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BACKGROUND: Strawberries are a delicate, high nutritional value fruit with an extremely short shelf life and high susceptibility to tissue infection, mainly by Botrytis cinerea. Control of the disease requires an extensive amount of fungicide that is applied in varying complexes because the pathogen easily develops resistance against the active compounds. Planting tolerant cultivars seems to be a promising alternative for fruit growers, but there are currently no cultivars available combining tolerance to B. cinerea with attractive horticultural traits. OBJECTIVE: In this study, four well-defined strawberry cultivars ('Romina', 'Cristina', 'Silvia', and 'Sibilla') were selected and tested under treatment with Botrytis cinerea to determine the tolerance of each cultivar and its association with fruit quality. METHODS: Fruits were harvested and then stored for four days after inoculation (treatment) or not (control) with spores of B. cinerea; then, every day the level of decay was detected, and fruits were frozen for successive evaluation of fruit quality. RESULTS: The 'Silvia' cultivar is the one that demonstrated a higher level of tolerance to Botrytis infection during the treatment, and the 'Romina' cultivar was the cultivar most susceptible to the treatment. The results of the study also highlighted qualitative changes in all strawberry cultivars infected with Botrytis cinerea, by a decrease in the soluble solids content and an increase of acids. Generally, in all cultivars, phenolic acids, and vitamin C decreased in both control and infected but there was a strong decrease in infected fruit compared to control. Anthocyanin content increased in control fruits but strongly decreased in infected. CONCLUSION: As a preliminary outcome, a positive correlation was obtained between fruit nutritional quality and tolerance to decay, as a high amount of nutritional compound content provides lower susceptibility of fruits to Botrytis cinerea. To confirm this result more studies need to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in the world. Every year the number of identified viruses and diseases increases, infection with which causes significant crop losses and significantly worsens the quality of agricultural products, especially in tomatoes. Material and methods. In the present study we compared the growth of the vegetative and reproductive traits of tomato plants ‘Dokia’, ‘TY Red 250’ and ‘Pilabi’ grated onto bacterial wilt (caused by Ralstonia solanacearum) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) diseases tolerant rootstock “Spider” (Takii seed, Japan). The non-grafted (control - CT) and grafted tomato plants (GR) were transplanted on 4 March of 2021 to the four season (vinyl) greenhouse on substrate perlite (mixture of perlite no. 1 and no. 3) and cultivated until September 20. Results. The results showed that responses of the tomato cultivars to grafting combination was different, where agronomical traits depends on the each cultivar’s features can be ranged. The reduction of the values of stem diameter (SD), leaf length and width (LW), fresh fruit weight (FFW), fruit diameter (FD), fruit pericarp thickness (FPT) and fruit hardness (FH) with aging of plants and rising ambient temperature was detected. However, fruit soluble solids among all cultivars regardless of treatments were slightly increased. The index of fruit yield per truss (FYT) significantly decreased among all cultivars after 10th truss regardless of the treatments when the daily temperature increased from July to August. In grafted tomato ‘TY Red 250’ were identified the highest fruit yield per plants (FYP) than in CT plants, whereas in other tomatoes did not found similar differences between CT and GR plants.

Introduction: Plastic film mulching (PFM) and deficit irrigation (DI) are vital watersaving approaches in arid agriculture. Cyperus esculentus is a significant crop in dry zones. However, scant data exists on the impacts of these water-saving methods on C. esculentus yield and quality. Method: Using randomized block experiment design. Three irrigation strategies were tested: CK (standard irrigation), RW20 (20% water reduction), and RW40 (40% water reduction). Mulchin treatments included film mulching (FM) and no film mulching (NFM). Results: Results revealed substantial effects of film mulching and drip irrigation on soil nutrients and physical properties, with minor influence on grass, root, and tuber stoichiometry. PF treatment, DI treatments, and their interaction significantly affected C. esculentus forage and tuber yields. Initially, grass and tuber yields increased and then decreased with reduced irrigation. The highest yields were under RW20 (3716.31 and 4758.19 kg/ha). FM increased grass and tuber yield by 17.99% and 8.46%, respectively, over NFM. The water reduction augmented the biomass distribuiton of the leaf and root, while reducing the tuber biomass in NFM. FM significantely impacted grass ether extract content, while reduced water influenced grass and tuber crude protein and tuber ether extract content. Mild water stress increased ether extract, crude protein, and soluble matter in grass and tubers, while excessive RW decreased them. Conclusion: Integrating soil traits, nutrients, yield, and quality, findings indicate C. esculentus yield and quality primarily hinge on soil water content, pond hydrogenase, and electrical conductivity. Based on this results, the recommended strategy is to reduce irrigation by 20% for cultivating C. esculentus in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an invasive weevil destroying Tillandsia utriculata L. (Bromeliaceae) populations in Florida, USA. A T. utriculata population in Belize coexists with M. callizona without adverse effects. Tillandsia utriculata and M. callizona from Belize and Florida were studied in the laboratory to determine how Belize T. utriculata can coexist with Belize M. callizona, using Florida and Belize T. utriculata, as well as pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (Bromeliaceae), as host plants. Florida M. callizona on pineapple leaves produced more eggs per female per day and had a shorter developmental time and pupation period, as well as a smaller adult width, than Belize M. callizona. Florida and Belize weevils did not differ significantly in rates of egg hatch, pupation, and adult emergence. Florida M. callizona laid similar numbers of eggs per day on Florida and Belize T. utriculata. Egg hatch rates were similar on pineapple and Florida and Belize T. utriculata. Pupation rates were similar on pineapple and Florida T. utriculata leaves; no larvae on Belize T. utriculata attained fourth instar. Field and laboratory observations revealed that Belize and Florida M. callizona mined Belize T. utriculata without destroying the meristem, allowing plants to survive, but Belize M. callizona destroyed the core of pineapple tops. Soluble solids were greatest in pineapple and least in Belize T. utriculata. Leaf toughness was greatest in pineapple and least in Florida T. utriculata. Metamasius callizona biology and behavior and T. utriculata plant characteristics may drive the severity of weevil damage on populations of T. utriculata. The discovery of a T. utriculata population in Belize coexisting with M. callizona offers a possible way to control M. callizona in Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the use of a non-destructive hyperspectral imaging approach for the evaluation of kiwifruit cv. "Hayward" internal quality, focusing on physiological traits such as soluble solid concentration (SSC), dry matter (DM), firmness, and tannins, widely used as quality attributes. Regression models, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), bagged trees (BTs), and three-layered neural network (TLNN), were employed for the estimation of the above-mentioned quality attributes. Experimental procedures involving the Specim IQ hyperspectral camera utilization and software were followed for data acquisition and analysis. The effectiveness of PLSR, bagged trees, and TLNN in predicting the firmness, SSC, DM, and tannins of kiwifruit was assessed via statistical metrics, including R squared (R²) values and the root mean square error (RMSE). The obtained results indicate varying degrees of efficiency for each model in predicting kiwifruit quality parameters. The study concludes that machine learning algorithms, especially neural networks, offer substantial accuracy, surpassing traditional methods for evaluating kiwifruit quality traits. Overall, the current study highlights the potential of such non-destructive techniques in revolutionizing quality assessment during postharvest by yielding rapid and reliable predictions regarding the critical quality attributes of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Guava is one of the fruit trees with good economic returns. The aim with this study was to evaluate the production and fruit quality of five guava cultivars (Tailandesa, Cortibel SLG, Cortibel RM, Cortibel RG, and Paluma) submitted to staggered and continuous production pruning, in the bioclimatic conditions of Southwest Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was conducted during the year 2019/2020/2021, performing two production pruning (PP1 and PP2). In each production pruning, eight fructification pruning were carried out, with an interval of 30 days, namely: in PP1 (October/2019, November/2019, December/2019, January/2020, February/2020, March/2020, April/2020 and May/2020); and in PP2 (June/2020, July/2020, August/2020, September/2020, October/2020, November/2020, December/2020 and January/2021). Statistical analyzes were performed within each production period, not comparing the effects of these. The means were compared using the Tukey test for cultivars and the Scott-Knott test for staggered pruning. Higher yield values were observed in PP1 of the Tailandesa and Cortibel RM cultivar, in the pruning of October/2019 and January/2020. In PP2, the productivity of all cultivars was higher than in PP1, especially Cortibel RM and Tailandesa, with higher yields and lower amounts of non-marketable fruits in the pruning of November and December/2020 and January/2021. The fruits were classified as oblong and with quality for commercialization. Continuous staggered pruning, and Tailandesa and Cortibel RM cultivars are promising for cultivation in Southwest MS.

Background. Apple fruits are a valuable food product with a unique chemical composition that determines the taste and biological value. The chemical composition of fruits depends on the variety of apples, ripening terms, conditions and place of growth, which makes research relevant in the conditions of a certain region, including the Republic of Adygea, where horticulture not only has deep historical roots, but has been actively reviving and developing in recent decades. with the use of new technologies and the introduction of new varieties. Target. Carrying out a comprehensive assessment of the quality and biological value of apple fruits of different varieties grown in the conditions of the Republic of Adygea on the basis of a study of organoleptic, physicochemical and biochemical indicators. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of apple fruits of the agricultural enterprise LLC “Yumiks” of 5 varieties: Braeburn, Granny Smith, Idared, Florina, Simirenko, grown in the conditions of the Republic of Adygea. In the samples under study, the determination of organoleptic, physicochemical and biochemical parameters was carried out: soluble solids (SS), titratable acids per malic acid, vitamin C, total sugars, iron, polyphenol oxidase activity, antioxidant activity (AOA). Statistical data processing was carried out in MS Excel 2016. Results. For the first time, on the basis of a complex of organoleptic, physicochemical and biochemical methods, studies of apple varieties grown in the Republic of Adygea were carried out: Florina, Idared, Granny Smith, Braeburn, Simirenko. It has been established that the highest index of sensory quality has apple varieties Braeburn and Simirenko, the Braeburn variety is distinguished by a high content of solids and sugars, more harmonious taste, i.e. the optimal ratio of sugar to acid is found in the Braeburn and Florina varieties. The highest content of vitamin C and bioavailable iron is characteristic of Braeburn and Simirenko apple varieties. Polyphenol oxidase activity in Simirenko, Idared and Florina varieties was higher than in samples of other varieties, while a higher AOA value was found in Granny Smith. Conclusion. The data obtained by us on the basis of a comprehensive study of apple varieties new to the Republic of Adygea, but already in a certain consumer demand, will allow us to give an objective assessment of their contribution to the biological value of the diets of various population groups, and also, subject to further monitoring studies, can be used gardeners of the Republic of Adygea when expanding the area under varieties with the highest taste and stable indicators of biological value.

Fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes are strongly influenced by light conditions and nitrogen (N) availability, however, the interaction between these factors is still unclear. We evaluated the effects on cherry tomatoes of two tunnel plastic covers with different optical properties and three N doses, also in combination with a biostimulant treatment. We compared a diffuse light film (Film1) and a conventional clear film (Film2), and three N levels, corresponding to 50% (N50), 75% (N75) and 100% (N100) of the optimal dose, with and without a microbial plus a protein hydrolysed biostimulant, compared to a non-treated control. The three experimental treatments significantly interacted on several yield and quality parameters. In control plants (untreated with biostimulants), the early yield was higher at reduced N doses compared to N100, with greater increments under the diffusive Film1 compared to the clear Film2 (+57.7% and +37.0% vs. +31.7% and +16.0%, in N50 and N75 respectively). Film1 boosted the total fruit production at all the N rates and with or without biostimulants, compared to Film2, with stronger effects under sub-optimal N (+29.4% in N50, +21.2% in N75, and +7.8% in N100, in plants untreated with biostimulant). Total yield decreased with decreasing N levels, while it always increased with the application of biostimulants, which counterbalanced the detrimental effects of N shortage. Quality traits were mainly affected by the cover film and the biostimulant treatment. The diffusive film increased the content of carotenoids, lycopene and total phenols compared to the clear one, and the biostimulants increased texture, soluble solids, phenols and ascorbic acid compared to the untreated control. It is worth noting that in plants fertilized at 75% of the reference N dose, the biostimulants determined higher yield than the N100 untreated control, under both the covers (+48% in Film1 and +20% in Film2). In conclusion, the diffusive film improved the fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes in the spring–summer period, presumably avoiding plant stress due to high-intensity direct light. Reduced N rates limited the plant productivity, however, the biostimulant application was effective in compensating for the detrimental effects of sub-optimal supply of N synthetic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato, one of the most produced vegetables in the world, is experiencing continuous global increase in both production and consumption. Fruit quality traits are important for fresh market tomatoes as well as for the processing industry. Despite the growing demand for both fresh and processed tomatoes, consumers are not satisfied with the quality of available fruits. The main objectives of the present work were to determine the physicochemical characteristics [pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acids (TTA), TSS/TTA ratio, DMC, lycopene, ß-carotene, vitamin C, and total phenolic content], as well as the antioxidant activity of 13 different tomato lines, and to identify the most promising ones in terms of fruit taste and quality. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS and DPPH methods with Trolox used as the standard compound. PCA analysis was conducted to identify group patterns. The results of PCA analysis indicated a specific genotypic response in all investigated physicochemical traits. Genotypes 2, 10, and 13 were identified as the best for fresh consumption, as they exhibited the highest levels of compounds crucial for good taste, nutrition, and human health benefits. The most promising genotype related to fruit quality attributes was genotype 10 with the best TSS and TAA content and TSS/TAA ratio, which is important for overall taste perception. On the other hand, genotype 9 showed promise for industrial purposes due to its ideal pH value in the juice and good soluble solid content. High antioxidant activity was characteristic of genotypes 1 and 2, and their consumption as fresh tomatoes can be beneficial to human health. They also should be considered for further evaluation as potentially interesting genotypes for abiotic stress research and selection programs which can lead to the development of both superior fruit quality and stress tolerant genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is the modeling and simulation of fermentation with the objective of eliminating the mucilage (20%) which is the gelatinous layer that covers the coffee cherry seed or freshly harvested coffee beans for which we use fuzzy logic in LabVIEW. Since Industry 4.0 allows virtual and real communication of a technological process. Today coffee is produced by more than 80 countries in the world, and the quality of a good coffee in terms of organoleptics and bouquet depends on how its fermentation is carried out to remove the mucilage that can affect its quality mentioned above. This work was carried out at the Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering of the National University of Moquegua Peru. It was carried out using the LabVIEW block diagram panel, in "Fuzzy system designer", inserting input variables in this case content of soluble solids and concentrations of hydrogen ions contained in the mucilage and obtaining as the output response the time in minutes of fermentation, then proceed to create the rules of the system and then the corresponding tests. On the front panel, through virtual instruments, each of the variables of the fermentation process are included. As a result, a fermentation control program has been obtained for the removal of coffee mucilage using input variables and a response as an output variable based on fuzzy logic. This research work would allow solving time problems in fermentation in order to remove the mucilage at the best time from the beans in order to obtain quality coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds in agricultural raw materials can vary within a species and can be affected by a combination of such factors as growing region, weather conditions and fruit ripeness. Climatic differences between the southern, central and northern parts of Europe can cause differences in the phenolic compounds present in the plant. The research was aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds of berries of Sambucus nigra varieties grown for commercial production in Latvia. During the study four elderberry varieties were analysed - 'Haidegg 17', 'Korsör', 'Haschberg' and 'Emma'. All samples were analysed for total phenolic compound content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity and individual phenolic compounds. In addition, sample pH and total soluble solids (TSS) were measured. Results showed that 'Emma' berry samples had the highest value of TSS content - 10.5% (°Bx) and the lowest pH value - 3.65. The variety 'Korsör' showed the lowest TSS content - 8.1% (°Bx) as well as the lowest TPC and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the variety 'Haschberg' showed the highest pH value. The variety 'Haidegg 17' stood out with a high TPC. In total six phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the analysed samples - gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. According to the obtained results, it was evident that the indicators for some parameters differ from the information available in the literature about the composition of berries of crops grown in other regions. This suggests that it is worth further researching elder tree varieties grown in northern climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The high sensitivity of strawberry fruit to fungal agents has led to a pretty short development for this valuable, useful fruit in the post-harvest period. On the other hand, the use of synthetic antifungal chemical compounds to increase the shelf life of this fruit has caused many concerns. In order to maintain the quality of strawberry fruit during storage, it is necessary to utilize safe methods of preventing spoilage. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chitosan, thymol essential oil and their combined use on the storage and shelf life of strawberries of Paros variety. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the greenhouse of Lorestan University's Agricultural College in a completely randomized design. The first factor is the type of material with different concentrations in five levels including 0, 0.3%, 0.6%, the combination of chitosan with thymol 0.3% and 0.6% and the second factor is the storage time in four levels including 0, 9, 18, It was 27 days after storage. During storage, fruits were stored at 4 °C under relative humidity of 90 ± 5 and parameter measurements were taken, including weight loss, pH, fruit firmness, acidity (TA), soluble solids (TSS), and taste index, vitamin C, phenols and flavonoids, and the fruit shelf life during storage. Results: All traits studied in the study showed significant effects of treatment type and storage time at the level of one percent probability based on analysis of variance results. There was a marked improvement in tissue firmness, vitamin C, taste index, phenolic compounds content, and durability in fruits treated with chitosan and thymol 0.3% and 0.6%. In all four measurement times, chitosan and thymol treatments had the highest levels of phenol, vitamin C and tissue stiffness (0.3 and 0.6 %), and the control had the lowest levels. There was a gradual decrease in fruit tissue firmness during storage, but this trend happened at a slower rate in the treated fruits. Conclusion: Considering the increase of 7 and 9 days after harvest of combined treatment of chitosan and thymol 0.3% and 0.6% in comparison with other treatments and control, therefore, pre-harvest application of chitosan and application of edible coating thymol can be recommended as a safe and low cost strategy to increase the postharvest life of strawberry fruit 'Parus' cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and non-destructive testing is of great significance for the quality grading in the citrus industry. This study was focused on the actual needs of on-site real-time detection on the internal quality of citrus fruits with different fruit diameters (25-95mm) in China. The spectral variation coefficient of citrus fruits was determined with different fruit diameters at the same point. A systematic investigation was made to explore the impact of the incident light angle on the spectral information of citrus fruits. A dual-gear probe was then designed for the local diffuse transmission spectral acquisition. A portable non-destructive testing device was developed for the internal quality of citrus fruits with multiple fruit diameters. Four modules included a light source, a spectrum acquisition, a control and display, as well as a power supply module. The size of entire device was 160mm × 80mm × 65mm, weighing 390g. Taking sugar orange (fruit diameter 25.35-48.61mm) and Wuming Wo orange (fruit diameter 53.24-94.71mm) as the research objects, the spectra were collected every 120 ° at the equator using the dual range probe, and then the average spectrum was used as the original spectrum of the citrus. Competitive adaptive weighted sampling (CARS) was used to filter feature wavelengths after preprocessing with standard normal variable transformation (SNV) and multiple scatter correction (MSC). A partial least squares (PLS) prediction model was established for the soluble solids content (SSC) and moisture content of citrus. The correlation coefficients of the SSC and moisture prediction model validation set for Wogan were 0.937 and 0.951, respectively, with the root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.382°Brix and 0.491%, respectively; The correlation coefficients of SSC and moisture prediction model validation set for sugar orange were 0.921 and 0.935, respectively, with the RMSE of 0.460°Brix and 0.673%, respectively. A real-time analysis and control software was written for the device using C/C++language in the QT development tool. One click, real-time, and nondestructive testing was achieved in the multiple qualities of citrus fruits with different diameters. Finally, the experimental verification was conducted on the stability and accuracy of the developed device. The results showed that the average coefficient of variation of SSC and water content predicted by the device for Wogan were 0.024% and 0.022%, respectively; The average coefficient of variation (CV) of SSC content and water content in sugar orange were 0.014% and 0.020%, respectively; The maximum absolute residual values of SSC and moisture device predictions and standard physicochemical values for Wogan were 1.15% and 1.37%, respectively, while those of sugar orange were 1.71% and 1.58%, respectively. Therefore, the portable dual-gear device can fully meet the requirements of on-site and real-time spectral detection on the multiple quality of citrus, particularly for the stability and accuracy of internal quality detection of citrus fruits with different fruit diameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS), a nondestructive technique, can help the industry to provide high-quality fruit to encourage pear consumption. The absorption coefficient measured by TRS at 670 nm (μa670) represents a maturity index for pear fruit, with less mature pears high μa670 and more mature low μa670. The aim of this work was to study the quality characteristics, the sensory profiles and the ethylene production of 'Abate Fetel' pears sorted at harvest in different TRS maturity classes and stored in different atmospheres. At harvest, 540 pears were measured by TRS for μa670, ranked by μa670 in three maturity classes (less-LeM, medium-MeM and more-MoM mature) and randomized in nine samples according to 1-MCP treatment (treated, control), storage time (4–6 months) and atmosphere (air-NA; CA: 8–12 kPa O2, 1 kPa CO2). Fruits were examined at harvest and after 7 days of poststorage shelf life for skin color, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and ethylene production and were submitted to sensory analysis. At harvest and after storage, MoM pears were less green and showed a higher SSC content than LeM ones. After storage, MoM pears produced less ethylene and were perceived to be firmer (especially in 1-MCP-treated pears), more astringent and less juicy (when stored for 6 months) than LeM ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) was carried out in greenhouse in 2022-2023, arranging a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, consisting of four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions (1.2, 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 dS m-1) and application of gypsum (without application – control and application). The plants were grown in coconut fibre substrate from late October to early June. The 2.2 dS m-1 ECsol resulted in the highest yield, whereas the highest values of dry matter and soluble solids were recorded under 2.7 dS m-1 ECsol. Gypsum application resulted in the increase of dry matter, soluble solids, firmness and colour components. The 2.2 and 2.7 dS m-1 ECsol led to the highest levels of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities as well as polyphenols and vitamin C. From the research carried out on strawberry grown in coconut fibre, it arose that the 2.2 dS m-1 EC of the nutrient solution showed the best effect on yield, but it did not generally differ from 2.7 dS m-1 regarding the quality of the 'fruits'. Gypsum treatment represents an effective strategy to improve some important qualitative characteristics of strawberry 'fruits', under the perspective of sustainable management of crop systems.

SUMMARY: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a prominent fruit with rich genetic resources for crop improvement. By using a phenotype‐guided screen of over 7900 tomato accessions from around the world, we identified new associations for complex traits such as fruit weight and total soluble solids (Brix). Here, we present the phenotypic data from several years of trials. To illustrate the power of this dataset we use two case studies. First, evaluation of color revealed allelic variation in phytoene synthase 1 that resulted in differently colored or even bicolored fruit. Secondly, in view of the negative relationship between fruit weight and Brix, we pre‐selected a subset of the collection that includes high and low Brix values in each category of fruit size. Genome‐wide association analysis allowed us to detect novel loci associated with total soluble solid content and fruit weight. In addition, we developed eight F2 biparental intraspecific populations. Furthermore, by taking a phenotype‐guided approach we were able to isolate individuals with high Brix values that were not compromised in terms of yield. In addition, the demonstration of novel results despite the high number of previous genome‐wide association studies of these traits in tomato suggests that adoption of a phenotype‐guided pre‐selection of germplasm may represent a useful strategy for finding target genes for breeding. Significant Statement: Fruit weight and total soluble solid content are key components of yield and taste in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we present a tomato collection of over 7900 accessions from around the world. In addition, we used two sub‐populations and identified new associations for complex traits such as fruit weight and total soluble solids (Brix). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of edible coatings to preserve fruits and vegetables during storage has attracted increasing attention. Also, salicylic acid has been used as an anti-ethylene and antimicrobial compound to improve the postharvest life of some crops. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM) and sweet basil mucilage (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 percent) on the postharvest quality of okra during storage at 10 °C were evaluated. The results showed that increasing the storage time decreased the quality characteristics of okra. Sweet basil mucilage and salicylic acid treatments were significantly effective on maintaining the quality characteristics of okra. The highest levels of fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, visual appearance, and the lowest weight loss were obtained in the 0.3% sweet basil mucilage and 4 mM salicylic acid treatments. Okra without coating and salicylic acid treatment completely lost its appearance quality during 16 days of storage but okra treated with high concentrations of salicylic acid and mucilage had good quality and required marketability. As a result, sweet basil mucilage and salicylic acid can be used as effective treatments to maintain the quality aspects of okra for a more extended period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) application is a promising agronomic tool. However, studies under field conditions are required, to confirm the potential benefits of SA. Thus, SA application was evaluated under field conditions for its effect on abscisic acid levels, antioxidant related-parameters, fruit quality, and yield in Aristotelia chilensis subjected to different levels of irrigation. During two growing seasons, three-year-old plants under field conditions were subjected to full irrigation (FI: 100% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and deficit irrigation (DI: 60% ETo). During each growth season, a single application of 0.5 mM SA was performed at fruit color change by spraying fruits and leaves of both irrigation treatments. The results showed that DI plants experienced moderate water stress (−1.3 MPa), which increased ABA levels and oxidative stress in the leaves. The SA application facilitated the recovery of all physiological parameters under the DI condition, increasing fruit fresh weight by 44%, with a 27% increase in fruit dry weight, a 1 mm increase in equatorial diameter, a 27% improvement in yield per plant and a 27% increase in total yield, with lesser oxidative stress and tissue ABA levels in leaves. Also, SA application significantly increased (by about 10%) the values of fruit trait variables such as soluble solids, total phenols, and antioxidant activity, with the exceptions of titratable acidity and total anthocyanins, which did not vary. The results demonstrated that SA application might be used as an agronomic strategy to improve fruit yield and quality, representing a saving of 40% regarding water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Strawberries with the scientific name Fragaria × ananassa Dutch. It belongs to the Rosaceae family. Strawberry is one of the fruits that has found many fans around the world due to its aroma, taste and nutritional value. The main characteristics of strawberry fruit quality are flavor (ratio of sugar to acid and volatile compounds) and color. Excellent plants need nitrogen in addition to carbon to meet their growth and food needs. The most vital compounds in plant living cells are proteins, which are made up of amino acid building blocks. Different amino acid sequences cause variation in the resulting proteins. Arginine is a multifunctional amino acid found in living cells and is an important storage and transport form for organic nitrogen in plants. In addition to its function as a major component of protein, it is an essential metabolite for many cellular and growth processes. Studies have shown that arginine increases the synthesis of flowering hormones related to flowering and fruiting. This amino acid is also involved in the activity of various plant enzymes. This amino acid binds to membrane nucleic acids and phospholipids and increases the activity of enzymes such as catalase. Due to the importance of producing organic products and also due to the fact that so far no study has been done on the effect of arginine on the growth and physiological characteristics of strawberry cultivar Albion. Therefore, in this study, the role of arginine on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of albumin strawberry fruit in hydroponic conditions was investigated. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran. In this study, the effect of arginine with three levels (0, 100 and 200 mg / l) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Albion strawberry fruit under deficit fertigation conditions with two levels (140 and 180 ml) in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. In this study, traits such as fruit flavor, titratable acidity, soluble solids, fruit firmness, vitamin C, total phenol, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and total antioxidant capacity were investigated. XTPlus-TA tissue analysis device was used to measure the firmness of fruit texture. Vitamin C content of fruit extract was measured by ascorbic acid based on dye reduction of 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP). The Titration method was used to measure titratable acidity (TA). ATAGO manual refractometer was used to measure the amount of soluble solids. Also for measuring the taste of fruit by Voca et al. used. The Absorption difference method at different pHs was used to measure total anthocyanin. Total antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Folin-ciocalteau method was used to measure the total phenol content. Shin et al. Method was used to measure the total flavonoid content of fruit. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the analysis of variance of the data showed that the measured indices were affected by different treatments of arginine and deficit fertigation. Based on the results, arginine treatment on fruit flavor, titratable acidity, soluble solids, fruit firmness, total anthocyanin, vitamin C, phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity showed a significant difference. The highest amount of soluble solids, fruit flavor and firmness of fruit texture were recorded in arginine treatment with a concentration of 100 mg / l under normal fertigation conditions (180 ml). Also, the highest amount of phenol and total flavonoids was observed at the same level of fertigation, albeit with arginine treatment at a concentration of 200 mg / l. Also, the highest amount of anthocyanin, vitamin C and total antioxidant capacity were recorded in arginine treatment with a concentration of 200 mg / l, in conditions of mild deficit fertigation (140 ml). Conclusion Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural production, especially in hydroponic cultivation in greenhouses, causes fertilizer wastage and as a result increases production costs as well as increases greenhouse drainage. Therefore, it has destructive effects on the environment, so reducing the amount of nutrient solution can be a management option to reduce the harmful effects on the environment and save water. Also, due to the importance of producing organic products and increasing demand, the use of healthy and organic compounds such as amino acids (arginine) to increase the quality and quality of the product, is very necessary. In the present study, arginine treatment increased the quality of strawberry fruit by affecting its photochemical content such as total antioxidant activity, vitamin C, total phenol, anthocyanin, etc. in low solubility conditions. Also, by increasing the firmness of the fruit texture, it improved the appearance quality of the fruit, which is important for attracting the consumer's attention. In general, the results showed that arginine spraying (200 mg / l) in normal solution and mild dissolution conditions can be effective in improving the quality of strawberries cultivated in hydroponic conditions.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a growth regulatory substance that plays an important role in various processes in the cell, such as plant adaptation to environmental threats, seed development, dormancy, budding, plant development, and fruit ripening. Another important role of abscisic acid is increased antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, total carotenoid, and anthocyanin content. The content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants is a parameter of fruit quality that can decrease due to improper postharvest handling. Many postharvest treatments have been conducted to maintain or delay the declining of bioactive compounds in fruits. This current research was done to determine the various abscisic acid concentrations on papayas and cucumbers' bioactive content. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using SAS (Statistical Analysis Software). Significant differences between means were determined by the Student's t-test, with p-values less than 0.05 considered significant. Results of the research regarding color testing, DPPH, total phenol content, and total soluble solids showed that abscisic acid with 380 µMol or 100 mg/l concentration could increase the total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and total soluble solids in papayas (climacteric fruit) during the ripening. However, applying abscisic acid with 100 µMol on cucumbers (non-climacteric fruit) showed no significant effect on total phenol, antioxidant capacity, and soluble solids compared to the control group. The results showed that during the ripening of climacteric fruit, ABA enhanced the content of bioactive compounds and improved postharvest quality. This effect was not observed in non-climacteric fruit.

The current study investigates the use of a non-destructive hyperspectral imaging approach for the evaluation of kiwifruit cv. “Hayward” internal quality, focusing on physiological traits such as soluble solid concentration (SSC), dry matter (DM), firmness, and tannins, widely used as quality attributes. Regression models, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), bagged trees (BTs), and three-layered neural network (TLNN), were employed for the estimation of the above-mentioned quality attributes. Experimental procedures involving the Specim IQ hyperspectral camera utilization and software were followed for data acquisition and analysis. The effectiveness of PLSR, bagged trees, and TLNN in predicting the firmness, SSC, DM, and tannins of kiwifruit was assessed via statistical metrics, including R squared (R²) values and the root mean square error (RMSE). The obtained results indicate varying degrees of efficiency for each model in predicting kiwifruit quality parameters. The study concludes that machine learning algorithms, especially neural networks, offer substantial accuracy, surpassing traditional methods for evaluating kiwifruit quality traits. Overall, the current study highlights the potential of such non-destructive techniques in revolutionizing quality assessment during postharvest by yielding rapid and reliable predictions regarding the critical quality attributes of fruits.

Abstract Small fruits such as strawberries, are a good source of natural antioxidants. In recent decades, many efforts have been made to increase the shelf life of strawberries and maintain its nutritional value in post-harvest conditions. In the present study, the effects of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) (0, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) on the post-harvest life and quality of strawberry fruits during the 3rd, 6th, and 12th days of storage, were investigated. Applications of Spm and Spd decreased the rate of weight loss, fruit decay, soluble solids content, fruit juice pH and taste index during the storage period in compared to the control. However, titratable acids and vitamin C contents, tissue stiffness, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity increased in compared to the control. These growth regulators prevented the aging and loss of bioactive compounds of the fruit by increasing the antioxidant activity and preventing the destruction of the fruit tissue. Among the studied treatments, applications of 1.5 mM of Spm and Spd were the most effective treatments to enhance the storage life and quality characters of strawberry fruits.

The use of biochar (BC) seems to be a promising alternative for efficient and environmentally friendly waste management that could help to promote cleaner agricultural production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the aromatic profile of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) beans and cup quality parameters in response to the application of four different doses of biochar (0, 4, 8, and 16 t ha-1) obtained from coffee pulp, and four levels of chemical fertilization (CF) (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% of nutritional requirements). An electronic nose was used to analyze volatile compounds and their relationship with coffee quality parameters: Soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity. Applications of 8 and 16 t ha-1 BC and 66% and 100% CF registered greater sensitivity to the aromatic compounds of roasted coffee beans in sensors W1C, W3C, and W5C. The BC amendments between 8 and 16 t ha-1 and CF 66% and 100% increased the TSS content (CF 66%: 1.32 °Brix and CF 100%: 1.38 °Brix), reduced the pH (CF 66%: 4.95 and CF 100%: 4.88) and increased titratable acidity (CF 66%: 697.88 mg CaCO3 L-1 and CF 100%: 662.56 mg CaCO3 L-1) in beverages of 'Castillo El Tambo' coffee bean in the year 2020. Finally, the co-application of BC as a complement to CF showed a positive effect on the aromatic profile. This methodology could be an original approach to characterize beans according to the coffee crop's nutritional status, helping in factors focused on quality and traceability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers a variant of the dynamic method for determining hygroscopic points of soluble solids, which can be used to determine hygroscopic points of highly viscous saturated solutions. In this variant, the water vapor sorption/desorption rate coefficient is neither specified nor used in calculations. The theoretical foundations of the variant are studied, and an example of calculating the hygroscopic point of fructose is given. The distinct feature of the dynamic method for determining hygroscopic points of substances is its simple execution technique as it requires only analytical balances, dishes for weighing samples, and sealed chambers (desiccators), which makes the method easily implementable in any chemical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing the harvesting time of apples from the optimum harvest window to delayed harvesting may be applied if it is impossible to harvest apples at the optimal time, but it requires changing other factors, as they influence the quality of fruits and shelf life. The aim of the study was to assess the quality of 'Red Jonaprince' apples during storage after delayed harvesting and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) preharvest and postharvest treatment for various storage times. Apples were studied within four groups subjected to preharvest and postharvest treatments, as follows: Group 0—no 1-MCP treatment; Group 1—1-MCP preharvest treatment; Group 2—1-MCP postharvest treatment; and Group 3—1-MCP preharvest and postharvest treatment. All apples were subjected to ultra-low oxygen (ULO) storage conducted for 3, 5 or 6 months, while the analyses were conducted directly after ULO storage (simulated shelf life—0 days) and after simulated shelf life (7 days). For firmness, in the case of 1-MCP applied only preharvest (Group 1) and only postharvest (Group 2), before shelf life, the longer ULO storage resulted in obtaining lower values of firmness (p < 0.0001). If 1-MCP was not applied postharvest (Group 0 and Group 1), and short ULO storage was applied (3 and 5 months for Group 0; 3 months for Group 1), after shelf-life lower values of firmness were observed (p < 0.0001). For soluble solids content (SSC), in the case of 1-MCP not applied preharvest (Group 0 and Group 2), before shelf life, and for 1-MCP applied postharvest (Group 2) after shelf life, the longer ULO storage resulted in obtaining lower values of SCC (p < 0.0001). For titratable acidity (TA), in the case of all the studied groups after shelf life, as well as in case of 1-MCP applied only preharvest (Group 1) also before shelf life, the longer ULO storage resulted in obtaining lower values of TA (p < 0.0001). Except for the 1-MCP applied only postharvest (Group 2), in the case of short ULO storage applied (3 and 5 months for Group 0; 5 months for Group 1; 5 months for Group 3), after shelf-life lower values of TA were observed (p < 0.0001). If delayed harvesting must be conducted, applying 1-MCP not only postharvest, but also preharvest, allows obtaining the most stable firmness and SSC, which do not decrease during storage and shelf life. Taking this into account, it may be concluded, that in the case of delayed harvesting, combining 1-MCP applied preharvest and postharvest should be recommended to keep the quality parameters stable during storage and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural products require high quality, conditioned by their physical, chemical and mechanical properties, which are closely related to post-harvest handling and they influence the decision-making and the consumer's preference. Hence, the interest of the research was to study the main quality properties of banana, Orinoco variety, stored at room temperature. For this, it was necessary to store 42 fruits at room temperature, dividing them into three groups of the same quantity for different types of packaging (wooden box, cardboard and bulk, taking the latter as a control). The properties (weight loss, firmness, pH, contents soluble solids) were evaluated daily during a five-day investigation period and subsequently processed using statistical tools. Characterization of this crop stored at room temperature was obtained in three forms of packaging. The properties evaluated obey a pattern of temporal variability distributed in three periods corresponding to the initial day, between two and three days and between four and five days of storage of the fruit. The best packaging was in cardboard boxes, showing minor changes in each of the properties, where the values of Pp in the five days of the experiment had maximum values of 16.76 g and on average 3.35 g per day. The models obtained for each determined and predicted property are adjusted to second order polynomials, where statistics are obtained that show the credibility of the results, which facilitates the planning of the post-harvest stage by producers and marketers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing consumer demand for quality fruit was a relevant reason to present information on the differences in chemical composition between widespread and newly studied plum cultivars. The observations in this study were carried out in the period 2020-2022 at the Institute of Agriculture – Kyustendil. The fruits of 9 newly introduced plum cultivars: Topfirst, Topfit, Topking, Toptaste, Topgigant plus, Topper, Top, Tophit plus, Topstar plus, and one elite: P-33-6-94 were studied, and the standard Stanley cultivar was used as a control. The aim of the study was to determine the basic biochemical composition of fresh fruit. For the three-year period of the study, the soluble solids in fruits of the different cultivars varied from 13.5% to 25.2%. The content of titratable acids varies from 0.52% to 1.47%, and of total sugars from 7.9% to 13.21%. From the research done on the chemical composition of the fruits, after summarizing the results, it was found that the Toptaste cultivar had the highest soluble solids content – 22.8%, and it also had the highest percentage of total sugars – 12.07% (higher than those of the Stanley standard – 10.76 %). The Topgigant plus cultivar had the highest content of titratable acids – 1.26%, the Topfirst cultivar had the lowest values for this indicator – 0.61%, it also had the lowest percentage of total sugars – 9.30%. In the ratio of sugars/acids and soluble solids/acids with the highest index for both indicators was the Toptaste cultivar – 19.16 and 36.2, and with the lowest Topgigant cultivar 8.15 and 14.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ripeness significantly affects the commercial values and sales of fruits. In order to monitor the change of grapes' quality parameters during ripening, a rapid and nondestructive method of visible-near-infrared spectral (Vis-NIR) technology was utilized in this study. Firstly, the physicochemical properties of grapes at four different ripening stages were explored. Data evidenced increasing color in redness/greenness (a*) and Chroma (C*) and soluble solids (SSC) content and decreasing values in color of lightness (L*), yellowness/blueness (b*) and Hue angle (h*), hardness, and total acid (TA) content as ripening advanced. Based on these results, spectral prediction models for SSC and TA in grapes were established. Effective wavelengths were selected by the competitive adaptive weighting algorithm (CARS), and six common preprocessing methods were applied to pretreat the spectra data. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to establish models on the basis of effective wavelengths and full spectra. The predictive PLSR models built with full spectra data and 1st derivative preprocessing provided the best values of performance parameters for both SSC and TA. For SSC, the model showed the coefficients of determination for calibration ( R C a l 2 ) and prediction ( R P r e 2 ) set of 0.97 and 0.93, respectively, the root mean square error for calibration set (RMSEC) and prediction set (RMSEP) of 0.62 and 1.27, respectively; and the RPD equal to 4.09. As for TA, the optimum values of R C a l 2 , R P r e 2 , RMSEC, RMSEP and RPD were 0.97, 0.94, 0.88, 1.96 and 4.55, respectively. The results indicated that Vis-NIR spectroscopy is an effective tool for the rapid and non-destructive detection of SSC and TA in grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time was assessed the quality of fruits of four varieties of American blackberries and one of Swiss and Serbian selection, grown in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The limits of variation of fruit mass, content of dry soluble substances, sugars, titrated acids, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and anthocyanins were established. The mass of blackberries varied within a minimum of 6.6 g of Asterina variety and a maximum of 8.2 g – Chester Thornless, the amount of soluble dry substances varied in the range of 9.4 (Cacanska Bestrna) – 15.1% (Heaven Can Wait), and sugars from 7.82 to 12.72% Kiowa and Chester Thornless varieties. The highest content of bioactive substances, in particular ascorbic acid, was accumulated by fruits of Kiowa and Heaven Can Wait varieties, the last of these, among the studied varieties, had the highest amount of polyphenolic substances 845 mg.100 g−1, variability of which was very low, corresponding to 8%. According to the look of the fruit, and in particular its mass, as well as taste, ratio of sugar to acid, there were highlighted varieties that have the prospect of widespread cultivation in industrial plantations, such as Chester Thornless and Chief Joseph. In order to conduct the selection process for the creation of varieties, whose fruits will have excellent marketable, consumer and preventive qualities (apart from the above-mentioned varieties) should be also involved with others, namely Heaven Can Wait and Kiowa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes are strongly influenced by light conditions and nitrogen (N) availability, however, the interaction between these factors is still unclear. We evaluated the effects on cherry tomatoes of two tunnel plastic covers with different optical properties and three N doses, also in combination with a biostimulant treatment. We compared a diffuse light film (Film1) and a conventional clear film (Film2), and three N levels, corresponding to 50% (N50), 75% (N75) and 100% (N100) of the optimal dose, with and without a microbial plus a protein hydrolysed biostimulant, compared to a non-treated control. The three experimental treatments significantly interacted on several yield and quality parameters. In control plants (untreated with biostimulants), the early yield was higher at reduced N doses compared to N100, with greater increments under the diffusive Film1 compared to the clear Film2 (+57.7% and +37.0% vs. +31.7% and +16.0%, in N50 and N75 respectively). Film1 boosted the total fruit production at all the N rates and with or without biostimulants, compared to Film2, with stronger effects under sub-optimal N (+29.4% in N50, +21.2% in N75, and +7.8% in N100, in plants untreated with biostimulant). Total yield decreased with decreasing N levels, while it always increased with the application of biostimulants, which counterbalanced the detrimental effects of N shortage. Quality traits were mainly affected by the cover film and the biostimulant treatment. The diffusive film increased the content of carotenoids, lycopene and total phenols compared to the clear one, and the biostimulants increased texture, soluble solids, phenols and ascorbic acid compared to the untreated control. It is worth noting that in plants fertilized at 75% of the reference N dose, the biostimulants determined higher yield than the N100 untreated control, under both the covers (+48% in Film1 and +20% in Film2). In conclusion, the diffusive film improved the fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes in the spring–summer period, presumably avoiding plant stress due to high-intensity direct light. Reduced N rates limited the plant productivity, however, the biostimulant application was effective in compensating for the detrimental effects of sub-optimal supply of N synthetic fertilizers.

This study proposed individual spectral wavelengths significant to estimate soluble solids content (SSC) in sugarcane billets moving on the conveyor. At the same time, an all-in-one quality and yield monitor using those wavelengths for a sugarcane harvester was also proposed. Seven wavelengths, 475, 560, 668, 717, 755, 840, and 890 nm, were arranged into three groups for modeling. Group 1, consisting of 475, 560, 668, 717, and 840 nm, was based on the spectral responses of a commercial multispectral camera, while group 2 (717 and 840 nm) was based on the invisible (RedEdge and near-infrared or NIR) responses of the camera. For group 3, two sugar-related wavelengths at 755 and 890 nm were selected as the candidates for modeling. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to model those three groups with corresponding soluble solids content (SSC). The results showed that the developed models based on two sugar-related wavelengths at 755 and 890 nm provided the best performance, explaining 80.2 % of the variance in the SSC and displaying a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.32 ºBrix. The predictive performance had the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.33 ºBrix. This finding confirmed the effectiveness of the sugar wavelengths and conveyed the possibility to develop the sugarcane quality and yield monitor.

Cactus cladodes are consumed by humans in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The use of biofertilizers when cultivating cacti can improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the cladodes' productivity and physical-chemical quality. We evaluated the physical and physical-chemical qualities of different lengths of Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cladodes were grown with different biofertilizer doses. The 3 × 5 factorial design employed corresponded to three cladode sizes (8–12, 12–16, and 16–20 cm) and five doses of biofertilizer (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) with three repetitions in a completely randomized design. Cladode characteristics were evaluated 40 days after emergence: diameter, fresh mass, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid and titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA), ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoids, and respiration. The Opuntia stricta cladodes sized 16–20 cm exhibited better physical and physical-chemical qualities as well as better respiratory rates. The biofertilizer improved the cladodes' physical and physical-chemical qualities, regardless of the cladode's size. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes had levels of antioxidant compounds similar to those of some conventional vegetables, making them suitable for improving human health in arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Commercial rootstocks tested were susceptible to salinity. • The accessions RVTC 66 and PI 127,826 and their hybrid were susceptible to salinity. • The commercial rootstocks Guardião, Muralha, protetor were susceptible to salinity. • LA 716 and their hybrids were rootstocks resistant to salinity. • F 1 (RVTC 66 × LA 716) hybrid was the most promising rootstock for giuliana cultivar. The grafting on tomatoes with salinity-resistant rootstocks is an alternative practice for saline soil fields that has been proven efficient. The use of grafting on tomato plants with salinity-resistant rootstock enhances growth and fruit production in saline conditions. However, in South America, there are a few studies aimed to investigate grafting within saline conditions. Additionally, it is necessary to explore the variability of tomatoes to identify promising rootstocks. The commercial cultivar Giuliana was used as a vegetative material, that is being grafted in ten rootstocks: commercial cultivars Guardião, Muralha, Protetor, and Magnet, accessions RVTC 66 (S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme), LA 716 (S. pennellii) and PI 127,826 (S. habrochaites var. hirsutum) and, interspecific F 1 hybrids RVTC 66 × LA 716, RVTC 66 × PI 127,826 and LA 716 × PI 127,826. Giuliana was also self-grafted (control treatment). The plants were submitted to study two treatments: without NaCl during fertigation (EC: 1.01 dS m−1 and 1.75 dS m−1) and in the presence of NaCl (EC of 3.5 and 7.0 dS m−1) for vegetative development and reproductive periods, respectively. The growth, physiological, productive, and post-harvest parameters were evaluated. The rootstocks Guardião, Muralha, Protetor, Magnet, RVTC 66, PI 127,826, and F 1 (RVTC 66 × PI 127,826) were susceptible to salinity. In contrast, the use of LA 716 accession and its F 1 (RVTC 66 × LA 716) and F 1 (LA 716 × PI 127,826) hybrids tolerated salinity. However, it is recommended to use the F 1 (RVTC 66 × LA 716) hybrid with a higher productive performance than the other rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) have gained consumer interest worldwide for its antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and blood pressure reducing properties. The objective of our study was to characterize 10 blueberry cultivars for firmness, weight, caliber, macronutrient content, anthocyanins, titratable acidity, and soluble solids. Results indicated that the characterized fruit parameters varied between 12.89–18.68 °Brix for soluble solids, 0.57%–0.79% for titratable acidity, 57.0–81.6 g mm −1 for firmness, 1.74 and 2.80 g for average fruit weight, 14.7 and 17.9 mm for average fruit diameter, 1.80–15.55 mg L−1 for anthocyanins, and 14.4%–21.6% for dry matter content. Fruit nutrient concentration (mg 100 g−1 fresh fruit) ranged from 63.6 to 104.0 mg N 100 g−1, 7.0 to 12.2 mg P 100 g−1, 76.4 to 122.7 mg K 100 g−1, 4.5 to 9.8 mg Ca 100 g−1, 3.6 to 6.9 mg Mg 100 g−1, and 3.7 to 5.8 mg S 100 g−1. The cultivar with the highest overall values was 'Last Call', while the cultivars with the lowest values were 'Brigitta', 'Liberty', and 'Cargo'. There were positive and negative correlations between the characterization parameters, mainly 1) less firm cultivars, 'Legacy', ´Duke', and 'Camelia', were positively correlated for the K concentration, 2) negative correlations between titratable acidity and the K concentration in 'Last Call', 'Cargo', 'Brigitta', and 'Liberty', and 3) positive correlations between the P concentration and soluble solid content in 'Last Call', 'Camelia', and 'Brigitta'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible fungi by-products are fruiting body residues produced during the production of hot pot base. There are abundant cellulose, protein, and minerals remained in edible fungi by-products. Ultrasonic-assisted two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase, pectinase, and papain was optimized for the purpose of extracting its soluble substances. The taste, flavor, antioxidant capacity, color, soluble solids, soluble protein, conductivity, and turbidity of the optimized edible fungi by-product hydrolysate (EFBH) were evaluated. It was found that the soluble solids content and antioxidant activity of the optimized EFBH were significantly increased, and the flavor change was insignificant. The optimized EFBH with low bitterness and high umami taste was obtained through the two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis, and its soluble solids content was increased by 2.87 times, and the umami response value was increased by 12.19 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing an excellent method to compare the aim characteristics of a large number of cultivars simultaneously in a sufficiently comprehensive way is often an essential challenge for breeders. This article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the Estonian conditions of 58 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars of various geographical origins according to the main economically useful markers. Based on two years of data, cultivars were clustered separately for each marker using the K-means clustering method. Considering the data on the aim characteristics, including high yield, high fruit weight, high total soluble solids TSS (°Brix) content, optimal titratable acidity TA (%) content, and a high °Brix/acidity ratio, the groups of similar cultivars formed clearly. The validation of cultivars into similar groups is important for further breeding decisions. A K-means clustering method is ideal for clustering strawberry cultivars according to their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the vegetables widely cultivated in the world, whose fruits are rich in nutrients. Soluble solids content (SSC) is one of the important factors affecting tomato fruit flavor and plays a decisive role in improving tomato quality. Molecular markers are genetic markers that reveal plant genetic polymorphism at the DNA level, which have the advantages of improving breeding purposes, increasing selection efficiency, and shortening breeding years. The molecular marker TGS0892 is located on chromosome 6 of the tomato genome and is closely related to soluble solids. In the present work, five different tomato cultivars were used as experimental materials. The results showed that 'TD-10' had the lightest single fruit weight and the highest soluble solids content, while 'TD-8' and 'TD-9' had heavier single fruit weight and lowered soluble solids content. Seventeen genes within 50 kb upstream and downstream of the molecular marker TGS0892 were identified using bioinformatics methods, and their structural analysis and functional annotation were performed. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that the expression levels of the 17 genes in different tomato cultivars were classified into two major categories, with the highest expression in 'TD-7' and other cultivars, respectively. Soly065970 and Soly066010 were significantly more expressed in high soluble solids tomato cultivars ('TD-7' and 'TD-10') and less expressed in the low soluble solids tomato cultivar ('TD-9'). The results suggested that Soly065970 and Soly066010 may be involved in regulating the soluble solids metabolic process, which provides a reference for studying the formation mechanism of highly soluble solids in tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guelder rose (V. opulus L., 1753) is a rare garden crop widespread throughout Russia. It is a valuable food and medicinal raw material due to its rich chemical composition. It contains biologically active phenolic compounds, pectin substances, triterpenoids, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, organic acids, and macro- and micro-elements. The study aimed to investigate the content and variability of soluble solids (SS) and sugars in fruits of V. opulus L. in the conditions of the South of Western Siberia. The research objects are fruits of V. opulus L. of 2 varieties (Taezhnye Rubiny and Avrora) and 15 hybrids. The authors employ the Taezhnye Rubiny variety as a control. The SS content has been determined by the refractometric method and the mass content of sugars – by direct titration of an aqueous extract. The authors calculate Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) to characterize the growing season. The limits are determined for the accumulation of SS (from 10.2% to 18.2%) and sugars (from 7.3% to 10.0%) and the variability of these features (14% and 10%, respectively). The number of genotypes with a stable accumulation of SS identified over the years is 82%, and that with high sugar content (8.6%–10.0%) is 35%. The analysis reveals an average adverse correlation between HTC and the accumulation of SS (r=-0.62) and sugars (r=-0.34) in fruits and a strong dependence of these biochemical features on HTC in control (r=0.93, r=0.95).

Salicylic acid (SA) application is a promising agronomic tool. However, studies under field conditions are required, to confirm the potential benefits of SA. Thus, SA application was evaluated under field conditions for its effect on abscisic acid levels, antioxidant related-parameters, fruit quality, and yield in Aristotelia chilensis subjected to different levels of irrigation. During two growing seasons, three-year-old plants under field conditions were subjected to full irrigation (FI: 100% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and deficit irrigation (DI: 60% ETo). During each growth season, a single application of 0.5 mM SA was performed at fruit color change by spraying fruits and leaves of both irrigation treatments. The results showed that DI plants experienced moderate water stress (−1.3 MPa), which increased ABA levels and oxidative stress in the leaves. The SA application facilitated the recovery of all physiological parameters under the DI condition, increasing fruit fresh weight by 44%, with a 27% increase in fruit dry weight, a 1 mm increase in equatorial diameter, a 27% improvement in yield per plant and a 27% increase in total yield, with lesser oxidative stress and tissue ABA levels in leaves. Also, SA application significantly increased (by about 10%) the values of fruit trait variables such as soluble solids, total phenols, and antioxidant activity, with the exceptions of titratable acidity and total anthocyanins, which did not vary. The results demonstrated that SA application might be used as an agronomic strategy to improve fruit yield and quality, representing a saving of 40% regarding water use.

In order to improve the added value and utilization rate of yellow serofluid and alleviate the environmental pollution caused by the discharge of yellow serofluid, the soluble solids in yellow serofluid were flocculated. On the basis of single factor experiment, the flocculation process of soluble solids in yellow serofluid was optimized with response surface methodology. The contents of protein and total sugar, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand) and metabolomics of yellow serofluid before and after flocculation were determined. The experimental results showed that the optimal technological parameters of flocculation sedimentation of soluble solids in yellow serofluid were as follows: Chitosan content was 0.54 mg/mL, sodium alginate content was 0.24 mg/mL, pH was 4.4, temperature was 47 ℃, and the sedimentation rate of soluble solids in yellow serofluid was (46.26%±0.38%). Protein content decreased by 40.68% and total sugar content decreased by 8.41%. The removal rates of BOD and COD were 43% and 40.95%, respectively. Metabolomics experiment results showed that 66 compounds in yellow serofluid were significantly changed before and after flocculation. The results showed that flocculation could effectively reduce the content of soluble solids in yellow serofluid, which provides a certain reference for further development and utilization of yellow serofluid.

Background: Climate change results in warmer air temperatures and an uncertain amount and distribution of annual precipitations, which will directly impact rainfed crops, such as the grapevine. Traditionally, ancient autochthones grapevine varieties have been substituted by modern ones with higher productivity. However, this homogenization of genotypes reduces the genetic diversity of vineyards which could make their ability to adapt to challenges imposed by future climate conditions difficult. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the response of four ancient grapevine varieties to high temperatures under different water availabilities, focusing on plant water relations, grape technological and phenolic maturity, and the antioxidant capacity of the must. Methods: The study was conducted on fruit-bearing cuttings grown in pots in temperature-gradient greenhouses. A two-factorial design was established where two temperature regimes, ambient and elevated (ambient + 4 °C), were combined with two water regimes, full irrigation and post-veraison deficit irrigation, during fruit ripening. Results: There were significant differences among the ancient varieties regarding plant water relations and fruit quality. Conclusion: This research underlines the importance of evaluating the behavior of ancient grapevine varieties that could offer good options for the adaptation of viticulture to future climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected cropping systems (PCS) de-risk adverse climatic effects in intensive horticultural production but alter the growing environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of modern, commercial-scale PCS on sweet cherry orchard microclimate, tree water uptake and fruit quality. Sap flow sensors and weather stations were positioned at four locations under a 21 ha PCS at varying elevations (125, 114, 111, 102 m above sea level) and distances from the block boundary (105, 75, 60 or 50 m, referred to hereafter as Locations 1 to 4, respectively). Generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to predict the effect of individual climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) on tree sap flow at each of the four locations. Average and maximum temperatures and average minimum relative humidity (RH) were higher (15.9°C, 26.1°C and 49.0%) at locations with higher elevations and located further from the PCS boundary (locations 1 and 2) in contrast to locations at lower elevations and closer proximity to the PCS boundary (locations 3 and 4) (15.4°C, 24.6°C and 48.1%). Predicted sap flow was strongly correlated (r² = 0.92) with time across the four locations under the PCS. GAMS modelling indicated that the hourly water uptake by trees within close proximity to the block boundary (locations 3 and 4) responded with greater intensity to increases in temperature and reductions in relative humidity, taking up on average 0.15 L h-1 (at temperatures >30°C) and 0.08 L h-1 (at RH<50%), respectively, in contrast to trees further under the PCS (locations 1 and 2) where average tree water uptake was 0.08 and 0.04 L h-1 at temperatures >30°C and RH<50%, respectively. Highest average predicted hourly tree sap flow was associated with high wind speeds (0.67 L h-1) and low relative humidity levels (0.61 L h-1). Fruit harvested from locations further from the PCS boundary had significantly higher dry matter content (18.2%), total soluble solids (17.8%) and compression firmness (311.3 g mm-1) in contrast to fruit closer to the PCS boundaries (16.1%, 15.7% and 258.3 g mm-1). This study provides greater understanding of the effects of PCS on microclimate and consequences for tree water uptake and fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Protected cropping systems (PCS) de-risk adverse climatic effects in intensive horticultural production but alter the growing environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of modern, commercial-scale PCS on sweet cherry orchard microclimate, tree water uptake and fruit quality. Sap flow sensors and weather stations were positioned at four locations under a 21 ha PCS at varying elevations (125, 114, 111, 102 m above sea level) and distances from the block boundary (105, 75, 60 or 50 m, referred to hereafter as Locations 1 to 4, respectively). Generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to predict the effect of individual climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) on tree sap flow at each of the four locations. Average and maximum temperatures and average minimum relative humidity (RH) were higher (15.9°C, 26.1°C and 49.0%) at locations with higher elevations and located further from the PCS boundary (locations 1 and 2) in contrast to locations at lower elevations and closer proximity to the PCS boundary (locations 3 and 4) (15.4°C, 24.6°C and 48.1%). Predicted sap flow was strongly correlated (r2 = 0.92) with time across the four locations under the PCS. GAMS modelling indicated that the hourly water uptake by trees within close proximity to the block boundary (locations 3 and 4) responded with greater intensity to increases in temperature and reductions in relative humidity, taking up on average 0.15 L h-1 (at temperatures >30°C) and 0.08 L h-1 (at RH30°C and RH