has shown 86%drug release. The work has concluded that there is fold increase in aqueous solubility of Domperidone and the optimized formula is SDBF2 and Tamarind kernel powder can be used as mucoadhesive polymer in novel drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a versatile polymer with various industrial applications, but its recycling process is still far from diffuse adoption. In this study, the purification of CA was confirmed through FTIR analysis, which exhibited characteristic peaks corresponding to cellulose molecules and acetylation. The rheological behavior of regenerated CA demonstrated shear thinning properties, making it suitable for applications requiring viscosity reduction under shear. Oscillation strain and frequency sweep tests revealed the formation of a gel-like network structure in CA solutions due to extensive hydrogen-bonding networks between water and acetone. The evaporation kinetics of acetone from CA films were found to be temperature and thickness-dependent, exhibiting both Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion mechanisms. The diffusion coefficient of acetone in CA films was determined and correlated with film porosity. Mechanical testing indicated comparable strain at rupture and ultimate strength between recycled and commercial CA, while a limited reduction was observed for the elastic modulus. These findings suggest potential applications of recycled CA in packaging and textile sectors, highlighting the importance of further research in optimizing its properties for specific industry requirements.

Background: The bioavailability of the drug is influenced by the solubility of the drug in the biological fluids. Solubility and dissolution are the rate-limiting steps for the absorption and bioavailability of BCS class II drugs. Materials and Methods: In the current work, Efavirenz (EFV) has been selected as a model drug for the development and assessment of Solid Dispersion (SD) by solvent evaporation and fusion methods using sugar-based carriers like xylitol, Sorbitol, lactulose, and one nonsugar carrier surplus. First, the drug was assessed for solubility in various solvents. EFV Solid Dispersions (S.D.s) have been produced by solvent evaporation and fusion at different carrier ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, and 1:3). The prepared SDs were subjected to drug content uniformity, saturation solubility studies, and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: Preformulation investigations, such as FT-IR, proved that the excipient and drug molecules are binding with intermolecular hydrogen bonds. EFV was found to be more soluble in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer than in the other solvents. The saturation solubility of EFV was affected by carrier concentration and %yield, and in vitro drug dissolution studies were performed on the S.D.s. Pure EFV released 54.78% of the drug, whereas SDs by solvent evaporation method released 85.28± 1.84%-100.74±1.69% drug, and SDs prepared by fusion method released 76.65±0.98%-99.28±1.95% of the drug in 60 min. Conclusion: SDs of EFV prepared by solvent evaporation and fusion methods have improved the aqueous solubility of EFV, and, in turn, improved the in vitro drug release, and formulation with 1:1.5 drug-to-carrier ratio has been selected as an optimized formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent evaporation within an adhesive layer is a crucial step during a bonding process. The aim of this current research was to test whether the use of different air temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) for solvent evaporation improves the performance of four adhesive systems to dentin. Sixty non-carious human molar teeth were randomly prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) tests. Four different adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), OptiBond Universal (OBU), OptiBond FL (OBFL), and Clearfil SE (CSE), were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. Three groups based on the air-drying temperature were used: solvent evaporation was performed with either of warm (40 °C), (60 °C), and cold air as control group (20 °C) for 10 s at a distance of 5 cm. In all bonded surfaces, three resin composite (Reflectys, Itena Clinical, Paris, France) layers of 2 mm thickness were built up. The resin–dentin samples were kept in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h and 6 months, respectively, before μTBS testing. Failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy of resin–dentin bonded interface, and solvent evaporation rate were tested as secondary variables. All analyses were conducted using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bond strength (BS) values were similar among all the adhesive systems used (p > 0.05). Also, the aging factor did not affect the BS (p > 0.05). Only the factor of temperature used for solvent evaporation resulted in a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05), with the temperature of 60 °C being the highest value (p < 0.05). A failure mode evaluation revealed mostly adhesive or mixed modes of failures in all the different temperatures of air used for the solvent evaporation of each adhesive system. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the creation of resin tags varied amongst the temperatures evaluated. For all adhesive systems tested, the use of 40 °C or 60 °C air for solvent evaporation led to an increased mass loss. Warmer temperatures for solvent evaporation contributed positively to bonding performance, enhancing both the quality of the adhesive layer and its interaction with the dentin tissue. Optimizing solvent evaporation with warmer air temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C) significantly improved µTBS, offering a practical means to enhance the quality and longevity of adhesive restorations in esthetic dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current work aimed to prepare and characterize Surface-Solid Dispersion (SSD) of Fenofibrate (FNB) in order to improve its solubility and dissolution. Materials and Methods: SSD of FNB has been prepared using solvent evaporation techniques through the combination of hydrophilic polymers such as Aerosil 200, Avicel PH 101, Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG), Crospovidone (CP) and Croscarmellose Sodium (CCS). The produced SSDs were tested for saturation solubility, production yield, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and in vitro dissolution study. Results: PXRD results demonstrated a conversion of the crystalline FNB to an amorphous state when formulated with the carrier, which improved FNB solubility. A decrease in the endothermic peak with respect to FNB in the DSC thermogram of SSD, confirms the loss of crystallinity. Hydrophilic carriers such as Aerosil 200 and CCS at 1:2 (drug: polymer) ratios were found to increase solubility by 3 fold. Conclusion: As a result, the creation of SSD using hydrophilic polymers (Aerosil 200 and CCS) by solvent evaporation seemed to be a novel method that enhanced FNB solubility and dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim in this study was to develop and evaluate a nanofluconazole (FLZ) formulation with increased solubility and permeation rate using nanosuspensions. The FLZ nanosuspensions were stabilized using a variety of stabilizing agents and surfactants in various concentrations. The FLZ nanosuspension was characterized in vitro using particle size, zeta potential, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and solubility. In addition, the ex vivo ocular permeation of FLZ through a goat cornea was analyzed. The results showed that the particle size of all nanosuspension formulations was in the nanometer range from 174.5 ± 1.9 to 720.2 ± 4.77 nm; that of the untreated drug was 18.34 μm. The zeta potential values were acceptable, which indicated suitable stability for formulations. The solubility of the nanosuspensions was up to 5.7-fold higher compared with that of the untreated drug. The results of the ex vivo ocular diffusion of the FLZ nanosuspensions showed the percentage of FLZ penetrating via the goat cornea increased after using Kollicoat to stabilize the nanosuspension formulation. Consequently, when using a nanosuspension formulation of Kollicoat, the antifungal activity of the drug strengthens.

Abstract Background The present study focused on developing a superior adsorbent carrier (microparticles) to solidify the self-emulsifying drug delivery system. The two approaches, solvent evaporation and spray drying, were explored to synthesize the microparticles using chitosan (CH) and EDTA disodium. The 32 full factorial design was applied to optimize the microparticle process produced by both methods. Results The various characterization evaluations of the microparticles revealed amide linkages between the CH and EDTA disodium, and XRD results showed that microparticles were amorphous. The SE-CHEM (C2) and SD-CHEM (Y1) optimized microparticles were free-flowing and had percentage yield (%), 96 ± 1.2 and 58 ± 1.1, zeta potential (mV), 9 ± 0.44 and 4 ± 0.13, and particle size (μm), 3 ± 0.57 and 2 ± 0.4, respectively. SEM images showed uneven surfaces with wide void spaces and flaky texture for optimized microparticles Y1 and C2, respectively. The SE-CHEM (C2) had an oil adsorption capacity (OAC %) of 46 ± 0.54 and 60 ± 0.77, and oil desorption capacity (ODC %), 38 ± 0.65 and 56 ± 0.86, for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. The SD-CHEM (Y1) had an oil adsorption capacity (OAC %) of 59 ± 0.71 and 68 ± 0.39, and oil desorption capacity (ODC %), 54 ± 0.11 and 65 ± 0.74, for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. In the surface free energy components analysis, the SE-CHEM (C2) had an enhanced dispersive component [γ LW (mJ/m2)] of 32 ± 0.68 and 37 ± 0.47 for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. The SD-CHEM (Y1) had an enhanced dispersive component [γ LW (mJ/m2)] of 48 ± 0.7 and 52 ± 0.41 for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. The SE-CHEM (C2) had enhanced dynamic advancing contact angles [θ a (°)] of 75 ± 0.19 and 78 ± 0.75 for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. The SD-CHEM (Y1) had enhanced dynamic advancing contact angles [θ a (°)] of 74 ± 0.6 and 80 ± 0.21 for Labrafac and Cremophor RH 40, respectively. Conclusion All the findings indicate that the microparticles have superior characteristics to serve as the adsorbent base for solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.

A general two-step method combining dip coating and light curing process was used to prepare polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrophilic lubricating coatings on the surface of polyurethane sheets. It was found that the ambient humidity (water vapor) and water content of the coating solution can have a great influence on the lubricating performance of the coating during the preparation of hydrophilic coatings. Compared with the environmental conditions of lower humidity (30%RH), the friction coefficient of the coatings prepared under high humidity (70%RH) decreased significantly, from 0.183 to 0.035 on average. Under the same humidity, changing the proportion of water in the top coating solution, the lubricating properties of the coatings also show great differences. At 30%RH, with the increase of water content in the top coating solution, the average friction coefficient of the coating gradually decreased from 0.183 at 0 wt% water content to 0.043 at 20 wt% water content. When the proportion of water in the solvent exceeds a certain amount, the lubricity of the coating will change in the opposite direction. The evaporation process of top coating solvent under different conditions shows the possible influence of water on the coating lubricating performance during coating preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing the Quality by Design (QbD) approach enables pharmaceutical researchers to effectively reduce the number of experimental tests conducted and the associated time required. This aids in identifying important factors that substantially influence the quality of the goods, including vital material characteristics, formulation factors, and crucial procedure factors. This study aims to integrate the advantageous characteristics of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) and the QbD approach to create an innovative Drug Delivery System (DDS) for treating skin cancers and actinic keratosis. LNPs, known for their high efficacy in the topical treatment of skin diseases, were formulated to address the skin layer's intricate structure and facilitate enhanced absorption. The present investigation employed the QbD methodology to fabricate LNP formulations to enhance the dermal permeation of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a commonly utilized agent for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. The Lipid Nanoparticles containing 5-Fluorouracil (5-FLLNP) were synthesized using the Double Emulsion - Solvent Evaporation (DE-SE) technique. The DE-SE involves a dual-stage procedure encompassing two distinct emulsification steps, thereby introducing a heightened level of complexity to the overall process. The stability of nanoparticles produced through a DE-SE method is uncertain due to the various formulations and process attributes involved. Using a DE-SE technique in producing 5- FLLNP is a viable method for DDS, offering a means to achieve a highquality product through implementing the QbD approach. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have successfully developed an optimal LNP formulation that ensures quality and falls within the designated Design Space (DS). 5- FLLNP formulation exhibited a greater cell viability of 73% compared to the pure 5-FU formulation, which had a cell viability of 68% for A431 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cocrystallization by solvent evaporation was used to enhance the dissolution, physicochemical properties, and bioavailability of nimodipine (NMD). Here, we aimed to develop NMD cocrystals with improved solubility and dissolution. Thereafter, our objective was to check the changes in brain tissue concentrations before and after the cocrystal formation of NMD. Methods: A 32-factor design was used for product optimization by determining the desirability function. Differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm the formation of cocrystals. Results: The saturation solubility study of NMD:SA cocrystals resulted in 9.52 mg/ml, which is 128-fold higher than that of pure NMD (0.074 mg/ml). In vitro dissolution and permeability studies showed an improvement in the percentage of drug release and permeability of NMD from cocrystals as compared to pristine NMD. An in vivo study of oral bioavailability in Wistar rats demonstrated higher plasma and brain tissue concentrations of NMD in the cocrystal form than in the conventional oral suspension. Discussions: The findings of this study showed a positive correlation between nimodipine solubility, improvement in dissolution, and its effect on brain tissue concentration in Wistar rats. The improved solubility of nimodipine may lead to increased dissolution rates, which can enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cerebral vasospasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present study was to formulate and evaluate a topical gel of nanoparticulate andrographolide for the anti-bacterial and inflammation effect that would attenuate the first-pass metabolism following oral administration. Nanoparticulate andrographolide was fabricated by the solvent evaporation method and optimized using size, polydispersity index, and physical stability properties. The dispersion was converted into a dermal gel using three gelling agents. The optimal gel formulation based on Carbopol 934 at 0.25% concentration showed four-fold higher drug release through a mouse skin model and 26-fold higher drug retention in the skin compared to the gel formulation containing saturated suspension. The anti-inflammation activity of andrographolide suggests also that the topical gel as a promising dosage form for dermal delivery of poorly water-soluble and extensively metabolized andrographolide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the properties of solid dispersions of carbamazepine (CBZ) using poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (POX) as the hydrophilic carrier. These binary solid dispersions were prepared at varying drug loadings using the solvent evaporation method. The samples were evaluated for their in vitro dissolution, and solid-state properties. There was over 350% increase in dissolution rate of CBZ in samples containing at least 50% POX. This study concludes that POX is an effective hydrophilic carrier for poorly soluble drugs in solid dispersions.

Chitosan is a biopolymer and with proper preparation conditions could be promising for membrane distillation. Based on the current environment-based initiatives, in this work, a chitosan porous membrane was synthesized. The effect of chitosan on the presence of acetone at different concentrations was evaluated and FTIR showed acetamido groups and changes in the degree of deacetylation. The membrane was characterized by water uptake, porosity, and microstructure. It presented moderate hydrophobic behavior and porosities (62%−92%) with slit-like pores. The membrane distillation demonstrated the use of membrane produced with permeate flux (16.07–51.62 kg.m−2.h−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thinning of a cylinder of a polymer solution in a volatile solvent is argued to be controlled by solvent diffusion through a dense polymer layer at the cylinder surface. This naturally leads to the exponential time dependence of cylinder radius that is observed in experiments using a fast camera, such as capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER). The relaxation time is controlled by the thickness of the dense (and often glassy) polymer layer and the diffusion coefficient of solvent through that layer. If correct, this means that while CaBER is very useful for understanding fiber spinning, the relaxation time does not yield a measure of the extensional viscosity of polymer solutions in volatile solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis Nonaqueous foams are found in a variety of applications, many of which contain volatile components that need to be removed during processing. Sparging air bubbles into the liquid can be used to aid in their removal, but the resulting foam can be stabilized or destabilized by several different mechanisms, the relative importance of which are not yet fully understood. Investigating the dynamics of thin film drainage, four competing mechanisms can be observed, such as solvent evaporation, film viscosification, and thermal and solutocapillary Marangoni flows. Experiments Experimental studies with isolated bubbles and/or bulk foams are needed to strengthen the fundamental knowledge of these systems. This paper presents interferometric measurements of the dynamic evolution of a film formed by a bubble rising to an air-liquid interface to shed light on this situation. Two different solvents with different degrees of volatility were investigated to reveal both qualitative and quantitative details on thin film drainage mechanisms in polymer-volatile mixtures. Findings Using interferometry, we found evidence that solvent evaporation and film viscosification both strongly influence the stability of interface. These findings were corroborated by comparison with bulk foam measurements, revealing a strong correlation between these two systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of extended air‐drying time on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of universal adhesives to enamel. Materials and Methods: The distal and mesial specimens from third molars were wet‐ground and randomly assigned to three groups according to adhesives tested (n = 60): Clearfil Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal, and G‐Premio Bond. The adhesives were applied in etch‐and‐rinse or self‐etch modes, followed by air‐drying for 5, 15, or 25 s. Composite buildups were constructed and subjected to the MSBS test after 24‐h or thermocycling. MSBS results were evaluated using a four‐way ANOVA. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the degree of solvent evaporation were further evaluated. Results: At 24‐h, MSBS of G‐Premio Bond significantly improved with the 25 s air‐drying in both of the etching modes when compared to the 5 s air‐drying. After thermocycling, the extended air‐drying did not produce a significant difference on the MSBS, regardless of the application strategy. Extended air‐drying (25 s) evaporated almost all of the volatile part of Gluma Bond Universal and G‐Premio Bond. Conclusions: Extended air‐drying times increased solvent evaporation but did not contribute to the bonding effectiveness of the adhesives, regardless of the etching mode. Clinical Significance: Air‐drying applications for more than 5 s had no significant effect on enamel bonding performance of universal adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Febuxostat is a poor soluble drug used in the management of hyperuricemia and gout. The present study aims at increasing the solubility of febuxostat by solid dispersion technique with the aid of various polymers (Beta cyclodextrin, Soluplus®, HPMC E5, and Kolliphor® P 407) in various drug: carrier ratios employing the solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions were evaluated for physical appearance, percentage yield, drug content, saturation solubility and dissolution properties. Saturation solubility data of the study depict an increased solubility of the solid dispersion compared to the pure drug. In in vitro release profiles revealed that formulation SD20, having drug: Kolliphor® P 407 in 1:9 ratio exhibited highest dissolution rate. The powder X-ray diffraction study and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ex- hibited a crystalline to an amorphous transformation in the solid dispersion. The study demonstrated that solid dispersions are a highly effective technique to increase solubility and bioavailability of febuxostat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of various scientific articles related to the drug ivermectin. The articles cover topics such as the solubility and dissolution enhancement of ivermectin, the development of topical formulations, the effects of polymers on drug solubility, and the potential anticancer properties of ivermectin. The articles also discuss the use of solid dispersion techniques to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and the application of biopharmaceutical classification systems in drug development. These articles offer valuable information for researchers and practitioners interested in the pharmacological effects and formulation strategies of ivermectin. [Extracted from the article]

The bitter taste of acetaminophen greatly reduced its formulation in oral dosage forms, so masking the taste was tested using the solid dispersion technique by Eudragit E100 and the solvent evaporation method. The obtained solid dispersions were characterized by FT-IR and DSC. Then, production yield, and drug loading have been determined, and the efficiency of this technique in taste masking by in vitro-in vivo evaluation were investigated by measuring the amount of drug released at pH=6.8 similar to saliva and pH=1.2 similar to stomach. FT-IR demonstrated that absence of interactions between drug and polymer and DSC results showed the complete formation of solid dispersion for F2 and partial formation with F1 and F3. Production yield was more than 96% for all formulations, and drug loading ranged between 99-103% and this increased with special dishes, while in vitro drug release results at pH=1.2 after 15min reached 84.95±0.55,100.89±0.70, and 95.78±0.71 (µg/ml) for F1, F2, and F3 respectively. In another hand, taste-masking evaluation at pH=6.8 showed drug release amount after 2min less than the determination bitterness threshold (900µg/ml) there were 114.98,75.97, and 10.26 µg/ml for F1, F2, and F3 respectively. Therefore, this technique is considered efficient in masking the taste with obtaining a good production yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid dispersion technique has been developed for improving solubility of waterinsoluble drugs, aiming to achieve a better oral bioavailability. The objectives of present investigation is to improve the solubility and rate of dissolution of poorly aqueous soluble drug lansoprazole by preparing solid dispersion with hydrophilic carrier Poly Ethylene Glycol 6000, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone by using solvent evaporation method and selecting the best solid dispersion. The drug and excipient compatibility study of selected solid dispersion was performed by FTIR and DSC. This study showed no interaction in drug and carrier. The designed granulation method was employed to prepare solid dispersion tablets and the formulation was optimized through investigating the dissolution behaviours. The results indicated PEG and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone in combination of solid dispersion showed the best effect both on physical characterizations and dissolution studies. Furthermore, all type of solid dispersions significantly improved the dissolution rates when compared to pure drug and its corresponding physical mixture (PM). All the evaluations were performed and complies with the pharmacopoeial standards. The formulation F7 showed 98.88% of cumulative drug release within 8 min with zero order release pattern. The solid dispersion tablets prepared in simplified tableting method exhibited better operability, stability and dissolution behaviour than the tablets prepared in traditional ways, which brought more opportunities to solid dispersion technique for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ebastine (EB) is a selective nonsedating H1 antihistamine belonging to Class II(BCS); it has inadequate oral bioavailability due to its poor water solubility. Cocrystal is one of the most recent methods that has been utilized to improve some physicochemical characteristics of a drug, such as solubility and dissolution rate. This research’s main objective was to design and evaluate EB cocrystal as a trial to enhance its solubility. Methods: Various techniques were employed to formulate cocrystals, such as solvent evaporation, slurry, and drop asset grinding using benzamide (BENZ) as a co-former in different molar ratios. The prepared formulas were characterized by percentage yield, drug content, saturation solubility, in vitro dissolution studies, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results: Solubility enhanced by 347 fold in distilled water with enhanced dissolution profile. Conclusions: Co-crystallization is a potential solid formation method due to its ability to enhance physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Co-crystals have been successfully formed from a variety of medicines and co-former, using distinct hydrogen bond synthon motifs.

Solvent evaporation within an adhesive layer is a crucial step during a bonding process. The aim of this current research was to test whether the use of different air temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) for solvent evaporation improves the performance of four adhesive systems to dentin. Sixty non-carious human molar teeth were randomly prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) tests. Four different adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), OptiBond Universal (OBU), OptiBond FL (OBFL), and Clearfil SE (CSE), were applied following the manufacturer’s instructions. Three groups based on the air-drying temperature were used: solvent evaporation was performed with either of warm (40 °C), (60 °C), and cold air as control group (20 °C) for 10 s at a distance of 5 cm. In all bonded surfaces, three resin composite (Reflectys, Itena Clinical, Paris, France) layers of 2 mm thickness were built up. The resin–dentin samples were kept in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h and 6 months, respectively, before μTBS testing. Failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy of resin–dentin bonded interface, and solvent evaporation rate were tested as secondary variables. All analyses were conducted using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bond strength (BS) values were similar among all the adhesive systems used (p > 0.05). Also, the aging factor did not affect the BS (p > 0.05). Only the factor of temperature used for solvent evaporation resulted in a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05), with the temperature of 60 °C being the highest value (p < 0.05). A failure mode evaluation revealed mostly adhesive or mixed modes of failures in all the different temperatures of air used for the solvent evaporation of each adhesive system. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the creation of resin tags varied amongst the temperatures evaluated. For all adhesive systems tested, the use of 40 °C or 60 °C air for solvent evaporation led to an increased mass loss. Warmer temperatures for solvent evaporation contributed positively to bonding performance, enhancing both the quality of the adhesive layer and its interaction with the dentin tissue. Optimizing solvent evaporation with warmer air temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C) significantly improved µTBS, offering a practical means to enhance the quality and longevity of adhesive restorations in esthetic dentistry.

[Display omitted] In this study, high energy ball milling and nano spray drying were used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of bosentan in copovidone for the first time. In particular, the impact of this polymer on the bosentan amorphization kinetics was investigated. Copovidone was shown to facilitate the amorphization of bosentan upon ball milling. As a result, bosentan was dispersed in copovidone at the molecular level, forming amorphous solid dispersions, regardless of the ratio of the compounds. The similarity between the values of the adjustment parameter that describes the goodness of fit of the Gordon-Taylor equation to the experimental data (K = 1.16) and that theoretically calculated for an ideal mixture (K = 1.13) supported these findings. The kind of coprocessing method determined the powder microstructure and the release rate. The opportunity to prepare submicrometer-sized spherical particles using nano spray drying was an important advantage of this technology. Both coprocessing methods allowed the formation of long-lasting supersaturated bosentan solutions in the gastric environment with maximum concentrations reached ranging from four (11.20 μg/mL) to more than ten times higher (31.17 μg/mL) than those recorded when the drug was vitrified alone (2.76 μg/mL). Moreover, this supersaturation lasted for a period of time at least twice as long as that of the amorphous bosentan processed without copovidone (15 min vs. 30–60 min). Finally, these binary amorphous solid dispersions were XRD-amorphous for a year of storage under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in a variety of fruits and vegetables like blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, pomegranates and cranberries. Antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticancer effects are all included in ellagic acid. Ellagic acid, on the other hand, is poorly absorbed and rapidly removed from the body, making it a challenging drug candidate. To overcome the above limitation, solvent evaporation method was used for the preparation of ellagic acid phytovesicle complex. Several batches were prepared for optimization at varying drug to phospholipid concentration ratios. The optimized formulation was found to have particle size in the range of 122.08 ± 9.66 nm, zeta potential -36.2mV, entrapment efficiency 95.65 ± 0.33 % and a drug loading capacity of 22.9 %. The in vitro release profile of the optimized batch shows maximum release behaviour of up to 69 % at 24 h. The ex vivo intestinal permeation, however shows 85.38 % release within 140 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester) incorporated microspheres formulate and evaluate these microspheres for topical application. In order to achieve the objective firstly various batches of CAPE loaded microspheres were formulated using varying concentrations of ethyl cellulose as the polymeric matrix and solvent evaporation method. All the microsphere formulations were characterized for yield, entrapment efficiency, In-vitro drug release particle size and FTIR studies were also performed to confirm the non-interference of the drug and excipients. The maximum drug release of CAPE over a period of 12 h was obtained in F2 with 71.02 ± 0.64 % drug concentration found in the dissolution medium whereas the minimum release was witnessed for F5 with 56.89 ± 0.47 drug concentration. The formulation F2 was found to be the most appropriate microspheric formulation loaded with CAPE with good yield, drug encapsulation as well as in vitro drug release. It was therefore considered for formulation in the form of gel. All formulation was achieved employing 22 factorial approaches using both the polymer (carbopol 934) and polypropylene glycol at two concentration levels. All formulations loaded with F2 were found to be white and transparent with good homogeneity with pH ranging from 4.92 to 6.1 confirming that the formulations will be compatible to the skin for topical application. On the basis of the results obtained from the study it can be concluded that Carbopol 934 1% w/v and propylene glycol 20% w/v form an excellent combination for development of gel loaded with microsphere of CAPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ganoderic Acid (GA), a major bioactive compound isolated from the East Asian medicinal mushroom Ganoderma tsugae, is traditionally believed to have significant medicinal properties. GA is poorly soluble in water, which poses several challenges in terms of its formulation. In this study, Ganoderma tsugae extracts obtained through ethanol extraction were encapsulated in nanodispersions via ultrasonic cavitation and solvent evaporation to increase their bioavailability. The preparation route was thoroughly analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the interactions between the variables. Based on the results, the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) and the evaporation temperature significantly influenced the resulting particle size. In the optimized nanodispersions, GA was incorporated into a hydrophobic core with a particle size no greater than 200 nm and a very narrow particle distribution (namely, a polydispersity index of 0.289). Due to the high negative zeta potential (−45.9 mV), a very slow particle growth rate of 0.239% over short-term storage (14 days) was achieved. In addition, the zeta average remained virtually unchanged for 14 days at room temperature in solutions at different pH levels. In summary, this paper provides the first-ever demonstration that ultrasound cavitation in conjunction with solvent evaporation can be used to generate GA nanodispersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change material (PCM) with its heat storing and releasing ability provides a thermoregulating effect. For thermoregulation, different kinds of PCMs are used among which the paraffins are widely used due to their high enthalpy values. Here, coconut oil was used as PCM in the core by encapsulating cellulose-based shell. Mostly, melamine formaldehyde-based shells are used for encapsulation due to their ease in formation and have toxic effect on humans and environment, so bio-degradable solution is provided using cellulose based shell with coconut oil as core PCM. Ethyl cellulose with its outstanding properties and biocompatible nature provides eco-friendly nanoencapsulation. This research work reports the development of nanocapsules of ethyl cellulose as shell and coconut oil as core PCM via solvent evaporation technique and its application on cotton fabric through coating. The encapsulation was performed using general full factorial design of experiment containing three factors and three levels of each factor except the first factor (type of solvent). The resultant capsules and fabric were characterized using Zeta Sizer, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Infrared thermography. Different combination of factors used in experimentation resulted in the investigation of effect of solvents, emulsifiers, etc. on particle size.

The present study aims to formulate ethylcellulose microspheres using the oil-in-oil emulsion solvent evaporation method and judge the outcome of processing temperature on their features. The effects of the evaporation rate of the solvent on the particle properties and drug release characteristics of the microspheres were studied. Here, microspheres were prepared at different processing temperatues, viz., 10 0C, 25 0C, and 40 0C, and their impact on the various characteristics of microspheres like surface topography, micrometrics, yield percent, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro dissolution, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and release kinetics were elaborately studied. The FTIR study revealed that processing temperature did not affect drug-polymer compatibility. The study observed that the processing temperature had a great influence on the various characteristics of the prepared microsphere. It was observed from sieve analysis that the mean particle size of the microsphere increased with an increase in processing temperature, and the SEM study also corroborated the same result. SEM photographs showed processing at a higher temperature resulted in particles with a smooth surface, in contrast to a lower processing temperature that forms a bumpy surface. Furthermore, a higher temperature favoured formulation with a higher entrapment efficiency (94.42 ± 0.9 %) as compared to a lower temperature (85.2 ± 0.72 %). For a noteworthy timeframe, indinavir sulfate frames a solid solution in the ethylcellulose matrix and proceeds with the amorphous state. The results of an in vitro drug dissolution study showed that microspheres formulated at a higher temperature had a more sustaining effect as compared to those formulated at a lower temperature, which may have resulted due to their higher mean particle size. Using the Korsemeyer Peppas power law, it was found that the way drugs are released is controlled by diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special structural morphology of hollow covalent organic frameworks (HCOFs) has an important influence on their applications. However, the rapid and precise control of morphology for HCOFs still remains largely challenging. Herein, we present a facile and universal two‐step strategy based on solvent evaporation and oxidation of imine bond for the controllable synthesis of HCOFs. The strategy enables to prepare HCOFs in a greatly shortened reaction time and seven kinds of HCOFs are fabricated by the oxidation of imine bond via hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) generated from Fenton reaction. Importantly, a fascinating library of HCOFs with diverse nanostructures, including bowl‐like, yolk‐shell, capsule‐like and flower‐like morphologies, has been ingeniously constructed. Owing to the large cavities, the obtained HCOFs are ideal candidates for drug delivery, which are employed to load five small molecule drugs, achieving the enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Emulsion-based solvent evaporation microencapsulation methods for producing PLGA microspheres are complex often leading to empirical optimization. This study aimed to develop a more detailed understanding of the effects of process variables on the complex emulsification processes during encapsulation of leuprolide in PLGA microspheres using a high-shear rotor–stator mixer. Following extensive analysis of previously developed formulation conditions that yield microspheres of equivalent composition to the commercial 1-month Lupron Depot, multiple variables during the formation of primary and secondary emulsion were investigated with the aid of dimensional analysis, including: rotor speed (ω) and time (t), dispersed phase fraction (Φ) and continuous phase viscosity (µ c). The dimensionless Sauter mean diameter (d 3 , 2) of primary emulsion was observed to be proportional to the product of several key dimensionless groups (Φ 1 , W e , R e , ω 1 t 1) raised to the appropriate power indices. A new dimensionless group (Θ) (surface energy/energy input) was used to rationalize insertion of a proportionate time dependence in the scaling of the d 3 , 2. The dimensionless d 3 , 2 of secondary emulsion was found proportional to the product of three dimensionless groups (Φ 2 , μ 1 ′ μ c 2 , ω 2 t 2) raised to the appropriate power indices. The increased viscosity of the primary emulsion, decreased secondary water phase volume and reduced second homogenization time each elevated encapsulation efficiency of peptide by reducing drug leakage to the outer water phase. These results could be useful for dimensional analysis and improving manufacturing of PLGA microspheres by the solvent evaporation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we subjected hybrid lead-mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3–xClx) precursor inks to different solvent evaporation rates in order to facilitate the nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals. By controlling the temperature of perovskite solutions placed within open-air rings in precise volumes, we established control over the rate of solvent evaporation and, thus, over both the growth rate and the shape of perovskite crystals. Direct utilization of diluted lead-mixed halide perovskites solutions allowed us to control the nucleation and to favor the growth of only a low number of perovskite crystals. Such crystals exhibited a clear sixfold symmetry. While crystals formed at a lower range of temperatures (40–60 °C) exhibited a more compact dendritic shape, the crystals grown at a higher temperature range (80–110 °C) displayed a fractal dendritic morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of different waiting periods on resin‐dentin bond strength (BS), degree of conversion (DC), contact angle (CA), surface tension (ST), solvent evaporation (weight loss) and the characteristics of adhesive interfaces of the current six universal adhesive resins (ARs). Materials and Methods: A total of 216 caries‐free human lower third molar teeth were used. Composite resin restorations were performed by applying six universal ARs in etch‐and‐rinse and self‐etch mode on standardized dentin surfaces after 0, 5, and 30 min waiting time. Then, a micro‐shear BS test, SEM examination and characterization of the adhesive interface were performed. In addition, DC, CA, ST, solvent evaporation of all tested ARs were evaluated. Results: The obtained data were statistically anaIyzed. The tested ARs did not show any statistical difference between 0 and 5 min evaluations in all parameters evaluated except for weight loss (p > 0.05). While the weight loss, ST and CA of all ARs increased in 30 min (p < 0.05), the BS, DC, thickness of the adhesive layer and the hybrid layer, resin tag length and number of resin tags varied according to the ARs used. When the ARs were used in etch‐and‐rinse mode, all the parameters evaluated also varied according to the AR used. Higher adhesive layer thickness and lower hybrid layer thickness were found in the self‐etch mode (p < 0.05). Conclusions: All of the adhesives tested can be safely used up to 30 min. This could also prevent economical loss caused by waste adhesive material. Clinical Significance: It is important to know how the bond strength, degree of conversion, adhesion, contact angle and surface tension properties of the adhesive resin waiting in the dispensing cup for a long time during clinical use are affected to make ideal restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing functional membranes through the collaboration of multi-dimensional nanomaterials is of particular interest in environmental and biomedical applications. Herein, we propose a facile and green synthetic strategy by collaborating with graphene oxide (GO), peptides, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to synthesize functional hybrid membranes with favourable antibacterial effects. GO nanosheets are functionalized with self-assembled peptide nanofibers (PNFs) to form GO/PNFs nanohybrids, in which the PNFs not only improve the biocompatibility and dispersity of GO, but also provide more active sites for growing and anchoring AgNPs. As a result, multifunctional GO/PNFs/AgNP hybrid membranes with adjustable thickness and AgNP density are prepared via the solvent evaporation technique. The structural morphology of the as-prepared membranes is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their properties are analyzed by spectral methods. The hybrid membranes are then subjected to antibacterial experiments and their excellent antibacterial performances are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing enables exact dispensing and positioning of single droplets in the picoliter range. In this study, we investigate the long-term reproducibility of droplet formation of piezoelectric inkjet printed drug solutions using solvents with different volatilities. We found inkjet printability of EtOH/ASA drug solutions is limited, as there is a rapid forming of drug deposits on the nozzle of the printhead because of fast solvent evaporation. Droplet formation of c = 100 g/L EtOH/ASA solution was affected after only a few seconds by little drug deposits, whereas for c = 10 g/L EtOH/ASA solution, a negative affection was observed only after t = 15 min, while prominent drug deposits form at the printhead tip. Due to the creeping effect, the crystallizing structures of ASA spread around the nozzle but do not clog it necessarily. When there is a negative affection, the droplet trajectory is affected the most, while the droplet volume and droplet velocity are influenced less. In contrast, no formation of drug deposits could be observed for highly concentrated, low volatile DMSO-based drug solution of c = 100 g/L even after a dispensing time of t = 30 min. Therefore, low volatile solvents are preferable to highly volatile solvents to ensure a reproducible droplet formation in long-term inkjet printing of highly concentrated drug solutions. Highly volatile solvents require relatively low drug concentrations and frequent printhead cleaning. The findings of this study are especially relevant when high droplet positioning precision is desired, e.g., drug loading of microreservoirs or drug-coating of microneedle devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a biodegradable flexible, and tough polymer is herein used, for the first time, to encapsulate and protect isocyanate derivatives. Isocyanates are essential building blocks widely employed in the chemical industry for the production of high-performing materials. Microencapsulation of isocyanates eliminates the risks associated with their direct handling and protects them from moisture. In light of this, and having in mind eco-innovative products and sustainability, we present a straightforward process to encapsulate isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) using this biodegradable polymer. Spherical and core-shell microcapsules (MCs) were produced by an emulsion system combined with the solvent evaporation method. The MCs present a regular surface, without holes or cracks, with a thin shell and high isocyanate loadings, up to 79 wt%. Additionally, the MCs showed very good isocyanate protection if not dispersed in organic or aqueous solutions. Effects of various process parameters were systematically studied, showing that a higher stirring speed (1000 rpm) and emulsifier amount (2.5 g), as well as a smaller PBAT amount (1.60 g), lead to smaller MCs and narrower size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaporation of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent during the large-scale production of LiNi x Mn 1 − x − y Co y O 2 (NMC) cathodes usually occurs in convection ovens. This paper aims to close the gap between the industrial convection drying method and the conventional vacuum oven typically used at the laboratory scale. Multiple studies focus on modeling convection dryers to reduce energy consumption, but few have studied their impact on the cathode quality experimentally and compared them to vacuum-dried cathodes. A convection oven designed for LIB electrode drying was developed to investigate the influence of drying kinetics on the formation of small electrode surface cracks (<1400 μm 2 ) and binder migration. The drying kinetics were revealed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at drying temperatures of 50 and 100 °C and hot air velocities of 0.5 and 1 m/s. Even at these relatively low drying rates, structural differences were detected when comparing the two drying methods, illustrating the importance of implementing drying conditions that represent the industry process in laboratories. Surface cracking increased with drying rates, and cathodes with multiple cracks after calendering obtained a higher discharge capacity at discharge currents >C/2. An alternative surface analysis with less sample preparation was sufficient for determining the relative change in binder migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ebastine (EB) is a selective, nonsedating H1 antihistamine belonging to Class II(BCS); its insufficient water solubility limits its oral bioavailability. Cocrystal is one of the most modern techniques used to increase the solubility and dissolving rate of a medicine, among other physicochemical properties. Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to construct and assess EB cocrystal as an experiment to improve its solubility. Methods: Various processes, such as solvent evaporation and liquid asset grinding with varying molar ratios of amino acid as a co-former, have been used to produce cocrystals. The produced formulations were evaluated by yield %, drug content, saturation solubility, in vitro dissolution tests, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Increased solubility by 364 times in distilled water with an improved dissolving profile. Conclusion: Due to its ability to enhance physicochemical and mechanical qualities, co-crystallization is a promising method for solid formation. Using unique hydrogen bond synthon motifs, co-crystals have been successfully produced from several medications and co-former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, flatbed screen printing is evaluated regarding its capability to produce catalyst layers of PEM fuel cells. In the field of printed electronics, screen printing is regarded as robust and high-throughput coating technology. The possibility of in-plane structuring could be an additional degree of freedom, enabling more complex designs of catalyst layers in the future. In this study, process parameters are varied to investigate their effect on resulting layer thickness, homogeneity, and Pt-loading. With the usage of different screens, the Pt-loading can be adjusted. Additionally, two different pastes with and without water content are investigated. The catalyst paste without water showed a better process stability during printing and performed best under dry conditions (RH = 40%) and worst under wet conditions (RH = 100%) during electrochemical in-situ testing. Overall, the reproducibility of the CCM production process was verified. The viscosity of the catalyst paste with 19.55 wt% water in solvent was higher compared to the paste without water. Furthermore, a carbon paste (Pt-free) is developed in a similar viscosity range as the catalyst pastes. The main challenge of screen printing process development lies in the paste optimization to prevent evaporation effects over time, ensuring sufficient wetting of the paste on the substrate and sufficient fuel cell performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change material (PCM) with its heat storing and releasing ability provides a thermoregulating effect. For thermoregulation, different kinds of PCMs are used among which the paraffins are widely used due to their high enthalpy values. Here, coconut oil was used as PCM in the core by encapsulating cellulose-based shell. Mostly, melamine formaldehyde-based shells are used for encapsulation due to their ease in formation and have toxic effect on humans and environment, so bio-degradable solution is provided using cellulose based shell with coconut oil as core PCM. Ethyl cellulose with its outstanding properties and biocompatible nature provides eco-friendly nanoencapsulation. This research work reports the development of nanocapsules of ethyl cellulose as shell and coconut oil as core PCM via solvent evaporation technique and its application on cotton fabric through coating. The encapsulation was performed using general full factorial design of experiment containing three factors and three levels of each factor except the first factor (type of solvent). The resultant capsules and fabric were characterized using Zeta Sizer, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Infrared thermography. Different combination of factors used in experimentation resulted in the investigation of effect of solvents, emulsifiers, etc. on particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]