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This scoping review examines known associations between potential traumatic experiences and mental health outcomes among adolescent refugees. Little is known about the type and severity of traumatic experiences among adolescent refugees and whether the type and severity of these experiences are associated with poor mental health. Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles. Inclusion criteria were: 1) trauma was the predictor variable of the article, 2) at least one of two selected mental health conditions (depression and anxiety) was an outcome variable of the study, 3) the quantitative relationship between trauma and mental health was discussed; 4) participants of the study were adolescent refugees or asylum seekers; 5) the article was published between January 1, 2011 and August 30, 2020; 6) and written in English. Adolescents aged 12-18 of all genders were included in this review. Of 3319 potentially relevant articles identified, 11 articles were included. All the included studies employed a cross-sectional study design. Adolescent refugees experienced a variety of traumatic events, such as physical and sexual violence, war-related events, natural disasters, migration-related events, and verbal and emotional abuse. The review found a positive association between trauma exposure and poor mental health outcomes of depression and anxiety in all included studies across diverse adolescent refugee populations. The findings suggest that effective intervention strategies should be implemented to meet the needs of children and adolescent refugees as a vulnerable group in the host community as they adjust to the language, cultural, and school barriers and to support overall growth and development., Author(s): Solomon D. Danga [sup.1] , Babatope O. Adebiyi [sup.1] , Erica Koegler [sup.2] , Conran Joseph [sup.3] , Nicolette V. Roman [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00h2vm590, grid.8974.2, 0000 0001 [...]

Borate glass systems have been extensively studied for practical applications in optical display devices by virtue of their peculiar luminescence efficiency. However, the attainment of high emission from borate glass materials via apposite control of rare earth ions (REIs) contents remains a topical issue in Material Physics. In this paper, we report the influence of REIs (Dy3+, Eu3+, and Sm3+) on multiple-colour emission of magnesium sodium borate (MSB) glasses fabricated by using the conventional melt-quenching method. These glasses were optically characterized via X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS-NIR and Photoluminescence techniques. The XRD pattern confirms the amorphous nature of the as-prepared glasses. The absorption spectra disclosed several absorption bands at 347 nm (6H15/2 → 6P7/2) for Dy3+, 393 nm (7F0 →5L6) for Eu3+ and 403 nm (6H5/2 →6P5/2) assigned for Sm3+ respectively. Also, the emission spectra radiate at 463 nm (4F9/2 → 6F11/2 + 6H9/2), 612 nm (5D0 → 7FJ) and 599 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2) for Dy3+, Eu3+, and Sm3+ correspondingly, wherein Dy3+ emits blue, yellow, and red light, Eu3+ emits red light and Sm3+ emits reddish-orange light. Finally, 1.0 mol% content of Dy3+, Eu3+, and Sm3+ in MSB glasses was found to be optimal and hence considered the best optical host for colour display devices.

Research on adolescent refugee resilience is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to resettlement areas and integration into a new country. However, the current literature does not provide clear evidence on the determinants of resilience factors and the association between traumatic experiences and resilience among adolescent refugees. Four electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria for articles were (i) potential traumatic experience was the independent variable and resilience was an outcome variable of the study, (ii) association between traumatic experiences and resilience was reported, (iii) participants of the study included adolescent refugees or asylum seekers and (iv) to be peer-reviewed publications based on primary data, written in English and published between 1 January 2010 and 20 January 2022. Eight articles were included in this scoping review. The review found that most of the included studies identified individual, relational/family and contextual/cultural factors as determinants of resilience. However, there were inconsistencies in the association between traumatic experiences and resilience. This review suggests that intervention strategies implemented among adolescent refugees should focus on enhancing individual, family/relational, and cultural/social factors to protect adolescents from possible poor mental health consequences after exposure to trauma.

Biniyam Sahiledengle,1 Tesfaye Assefa,2 Wogene Negash,2 Anwar Tahir,2 Tadele Regasa,3 Yohannes Tekalegn,1 Ayele Mamo,4 Zinash Teferu,1 Damtew Solomon,3 Habtamu Gezahegn,3 Kebebe Bekele,5 Demisu Zenbaba,1 Alelign Tasew,1 Fikreab Desta,1 Zegeye Regassa,2 Zegeye Feleke,2 Chala Kene,6 Fekata Tolcha,7 Degefa Gomora,6 Diriba Dibaba,1 Daniel Atlaw3 1Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 2Nursing Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 3Biomedical Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 4Pharmacy Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 5Surgery Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 6Midwifery of Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 7Pediatrics and Child Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Biniyam Sahiledengle, Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia, Email biniyam.sahiledengle@gmail.comBackground: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus, and it can result in blindness that is irreversible. Due to delayed diagnosis and limited access to diabetic care, the situation is even worse in developing countries. Scientific evidence on the prevalence of DR and its associated factors among diabetes patients in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia, is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DR and associated factors among adult diabetes patients in southeast Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetes patients who visited Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital. Fundus and slit-lamp examination were performed for screening of DR. Multivariate binary logistic regression was computed to identify factors associated with DR.Results: A total of 256 patients (144 men, 56.2%) aged 50.15± 15.71 years were included in the study. The prevalence of any DR was 19.9% (95% CI 15.4%– 25.3%), mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) 10.9% (95% CI 7.6%– 15.4%), moderate NPDR 5.9% (95% CI 3.5%– 9.5%), severe NPDR 0.9% (95% CI 0.2%– 3.9%), and proliferative DR 2.3% (95% CI 1.0%– 5.1%). Duration of diabetes ≥ 10 years (AOR 10.22, 95% CI 1.70– 61.44), central obesity (AOR 5.42, 95% CI 1.38– 21.19), overweight/obese (AOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.02– 6.92), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (AOR 5.82, 95% CI 1.86– 18.24), moderate triglyceride:HDL cholesterol ratio (AOR 4.13, 95% CI 1.13– 15.15), and urban dwelling (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.04– 7.78) were significantly associated with DR.Conclusion: One in every five DM patients had DR. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and blood lipids were independently associated with DR. To reduce the burden of diabetes, strategies that focus on lifestyle modifications targeted at identified modifiable risk factors are essential.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, Ethiopia

Tadele Regasa,1 Yohannes Dinku,1 Bereket Gezahegn,1 Zegeye Feleke,2 Zegeye Regassa,2 Ayele Mamo,1 Tesfaye Assefa,2 Habtamu Gezahegn,1 Damtew Solomon,1 Daniel Atlaw,1 Mengistu Dessie3 1School of medicine, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; 2School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; 3School of Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tadele Regasa, Tel +251922311812, Email tdlrgs104@gmail.comIntroduction: Acute pancreatitis is auto-cell destruction that is manifested by increased leakage of amylase and lipase into circulation. During pancreatitis, the activity of serum amylase and lipase is elevated three times above the upper limit of the normal range. This elevation was observed in both prediabetic and diabetic patients. Severe acute pancreatitis can result in acute kidney injury and other multi-organ dysfunction, which is one of the reasons for death.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the elevation of serum amylase and lipase and their distribution at different stages of renal insufficiency among diabetic patients.Methods: This study included 286 diabetic patients (36 type 1 and 250 type 2), and data were collected from May 1 to June 30, 2019. The study design used was an institution-based cross-sectional study. A face-to-face interview was used to collect data, and serum creatinine, amylase, and lipase levels were measured using a chemistry analyzer. For data entry and statistical analysis, respectively, Epidata software version 3.02 and SPSS version 21 were used.Results: The mean serum amylase among diabetic patients suffering from G3b and G4 was 106.79 IU/L ± 118.18 IU/L and 104.85 ± 90.42 IU/L, respectively. Their mean serum lipase activity was 105.07 IU/L ± 127.54 IU/L and 106.98 IU/L ± 88.35 IU/L, respectively. Serum lipase activity was elevated above the normal range and three times above the upper limit of the normal range with a magnitude of 11.2% and 4.2%, respectively. Similarly, 9.1% and 0.7% of diabetic patients had increased serum amylase above the normal range and three-fold above the normal range, respectively.Conclusion: As glomerular filtration decreases, particularly in moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease, serum amylase and lipase activity rise above the upper limit.Keywords: acute pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, serum amylase, serum lipase

Mohammed Ebrahim Rike,1 Mengistie Diress,2 Baye Dagnew,2 Mihret Getnet,2 Abbul Hasano Kebalo,1 Derese Sinamaw,3 Damtew Solomon,1 Yonas Akalu2 1Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohammed Ebrahim Rike, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia, Tel +251920071361, Email zakiziaa9@gmail.comIntroduction: Hypertension is rising globally and is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease. It affects people of different groups; however, owing to a rise in a sedentary lifestyle it is more prevalent among long-distance truck drivers. However, the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among truck drivers in Ethiopia is not known. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among long-distance truck drivers in Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 415 long-distance truck drivers selected by systematic random sampling technique at Modjo dry port from May 15 to 30, 2021. The data were collected and entered into Epi-data 4.6 then it was exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were executed. The odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed. In the final model, a variable with a p ≤ 0.05 was declared as a predictor of hypertension.Results: The prevalence of hypertension among long-distance truck drivers in Ethiopia was 34.7%. The odds of hypertension was higher among drivers who were ≥ 45 years old [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.32; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 2.16, 8.62], obese [AOR= 5.12; 95% CI: 1.33, 19.8], alcohol drinkers [AOR=3.05; 95% CI: 1.27, 7.31], and cigarette smokers [AOR= 3.74; 95% CI: 1.64, 8.51]. Drivers who had regular physical exercise were less likely [AOR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.63] to have hypertension than drivers with no physical activity.Conclusion: More than a third of the participants in Ethiopia had hypertension. Higher age, obesity, absence of rest between driving, short sleep duration, smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical inactivity were significantly associated with hypertension. Therefore, health education on lifestyle modifications, sleep habits, and the importance of rest breaks between driving should be considered to prevent hypertension and further complications.Keywords: hypertension, long-distance truck drivers, Ethiopia

Research on autistic individuals' writing has long focused on weaknesses in structural complexity, organisation, and perspective-taking skills. More recently, awareness has grown that writing can be a strength, as suggested by research on autistic memoirs. To learn more about how well autistic individuals write when they use language for their own purposes, we turned to autistic-authored blogs. Online word usage patterns were analysed for 30 self-identified autistic bloggers and 30 age and gender-matched non-autistic bloggers, assumed to be neurotypical (NT). In addition, blog content was analysed for the range of topics discussed. Topics were categorised according to broad topics including common hobbies (e.g. sports, arts, crafts), preoccupations (e.g. people, vehicles, food, machines), and academic domains (e.g. belief systems, science, numbers, history). Compared to NT bloggers, autistic bloggers wrote in a more complex manner, as measured by word and sentence length and rare vocabulary. Autistic bloggers often wrote about science or other abstract topics rather than discussing daily life events. These findings suggest that one subset of autistic individuals, those who write blogs, are able to write in a more complex style than their NT peers. This may reflect having an intellectual orientation, or, autistic people with sophisticated writing skills are the ones who choose to author blogs. Raising awareness that some autistic individuals can be strong writers will be of broad help to diverse stakeholders, including educators, clinicians, families and autistic individuals themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayele Mamo,1 Tesfaye Assefa,2 Wegene Negash,2 Yohannes Takelign,3 Biniyam Sahiledinigl,3 Zinash Teferu,3 Mesud Mohammed,1 Damtew Solomon,4 Habtamu Gezahegn,4 Kebebe Bekele,5 Demsu Zenbaba,3 Alelign Tasew,3 Anwar Tahir,2 Fikereab Desta,3 Tadele Regassa,4 Abule Takele,3 Zegeye Regassa,2 Daniel Atilaw4 1Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 2Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Nursing department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 3Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Public Health Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 4Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Biomedical Department, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 5Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Surgery Department, Bale Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ayele Mamo, Tel +251913512089, Email ayumam12@gmail.comBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen failure is linked to an increased risk of disease progression and death, while early detection of ART failure can help to prevent the development of resistance. This study aimed to evaluate virological and immunological ART failure and predictors among HIV-positive adult and adolescent clients in southeast Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was implemented from January 2016 to November 30, 2020; all HIV-positive nave patients on follow-up during the study period from four hospitals were included. Virological and immunological treatment failure was the primary outcome of the study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed for analysis. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant predictors of treatment failure.Results: A total of 641 HIV patients’ charts were reviewed, 62.6% of the study participants were females. Of the total study participants, 18.4% and 15% developed virological and immunological ART regimen treatment failure respectively. The median time to virological failure was 40 months. WHO stage IV [AHR = 4.616; 95% CI: (2.136– 9.974)], WHO stage III [AHR = 2.323; 95% CI: (1.317– 4.098)], poor adherence to HAART regimen [AHR = 3.097; 95% CI: (1.349– 7.108)], and fair adherence [AHR = 2.058; 95% CI: (1.234– 3.432)] were significantly associated with virological treatment failure among adolescent and adult study participants in southeast Ethiopia.Conclusion: The prevalence of virological treatment failure was 18.4% (95% CI: 15.4 − 21.4) and the prevalence of immunological treatment failure was 15% (95% CI: 11.8– 18.4). WHO clinical stage III/IV and non-adherence were independent predictors of virological ART treatment failure. Early management of clinical WHO stages and improving patients’ ART regimen adherence are important to decrease the prevalence of ART regimen treatment failure.Keywords: treatment failure, antiretroviral, predictors, HIV, Bale zone

Mobile phones remain a largely untapped resource in the ongoing challenge to address Female Sex Worker (FSW) health, including HIV prevention services, in India. An important step towards designing effective mobile phone-based initiatives for FSWs is clarifying the contextual influences of mobile phone solicitation on sexual risk behavior. In this paper, we extend previously identified associations between mobile phone solicitation and condom practices by examining whether this association is moderated by sex work pay and offer key considerations for future research and implementation. Specifically, we conducted an analysis among 589 Indian FSWs, where FSWs who did not use mobile phones to solicit clients had the lowest mean sex work pay (INR 394/ USD 6.54) compared to FSWs who used both mobile and traditional strategies (INR 563/ USD 9.34). Our analysis indicate low paid FSWs who used mobile phones concurrently with traditional strategies had 2.46 times higher odds of inconsistent condom use compared to low paid FSWs who did not use mobile phones for client solicitation. No such effect was identified among high paid FSWs. These findings also identified group level differences among FSWs reporting different mobile phone solicitation strategies, including violence, client condom use and HIV status. Our results indicate that low pay does moderate the association between mobile phone solicitation and condom practices, but only among a sub-set of low paid FSWs. These findings also demonstrate the utility of classification by different mobile phone solicitation strategies for accurate assessment of sexual risk among mobile phone soliciting FSWs. In turn, this paves the way for novel approaches to utilize mobile phones for FSW HIV prevention. We discuss one such example, a mobile phone-based rapid screening tool for acute HIV infection targeting Indian FSWs.

Demisu Zenbaba,1 Biniyam Sahiledengle,1 Mitiku Bonsa Debela,1 Tilahun Tufa,1 Zinesh Teferu,1 Abate Lette,1 Habtamu Gezahegn,2 Damtew Solomon,3 Yohannes Tekalegn1 1Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, School of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Bale, Ethiopia; 2Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bale, Ethiopia; 3Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Bale, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Demisu Zenbaba Email zdemisu@gmail.comBackground: Incomplete vaccination can put children at greater risk of acquiring vaccine-preventable diseases. In Ethiopia, vaccination coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases is still a significant and persistent public health challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination among children aged 12– 23 months in Gindhir District, Southeast Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based unmatched case–control design was employed among children aged 12– 23 months from 1 to 28 February 2020. A total of 254 cases and 508 controls were included using the stratified random sampling technique. Cases included children aged 12– 23 months who missed at least one dose of the routine vaccination, and controls were the children with complete vaccination with all required doses. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent factors for children’s incomplete vaccination status.Results: Of all assessed determinants, maternal knowledge about vaccination (AOR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.80), educational status (AOR=2.61, 95% CI: 1.19, 5.67), average monthly income (AOR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.77), model family (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.51, 4.14), taking TT vaccine (AOR= 0.45 95% CI: 0.29, 0.78), number of under five children (AOR= 4.90 95% CI: 1.72, 13.93) and birth order (AOR= 6.33, 95% CI: 1.89, 14.87) were found to have statistically significant association with childhood incomplete vaccination.Conclusion: In this study, the mother’s education, model family, birth order, average monthly income, and knowledge were some of the independent determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination. Improving maternal knowledge, income, and educational status should be the expectable measure to reduce incomplete vaccination.Keywords: determinant, incomplete vaccination, children, Bale, Ethiopia

Introduction: Molecular docking facilitates the exploration of interactions between bioactive alkaloid compounds and target proteins, offering insights into potential binding modes and affinity, crucial for drug discovery and understanding molecular mechanisms. Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), renowned for its bioactive alkaloid compounds, emerges as a promising candidate for novel agents in diabetes management. Aim: To study the computational methods, including in-silico molecular docking, to elucidate the interactions between bioactive alkaloids from C. roseus and a Type-2 diabetic target protein. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study conducted in 2022 at the Department of Research, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamil Nadu, India. The research took place from July to October 2022. Computational techniques, particularly in-silico molecular docking, were utilised to analyse the binding affinities and potential mechanisms of action of bioactive alkaloids from C. roseus against a target protein associated with Type-2 diabetes. The study employed established computational protocols and software tools to predict and evaluate the binding interactions between the alkaloids and the target protein. Results: The analysis suggests Vinblastine, Ajmalicine, and Vindolinine from C. roseus as potential diabetes therapeutics. Vinblastine binds strongly to Human Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase (HPA), hinting at glucose metabolism regulation. Ajmalicine and Vindolinine also interact significantly with HPA, implying antidiabetic potential. Additionally, the present study findings suggest a potential role of Reserpine in modulating HPA activity and supporting its antihypertensive effects. Conclusion: In conclusion, the analysis highlights the potential of C. roseus compounds like Vinblastine, Ajmalicine, and Vindolinine in managing diabetes by interacting with HPA, indicating their potential as antidiabetic agents. Additionally, Reserpine's effect on HPA activity suggests a role in hypertension management. These findings emphasise the therapeutic potential of natural compounds from C. roseus for diabetes and related conditions, warranting further clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayele Mamo,1 Mohammedaman Mama,2 Damtew Solomon,3 Mesud Mohammed1 1Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ayele MamoDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, P. O. Box: 302, Bale Goba, EthiopiaEmail ayumam12@gmail.comBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main public health threat worldwide. Over 90% of tuberculosis cases occur in low- and middle-income countries that have fragile health infrastructures and constrained resources available. Ethiopia ranks third in Africa and eighth of 22 from TB burdened countries globally. Case detection as early as possible and ensuring a successful treatment rate should be the main focus points to decrease the burden of TB.Objective: To evaluate tuberculosis treatment outcomes and predictors among tuberculosis treatment follow-up patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital.Methods: Retrospective document review was conducted among TB patients in the tuberculosis clinic at Goba Referral Hospital from January 1, 2015 to December 30, 2019. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive and logistic regressions analyses were performed to identify the rate and predictors of tuberculosis treatment outcomes. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to check the association between variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of participants was 33.8 ± 17.3 years, and more than half of them (58.4%, 218) were males. From the total 373 participants, 65 (17.4%) registered TB patients were diagnosed HIV-positive. The overall success rate was 320 (91.2%) with [95% CI, 88– 94.3]. Among these, 91 (25.9%) were cured and 229 (65.2%) completed treatment whereas 8.8% with [95% CI, 5.7– 12] were unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Among them, the majority 18 (5.1%) died, 6 (1.7%) were moved to MDR-TB center, 4 (1.1%) were lost to follow-up and 3 (0.9%) were documented as treatment failed.Conclusion: The treatment failure rate was 8.8% with [95% CI, 5.7– 12]. The proportion of TB patents who died was relatively higher. HIV-positive patients and old age people were predictors of unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Thus, the health facility should strengthen the evaluation of HIV-positive patients and old age patients to minimize mortality.Keywords: tuberculosis, treatment outcome, predictors, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital

PRDM9 is a PR domain containing histone methyl transferase which expression is normally restricted to the germline that has also been linked to a number of somatic cancers. Here the authors describe the identification of a small molecule that selectivity inhibits the methyltransferase activity of PRDM9 in biochemical and cellular assays

Damtew Solomon,1 Daniel Atlaw,1 Habtamu Gezahegn2 1Anatomy Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; 2Physiology Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Damtew SolomonAnatomy Department, Madda Walabu University, PO Box 302, Bale Goba, EthiopiaTel +251920023076Email fraolsolomon675@gmail.comAbstract: Even though anatomical variations in the hand, involving muscles and their tendons are common, the majority of anomalous variations are asymptomatic throughout a lifetime. Such variations are commonly appreciated during surgical procedures involving the hand or during routine cadaver dissection. The index finger has two independent extensor tendons, and in some cases, has lower incidence of anomalous variations than other extensor tendons. We found muscular variant of extensor indicis proprius (EIP) during a cadaver dissection while teaching medical anatomy students at Addis Ababa University Black lion Specialized and Teaching Hospital, 2018. While dissecting of right hand of unknown age male cadaver, proper tendons attaching to the indicis finger are present and anomalous muscle, the so named extensor indicis brevis, was observed. The muscle originates from ulnar styloid process and inserted as a single tendon to the base of proximal phalanx of index finger. Attention is needed during surgical procedures like tendon reconstruction because anatomical variation of EIB may affect a surgical procedure.Keywords: extensor indicis brevis muscle, variation

Background: Addressing health inequality with sexual and reproductive health requires an understanding of unmet need within a range of populations. This review examined the methods and definitions that have been used to measure unmet need, and the populations most frequently assessed. Methods: Five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Health Management and Policy Database (HMIC)) were searched for studies that described quantitative measurement of unmet need within sexual and/or reproductive health between 2010 and 2021. A narrative synthesis was then undertaken to ascertain themes within the literature. Results: The database search yielded 19,747 papers; 216 papers were included after screening. 190 studies assessed unmet reproductive health need, of which 137 were analyses of trends among people living in low/lower-middle income countries; 181 used cross-sectional data, with only nine analyses being longitudinal. Eighteen studies analysed unmet sexual health need, of which 12 focused on high and upper-middle income populations. 16 papers used cross-sectional analyses. The remaining 10 studies examined unmet need for a combination of sexual and reproductive health services, eight among populations from upper-middle or high income countries. All were cross-sectional analyses. 165 studies used the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) definition of unmet need; no other standardised definition was used among the remaining papers. Discussion: There is a significant focus on unmet need for contraception among women in low income countries within the published literature, leaving considerable evidence gaps in relation to unmet need within sexual health generally and among men in particular, and unmet reproductive health need in high income settings. In addition, using an increased range of data collection methods, analyses and definitions of unmet need would enable better understanding of health inequality in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]