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Background: The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) has two versions (trait and state) that assess taking thoughts literally and thinking as likely to dominate behavior. Objectives: The current study modified original version of CFQ, which was translated previously in Iran and have used CFQ and modified version as known as the State Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (SCFQ) for psychometrically evaluated these measures. Methods: A sample of individuals with mental disorders (N = 196) completed the CFQ, SCFQ, and other measures of interest. Results: One-factor models emerged for each measure, and each demonstrated good internal consistency. The CFQ versions were associated with psychopathology, experiential avoidance, and life satisfaction measures. Conclusions: These findings provide initial support for using these measures in research and clinical contexts to further our understanding of cognitive fusion in the Iranian mental disorder population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive fusion (CF) and experiential avoidance (EA) are two constructs of acceptance and commitment therapy that contribute to psychological distress. The current study aimed to examine whether CF and EA accounted for variance in the relationships between key cognitive maintaining factors of social anxiety and indicators of social anxiety. This issue was investigated using a longitudinal design in a nonclinical sample. Participants (N = 361) completed baseline measures of CF, EA, cognitive maintaining factors, and indicators of social anxiety, and the measures of indicators of social anxiety were recompleted 6 weeks later (N = 262). Results showed that baseline postevent processing had significant indirect effects on fear of negative evaluation at follow-up: (a) via CF, (b) via EA, and (c) via a serial pathway of CF → EA. Interventions that aim to reduce CF, in particular, may be a priority in reducing fear of negative evaluation associated with postevent processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existence of social anxiety in adolescents have been examined in various cognitive behavioral models such as Clark and Wells Cognitive Model that has been tried to justify the maintenance of this anxiety in them. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the variables of Clark and Wells (1995) Cognitive Model and Social Anxiety in Iranian Adolescent students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study; a student sample (N=220) was selected from Parsian and Asaluyeh schools in 2021-2022. An online form was used to collect data on Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), Social Phobia Weekly Summary Scale (SPWSS), Focus of Attention Questionnaire - Self-focus subscale (FAQ-S), Report of Youth Social Cognitions (RYSC), Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE), Post-event Processing Questionnaire-5 item version (PEPQ-5), and Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS). Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: A positive correlation was found between social anxiety and anticipatory processing (P<0.001, r=0.33), maladaptive social-evaluative beliefs (P<0.001, r=0.58), safety behaviors (P<0.001, r=0.63), and post-event processing (P<0.001, r=0.28). The high socially anxious group had significantly greater scores on the social anxiety measure and all the maintaining factors (P<0.001) except the self-focus measure (P=0.235). Conclusion: The study results suggested that there is a positive correlation between the variables of Clark and Wells (1995) Cognitive Model and Social Anxiety in Iranian adolescent students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on symptom severity, fear of negative evaluation, quality of life (QoL), and the mediating role of acceptance, cognitive fusion, and value among patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with SAD were randomized in the intervention (n=15) or waiting list groups (n=15). The social phobia and Anxiety inventory (SPAI), brief fear of negative evaluation scale (BFNE), World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQoL) scale, social anxiety-acceptance and action questionnaire (SA-AAQ), cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ), and valued living questionnaire (VLQ) were administered before, immediately after, and at a one-month follow-up. Repeated measurement design was used in the intervention group to investigate the changes of mediation and outcomes variables in the pre-test, during treatment, and post-test. Twenty-four patients completed the study. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and repeated measurements. Results: There were significant differences between the intervention and waiting list groups in the severity of symptoms (P=0.001), fear of negative evaluation (P=0.002), and QoL (P=0.03), as well as in terms of specific measures of SA-AAQ (P=0.001), cognitive fusion (P=0.001), an important section of VLQ (P=0.001). Repeated measurement results showed that acceptance and action of social anxiety and cognitive fusion had a mediating role in the severity of social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and QoL. Conclusion: The results indicated the effectiveness of ACT for SAD and highlighted the mediator role of social anxiety, acceptance and action, and cognitive fusion in the severity of SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) during adulthood. Studying the relationship between childhood ADHD disorder symptoms and depression and borderline personality disorder symptoms among students was the main aim of this study. Materials and Methods: A total of 291 students, who were studying in Shiraz and Tabriz universities inThe academic year of 2010-2011, were selected from three groups of Humanities, Basic Sciences, and Technical-Engineering Sciences using simple sampling method. They participated in the study through completing Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Borderline Personality Scale (STB) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Pearsons correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between childhood ADHD and borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) in adulthood and childhood ADHD is able to predict BPD in adulthood (p<0.01). Similarly, the relationship between symptoms of childhood ADHD and depression was positive and significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: There is a relationship between symptoms of childhood ADHD, BPD and depression in students. It is recommended to pay due attention to the comorbidity disorders such as BPD and depression in the treatment of ADHD disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]