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This paper aims to discuss the current criteria for municipal priorities in municipal healthcare services in Norway in light of major theories from political philosophy on social justice, such as John Rawlsʼs theory of justice and utilitarianism. Our first goal is to show that perspectives from political philosophy could prove useful for increasing our understanding of the current priority-setting criteria in municipal healthcare services. Decision-makers in municipalities often have to exercise discretion in their decisions. We argue that the current criteria of health benefit, resource use and severity can introduce some indeterminacy in certain situations where municipalities have to make priorities. This is important, as municipalities are experiencing an increase in demand coupled with a decrease in capacity due to an ageing population, leading to a stronger need for prioritization between services. Our last goal is to provide a heuristic based on Rawlsʼs Original Position that may help to narrow indeterminacy in choice situations. We have included a case of municipal decision-making that focuses on municipal priority-setting in home care services, including assisted living facilities, nursing homes and preventative measures.

This article takes as its point of departure an event in which a plant-based version of the space alien, the Extra-Terrestrial (‘E.T.’), from the science fiction film bearing its name, was barbecued and served as a meal to participants at a conference. The soy dish produced different reactions: some laughed, while others seemed appalled. These different sentiments provide the basis for a broad green cultural criminology analysis of the traditions of meat-eating, tracing its role in human history and in the barbecue. The purpose of this is to explore why humans treat different categories of animals so differently. To understand the reactions the meal produced, the article addresses two contrasting aspects of the human–non-human animal relationship—‘carnism’ and ‘pet-keeping’—and contemplates these in relation to the reactions to eating E.T. The goal is to expand on the study of the human–animal relationship, particularly speciesism—understood as ideology and practice that legitimise and produce animal abuse through the analytical concept categorical discriminatory speciesism.

AbstractObjectives Our objectives were to examine what is known about the provision of healthcare services to older LGBT adults in the Nordic countries, identify knowledge gaps, map implications of this research for the education of healthcare professionals and delivery of healthcare, and identify key future research priorities to advance policy and practice for older LGBT adults in this region.Design We conducted searches in nine databases. Peer-reviewed articles and PhD theses published in and after 2002 written in English, Norwegian, Swedish or Danish languages were included. 41 studies met our inclusion criteria. However, only eight of these studies focused specifically on older LGBT adults. Therefore, to answer all research questions, five book chapters about older groups were also included.Results There were few studies from countries other than Sweden and few quantitative studies. Bisexual people represented a neglected group in research. The studies included showed that healthcare personnel lack knowledge on LGBT issues, particularly about older LGBT adults and non-binary gender identification. Older LGBT adults frequently reported being met with cis- and heteronormative expectations in healthcare encounters. For transgender people, access to medical treatment has been managed by gatekeepers influenced by a binary understanding of gender.Conclusions Relevant measures to enhance practices are increased attention on LGBT issues in education; training of healthcare professionals; measures at the institutional level; and ensuring that transgender people identifying as non-binary receive the same quality of care as individuals identifying in a binary way.

The Norwegian government has made an agreement with Juan Manuel Santos, former Colombian president, to give Colombia US$48 million yearly to reduce deforestation. This forms part of a greater effort by Norway to aid countries in the South to halt climate change, through the Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative, instituted after the Paris Agreement in 2015. The ways efforts to reduce deforestation have been implemented have been criticised. While Norway, through this investment, appears to be a climate-concerned country, it continues with oil extraction activities. Thus, Norway exhibits double standards and shifts the problem of climate change to the countries in the South. This article examines the successes and failures of the Norwegian rainforest protection efforts in the case of Colombia, assessing the governance of the deforestation policies from the perspective of green Southern criminology and incorporating a critique of the neo-colonialist means of environmental protection established by the North.

The aim of this dual special issue project—simultaneously published in two languages in two distinguished international journals (International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy and Critica Penal y Poder) —is to support the goal of Southern criminology to level inequalities in the valuing of criminological knowledge in the Global North and the Global South (Carrington, Dixon et al. 2019; Carrington, Hogg et al. 2019; Carrington, Hogg and Sozzo 2016). In opening ‘dialogues’ and collaborations between South and North, we aim to highlight the important contributions made by writers on the environment, justice and good ways of living to the democratisation of knowledge and pursuit of cognitive justice (Santos 2009, 2014, 2018).

This article raises the question of whether recently implemented legislation in Colombia and Brazil (1) provides the necessary tools to prevent the harms of wildlife trafficking (WLT) and (2) influences humans’ practices concerning the use of nonhuman animals. These questions are investigated from the dual perspectives of green criminology and public policy. The analysis is based on a qualitative empirical study undertaken in Colombia and Brazil whereby we discuss the function of the legislation in Colombia and Brazil in preventing illegal WLT. We consider the legitimacy of different practices of WLT and evaluate them with respect to species justice and environmental justice.

El motivo de esta doble edición especial, publicada simultáneamente en dos idiomas y en dos revistas internacionales distinguidas, es apoyar el objetivo de la Criminología del Sur de nivelar las desigualdades en la valoración del conocimiento criminológico en el norte global y el sur global (Carrington, Dixon, et al., 2019; Carrington, Hogg, Scott, Sozzo, & Walters, 2019; Carrington, Hogg, & Sozzo, 2016). Al abrir ‘diálogos’ y colaboraciones entre el sur y el norte, nuestro propósito es resaltar las importantes contribuciones realizadas por las escritoras y escritores sobre el ambiente, la justicia y las buenas maneras de vivir la democratización del conocimiento y la búsqueda de la justicia cognitiva (Santos, 2009, 2014, 2018).

El gobierno noruego firmó un acuerdo con Juan Manuel Santos, ex presidente de Colombia, para otorgarle a este país USD $48 millones anuales para reducir la deforestación. Este acuerdo forma parte de un esfuerzo mayor de Noruega para apoyar a los países del sur que busca detener el cambio climático, a través de la Iniciativa Internacional de Clima y Bosques de Noruega (NICFI, por sus siglas en inglés: Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative) instituida después del Acuerdo de París en 2015. La manera en que se han implementado los esfuerzos para reducir la deforestación ha sido recibida con críticas. Por ejemplo, Colombia ratificó el Acuerdo de París para llegar a deforestación neta cero en 2020. No obstante, en 2016 la deforestación en la selva amazónica aumentó en un 44%. Mientras Noruega, a través de esta inversión en el bosque, parece ser un país preocupado por el clima, también continúa realizando extracción de petróleo. Noruega, por lo tanto, exhibe estándares dobles ya que apunta a mantener su posición como un importante productor de extracción de petróleo y gas en alta mar, al tiempo que impulsa el problema del cambio climático a los países del sur. De esta manera, Noruega parece cumplir con los requisitos del Acuerdo de París para la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. Este artículo examina los éxitos y fracasos de los esfuerzos noruegos de protección de los bosques tropicales en el caso de Colombia, evaluando la gobernanza de las políticas de deforestación desde la perspectiva de la criminología verde del sur, e incorporando una crítica a los medios neocolonialistas de protección ambiental establecidos por el norte.

Background : There is a need for qualitative studies on imposed innovation in home care services in welfare societies. The municipalities are key actors in the field of innovation in the public sector. As innovations often are interpreted to be in conflict with values in health care, we need knowledge on how policy changes and imposed innovations are understood and handled by middle managers working in the sector. Aim: We aim to explore how middle managers react to imposed innovation in health services through their storytelling. The research question was “What can middle managers' stories of imposed innovation tell us about their role in, and some important prerequisites for, innovation processes in municipal health-care services?” Methods: A narrative study of experiences with municipal innovation among middle managers in Norway. In this article, we do a thematic analysis of interviews with seven female middle managers who work in a home care service department. Findings: The study develops an understanding of which frameworks are required within a home care service to meet constant demands for innovation. Innovations are understood by the managers as results of policy changes and new public management demands and as a troublesome burden. We find the prerequisites for implementing innovations to be (1) trust-based management , (2) flexibility and dynamics , (3) continuity of care , and (4) emphasis on competence . These prerequisites are further interpreted in relation to dominant discourses on innovation at the macro, meso, and micro levels within the storytelling contexts. Conclusion: Imposed innovations require a negotiating practice in cross-disciplinary environments at all levels in the organization.

Scholarship within green criminology focusing on crimes and harms against nonhuman animals has been increasing. Little attention, however, has been directed at the gendered aspects of these crimes. For example, why is it that the great majority of offenders involved in wildlife trade and the illegal killing of endangered predators are male? The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the literature, relying on confiscation reports from Norwegian Customs of nonhuman animals—most of whom are listed in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora)—as well as an analysis of verdicts in cases in Norwegian courts of “theriocides” (animal murders) of large predators. This article will assess the number of men and women involved in these crimes and harms, and will present some trends of theriociders. This article will employ ecofeminist and masculinities theories to better understand the gendered dynamics involved in wildlife trafficking and the theriocides of large carnivores.

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Drawing on a Norwegian research project investigating the possible existence of police racism, this article explores challenges related to conducting research in such sensitive sites as the police with reference to methodological and institutional obstacles. The project featured participant observation, in-depth interviews with ethnic minority men, and in-depth interviews with police officers and lays the basis for a discussion of the diverging perspectives on police racism held by the police and by members of ethnic minorities. The degree to which research on the police can reveal the ‘truth’ of policing and thereby contribute to changing police practice is problematised and questions are asked about the extent to which research can contribute to facilitating change within the police that might be of benefit to the relationship between the police and ethnic minorities. A key question raised is whether the existence of a specific police culture, featuring loyalty, a hierarchical organisational structure and the use of discretion may prevent such research methods from revealing ‘true’ data, as well as organisational change. A discussion of problem-oriented policing illustrates some of the obstacles to implementing changes. The article concludes that the police in Oslo do not demonstrate evidence of institutional racism though there is evidence of derogatory language use and stereotyping where ethnic minorities are stereotyped in homologous ways to other marginalised groups who come into contact with the police such as drug users.

The need for a uniform international sales law has become increasingly more important as the commercial market has become very complex,1 and most countries are involved in international trade to some extent. In order to obtain certainty and predictability in international trade, and thereby make sure that international transactions run as smoothly as possible, it is imperative that the different legal systems around the world are being replaced by a uniform body of law to govern the relationship between the commercial actors.2 By establishing such an uniform body of law one minimises the degree of uncertainty related to which domestic law should be applicable in case of a dispute, and uncertainty in connection with the proper application of the relevant foreign legal system.3 This was one of the reasons why the UNCITRAL initiated the establishment of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In addition the drafters intended to establish a ‘New International Economic Order’4 by promoting peaceful coexistence among states5 through ‘(… ) the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.’6 This development would be promoted by the establishment of common rules applicable to all contracts of international sale originating in one of the Contracting States.7 Overcoming language problems and poor contract drafting was also emphasised by the drafters.8 The aim behind the Convention was therefore not to create new provisions for international sales, but to establish a uniform instrument to be applicable independent of national laws:9 “ (… ) the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade.” 10 Most lawyers would probably prefer the transaction to be governed by their domestic law, but it is generally acknowledged that the CISG provides good solutions based on compromises between different legal systems around the world.11 There are still several countries that have not yet ratified the Convention, and when it comes to implementation there are two methods available to them; transformation or incorporation.12 It might be very tempting to those countries to choose to transform the Convention, since this will allow them to stick to what they are used to; they are comfortable with their domestic law, and they would prefer to implement the Convention in a way which would not disturb or be contradictory to their traditional legal system. However, such a solution is not recommendable; the Norwegian approach, which will be thoroughly analysed later in this essay,13 is an excellent example of why incorporation and not transformation would be the preferred way of implementing the Convention. I believe it is imperative that the prospective ratifying countries look at the possible consequences in relation to the method of transformation, and the Norwegian experiences, when they are going to decide how to implement the Convention. Otherwise, one might be running the risk of having even more countries with a rather ‘original’ approach to the Convention, which again would impede the achievement of the goals set out in Article 7(1). In this paper, I will first analyse Article 7(1) in order to find the correct meaning of its three requirements in relation to the interpretation of the Convention; (1) its international character, (2) the need to promote uniformity in its application, and (3) the observance of good faith in international trade. In light of this analysis I will look at the Norwegian implementation of the Convention, and especially the choice of transformation instead of incorporation, as this raises some important questions in relation to the requirements in Article 7(1). Lastly, I will address some of the material differences between the Convention and the Norwegian transformed version of the Convention, and point out some of the problems this may cause in relation to Article 7(1). I have chosen to address the specific issues relating to the Norwegian implementation in separate chapters (4 and 5) instead of analysing those problems in chapters 2 and 3. The reason for this is that most of those problematic issues actually relate to more than one of the general points in Article 7 at the same time, and my approach to these problems will therefore cause less repetition. The aspects of Article 7(1) will thus be analysed in the Norwegian context in chapters 4 and 5.

Considers landscape heterogeneity and links it to biodiversity as well as to cultural heritage and human experience. Potential of the application of landscape ecological theory for detecting cultural and perceptional landscape values.