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Due to the appearance of intensive livestock-rearing systems since the 1970s, a vast amount of liquid manure (slurry) has been produced. The application and utilization are partly regulated for this special substance, which contains urine, excrement, process water, and other chemicals, such as insecticides and disinfectants. Our research was conducted on a slurry management system of a dairy cattle farm, focusing on the investigation of the presence of oestrogenic substances and toxicity of slurry before and after using a separator technology. Yeast oestrogen screen shows in this study that the separation of the liquid and solid phases of slurry contributes to the reduction in oestrogenic substances. Based on the toxicological studies, the growth inhibition of algae was 93%, and the inhibition of the germination of higher plant seeds was 25%, without separation. After separation of the phases, growth and germination were comparable with the negative control; moreover, some stimulation was detected. Consequently, harmful substances were removed with the suspended solid phase. From the present study, we can conclude that stakeholders should support separation technology in intensive livestock-rearing systems, and ecotoxicological investigations obviously help the risk management of slurry utilization. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper presenting detailed and complex toxicological study on slurry samples.

The potential environmental impact of historical mining and ore processing on stream sediments and water was studied in a small siderite iron ore deposit with diverse sulfide mineral paragenesis. The main aim was to characterize solid carriers of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in stream sediments and mine waste, to understand their fate in fluvial systems. General mineralogy (X-ray powder diffraction) and individual solid PTE carriers (scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy) were correlated with the geochemical composition of stream sediments, mine waste, and stream waters (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Primary solid PTE carriers were pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, Hg-bearing sphalerite, galena, and siderite. Slightly alkaline and oxidizing conditions in stream water promoted the transformation of primary phases into secondary PTE carriers. Fe(Mn)-oxide/oxyhydroxides were major sinks for Pb, Zn, and As. Compared to background levels, Co (14.6 ± 2.1 mg/kg), Cu (30 ± 2.9 mg/kg), Ni (32.1 ± 2.9 mg/kg), Pb (64.5 ± 16.4 mg/kg), Zn (175.3 ± 22.5 mg/kg), As (81.1 ± 63.7 mg/kg), and Hg (2 ± 0.8 mg/kg) were elevated in mining area. Mine waste contained similar PTE carriers as stream sediments, but much higher PTE contents. Prevailingly low PTE concentrations in streams, with the exception of As (1.97 ± 2.4 µg/L) and Zn (4.5 ± 5.7 µg/L), indicate the stability of PTE carriers. Environmental effects were not significant, and additional monitoring is recommended.

The scientific school founded by Yakov A. Ugai has existed at Voronezh State University for over fifty years. One of its focus areas has been the development of physics and chemistry for obtaining solid phases in systems with volatile components. This determined the necessity to develop methods for the investigation of vapour pressure (tensimetric methods). This article only focuses on some of the works by the VSU staff dedicated to the study and construction of P-T-x diagrams. This review analyses phase equilibria and the nature of the intermediate phases in the AIV – BV, AIV – BV – СV, and AIII – BVI systems.Owing to the special nature of the cation-cation and anion-anion bonds, these compounds have highly specific properties that make them promising materials (2D materials in particular). The article presents an overview of works devoted to the construction of P-T-x diagrams and the investigation of defect formation processes in binary and ternary systems based on AIVBV compounds. It should be emphasised that the known techniques needed updating due to the high values of vapour pressure. This allowed conducting experiments at pressures of about 35-40 atmospheres. The study of the AIII - BVI systems,on the contrary, is complicated by low values of vapour pressure over indium and gallium chalcogenides and the complex composition of the vapour. For such systems the auxiliary component method was developed. The possibilities of its application are wide and are not limited to AIIIBVI compounds. A new method for nonstoichiometry regulation was developed and applied using non-destructive selective chemical transport reactions (i.e. with the participation of an auxiliary component). This method is based on the introduction or removal of one of the sample components by means of a selective chemical transport reaction. In conclusion, the development of methods for the research and synthesis of intermediate phases with variable compositions (properties) was analysed based on the example of the discussed systems.

Most phase change materials employed in latent heat thermal energy storage suffer from poor thermal conductivity both in liquid and solid phases, leading to low heat transfer effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, multiple PCMs and gradient copper foam have been used to accelerate the melting of phase change materials and improve the heat transfer effectiveness. The heat transfer performance of shell-and-tube thermal energy storage unit consisting of radial multiple PCMs and single PCM was numerically investigated. The utilization of single PCM showed better heat transfer effectiveness compared to that using radial multiple PCMs. The time saving for complete melting was up to 87.5%. The results implied that the radial multiple PCMs have no advantage in thermal storage compared to single PCM. Based on single PCM system, three types of gradients of copper foam, named positive gradient, non-gradient and negative gradient were designed in this study. The results indicated that the negative gradient type offers better heat transfer effectiveness than the non-gradient and positive gradient types. However, the temperature distribution of non-gradient type was more uniform compared to positive and negative types. Besides, an optimal configuration 0.99–0.97-0.89 of negative gradient was recommended to further reduce the complete melting time by 23.7%.

To understand the effect of CaCl2 addition on the dephosphorization ability of steelmaking slags, laboratory experiments were carried out to study the phosphorus distribution between CaO–SiO2–FeOx–P2O5–CaCl2 slags and carbon-saturated iron at steelmaking temperature. The phosphorus distribution ratio between slag and pure iron foil ( $$ L_{\text{P}}^{{{\text{Fe-}}\gamma }} $$ ) was measured by equilibrium experiments and converted into the phosphorus distribution ratio between slag and carbon-saturated iron ( $$ L_{\text{P}}^{{\text{Fe}}{-}{\text{C}}} $$ ) using thermodynamic calculations. The influential mechanism of CaCl2 was also discussed based on the phases in the slags. It was found that the addition of CaCl2 is beneficial for the improvement of $$ L_{\text{P}}^{{{\text{Fe}}{-}{\text{C}}}} $$ . In the slag with basicity (R = [w(CaO)/w(SiO2)]) of 1.0, the P content in the liquid slag was increased by the addition of CaCl2. When the basicity is sufficiently high (e.g., R≥1.5), the addition of CaCl2 enhances the generation of P-rich solid phases, including both 2CaO·SiO2–3CaO·P2O5 (C2S–C3P) and Ca5Cl(PO4)3. Compared with CaCl2-free slags, CaCl2 addition in BOF slags doesn’t evidently change the effects of slag basicity and FeOx content. With the increase of slag basicity (1.0 to 2.0), the amount of C2S–C3P solid solution in the slag climbs obviously, resulting in a higher $$ L_{\text{P}}^{{{\text{Fe}}{-}{\text{C}}}} $$ both in CaCl2-added slags and CaCl2-free slags, while $$ L_{\text{P}}^{{{\text{Fe}}{-}{\text{C}}}} $$ increases first and then decreases when the FeOx content varies from 15 to 35 pct in this study.

This study evaluated metal availability under acidic soil conditions and identified the solid phases that govern their solubility using Baker soil test. Free metal ion activity (Mn+) expressed as n...

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a special attention due to outstanding porosity, adjustable pore sizes, and huge opportunities in varying organic–inorganic compositions. Enormous studies conducted so far on MOFs indicate their high potential in catalysis, gas adsorption, drug delivery, water treatment, energy storage, among others. However, mass production of MOFs is still limited mainly due to the non-economic, non-green and complex synthesis methods. Mechanochemistry is an alternative solution for efficient and environmentally friendly syntheses of various MOFs. Fast and solvent-free or solvent-less mechanosynthesis seems to be a very powerful versatile method for obtaining these advanced porous materials. The mechanochemical concept was used for the preparation of various MOFs including the most popular structures: MOF-5, ZIF-8, HKUST-1, MIL-101, UiO-66. These MOFs feature high specific surface areas, comparable to those prepared by conventional solvent-based methods. Furthermore, mechanochemistry was successfully used for the synthesis of non-conventional multimetallic MOFs and previously unreported solid phases. This review shows the recent developments, challenges and perspectives of green synthesis of diverse MOF structures using mechanochemistry. Besides describing the mechanochemical synthesis of MOFs, some achievements in green applications are also summarized. Importantly, current trends in research suggests for further development of these fields i.e., harmful gas adsorption, water treatment, and energy storage.

Thermocline storage performance is studied using a numerical model with three phases (fluid, solid, wall) and one dimension, which is then validated by comparison with experimental results. The impact of the interstitial fluid velocity on storage performance is presented and numerical simulations show the existence of an optimal velocity of 4 ⋅ 10−4 m s−1 that maximises the storage utilisation rate (80.6%) for ideal charges between 293 °C and 393 °C. This optimal velocity remains identical when the temperature level of the storage is shifted down and slightly increases to 4.8 ⋅ 10−4 m s−1 when the temperature difference is decreased by half (343°C–393 °C). A numerical sensitivity analysis is presented on the impact of heat losses, of thermal diffusion and of the convective heat transfer between the fluid and the solid phases, providing a physical interpretation of the location of the optimum depending on operating conditions. Experimentally, the impact of fluid velocity is too moderate to observe an optimal velocity, especially because of non-ideal inlet temperature conditions, but a deterioration of storage performance is observed at the lowest and highest velocities, with respectively −2.8% and −3.8% compared to the maximal utilisation rate. This moderate influence of both fluid velocity and temperature shows that thermocline storage presents good robustness of its performance to variations in operating conditions.

Redox-driven biogeochemical element cycles play a central role in converting organic matter in aquatic ecosystems. They also perform key functions such as removing nitrate, mitigating the formation of greenhouse gases and weakening the effects of contaminants. Recent research has revealed the presence of redox-active compounds in these ecosystems with hitherto unknown redox properties. These substances are metastable (that is, non-equilibrium solid phases), which can both donate and accept electrons. They are highly redox reactive and recyclable and may act as biogeobatteries by temporarily storing electrons. Their lifetime, however, is limited, and with time they become more crystalline and less reactive. In this Review, we argue that these redox-active metastable phases require activation by fluctuating redox conditions to maintain their high reactivity. In aquatic ecosystems, switching between oxidizing and reducing conditions can be achieved only through hydrological perturbations at hydrological interfaces (for example, water level fluctuations). We present a novel framework that links microscale biogeochemical processes to large-scale hydrological processes, and discuss implications and future research directions for biogeochemical element cycles in aquatic systems exposed to frequent hydrological disturbances. Highly redox-active compounds play an important role in biogeochemical element cycles in aquatic systems that are exposed to frequent hydrological disturbances.

Different from the previous report that liquid droplets nucleated within the superheated solid phases during thermal stabilization, the nucleation of liquid droplets at the solid primary α-solid peritectic β interface was observed in a Sn–Ni peritectic alloy. Then, liquid migration by temperature gradient zone melting (TGZM) was observed. The nucleation interval of liquid droplets at the same nucleation site is determined to be 42 seconds by investigating liquid migration through a diffusion-controlled analytical model.

This paper presents examples that characterize various aspects of the possibility of determining the phase composition of solid multielement substances and materials containing nanostructured forms of their components by a differential dissolution stoichiographic method. The use of stoichiography makes it possible to detect and quantitatively determine both known and unknown crystalline and amorphous phases of constant and variable composition without standards of solid phases. The use of stoichiographic methods and ideas of nonequilibrium thermodynamics allows one to gain fundamentally new data on solid-state transformations of multielement, multiphase substances and materials.

The results of studying the Ag–Sb–Se system by measuring the electromotive force (EMF) of concentration cells with the Ag4RbI5 solid electrolyte with respect to silver electrode in the temperature region of 300–450 К are shown. The solid solutions based on the AgSbSe2 form along the section Ag2Se–Sb2Se3 and their homogeneity region is determined. Based on equations of EMF vs. temperature dependences, the partial molar functions of silver in certain phase domains of this system are calculated. The standard thermodynamic functions of formation and the standard entropies are determined for the solid phases Ag0.8Sb1.2Se2.2, Ag0.9Sb1.1Se2.1, and AgSbSe2 and also for the low-temperature modification Ag2Se. The values found for AgSbSe2 and Ag2Se are compared with the literature data.

This bibliographical review represents the published data on the composition and structure of aluminate ions in solutions with varied Al(III) and NaOH concentrations. The results of investigations of the partial and integral properties of aluminate solutions regarded as a ternary NaOH–NaAl(OH)4–H2O system are given. The phase diagrams of the ternary Na2O–Al2O3–H2O system for temperatures of 30, 95, 110, 130, 150, and 180°C are presented, and the compositions of the solid phases existing in equilibrium with the corresponding saturated aluminate solutions are specified.

In the representation of the rate constant k1 of the first, noncatalytic stage of decomposition, the reference series method is developed to determine the thermal stability of explosives at temperatures below 100°C. To determine k1 at low temperatures, the most accurate published data on the kinetic parameters of decomposition in liquid or solid states and the known quantitative relations between the k1 values in the liquid and solid phases are used.

The solid-liquid phase equilibria (SLE) and densities of H 2 O-NaCl- MnCl 2 -Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 quaternary system, H 2 O-NaCl-MnCl 2 and H 2 O-MnCl 2 - Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ternary systems were investigated at 323.15 K by the isothermal solution saturation method. The analyses of the liquid and solid phases were used to determine the composition of the solid phase using the Schreinemakers graphic method. The ternary systems contain one invariant point, two invariant curves and two crystallization regions. In the quaternary system, there is one invariant point, three invariant curves, and three crystallization areas cor­res­ponding to NaCl, MnCl 2 4H 2 O, and Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 H 2 O. The crystallization area of Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 H 2 O, being the largest in comparison with those of other salts, occupied 80.75 % of the total crystallization area. The crystallization area of Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O, being the largest in comparison with those of other salts, occupied 80.75 % of the total crystallization area.

Seasonal frozen soil accounts for about 53.50% of the land area in China. Frozen soil is a complex multiphase system where ice, water, soil, and air coexist. The distribution and migration of salts in frozen soil during soil freezing are notably different from those in unfrozen soil areas. However, little knowledge is available about the process and mechanisms of salt migration in frozen soil. This study explores the mechanisms of salt migration at the ice-liquid interface during the freezing of pore fluids through batch experiments. The results are as follows. The solute concentrations of liquid and solid phases at the ice-liquid interface ( C L * , C S * ) gradually increased at the initial stage of freezing and remained approximately constant at the middle stage. As the ice-liquid interface advanced toward the system boundary, the diffusion of the liquid phase was blocked but the ice phase continued rejecting salts. As a result, C L * and C S * rapidly increased at the final stage of freezing. The distribution characteristics of solutes in ice and the liquid phases before C L * and C S * became steady were mainly affected by the freezing temperature, initial concentrations, and particle-size distribution of media (quartz sand and kaolin). In detail, the lower the freezing temperature and the better the particle-size distribution of media, the higher the solute proportion in the ice phase at the initial stage of freezing. Meanwhile, the increase in concentration first promoted but then inhibited the increase of solutes in the ice phase. These results have insights and scientific significance for the tackling of climate change, the environmental protection of groundwater and soil, and infrastructure protection such as roads, among other things. © 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.

Air-and-peat mixture in horizontal jet transport pipeline is considered as a compressible two-component mixture with uniform distribution of solid peat particles in continuous air phase. Such heterogeneous medium flow is substituted for a flow of interpenetrating air phase and a quasi-solid phase approximating the flow of discrete particles. Such approach makes it possible to write individual equations of continuity and motion for each phase, but it is required to introduce the forces of aerodynamic interference at the phase boundaries in the motion equations. From the analysis of the known theoretical and experimental research data on jet transport of granular materials, it is possible to identify some parameters such that variation of any of these parameters changes the jet transport energy consumption. Such parameters are: jet capacity per mass of air and solid, Qair and Qs (kg/s) or input-output characteristic of mass concentration, μ = Qs/Qair; reduced velocities of air, Vair, solid particles, Vs, and soaring, Vsn, hereinafter called the flow-rate mode parameters, as well as the size and density of solid particles and the profile of the jet pipeline route. The flow-rate mode parameters are simply registered in the jet transport tests. The numerical determination procedure of the actual operating conditions of milled peat jet transport is justified. The known experimental data on jet transport of milled and treated peat are processed. It is found that the relative sliding ratio is functionally connected with all operating conditions in horizontal jet transport. The change of any parameter or their combination induces transition to air-and-peat mixture flow with various relative sliding of air and solid phases at different energy consumption of horizontal jet transport.

In this article, an acid-responsive luminescent material, 1,4-di(quinoline-6-yl)buta-1,3-diyne (DQBD) is designed and synthesized. Upon different pH values, gradual changes of fluorescence colors for DQBD in both solution and solid phases are demonstrated due to the protonation effect. Moreover, such responsive characteristics can also be reversible, suggesting DQBD as a promising fluorescent material with great potential for reusable- and accurate-pH sensors in the future.

Molecular and crystal structures are determined for a series of mixed-ligand mononuclear compounds of lanthanides (Ln) with the 3,6-di(tert-butyl)-1,2-benzoquinone (SQ) anion radical and bidentate nitrogen-containing ligands (L) of the composition [Ln(SQ)3(L)], where Ln is Tb or Dy, L is 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy); Ln is Eu, L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmen). It is confirmed that the introduction of bidentate L significantly increases the stability of lanthanide semiquinolates in both liquid and solid phases.

The results of determination of phase equilibria and construction of total phase equilibria diagram for the quinary Li, Na, K, Sr//Cl–H2O system at 25°C by means of translation method have been discussed. Two points saturated with four solid phases, seven curves saturated with three solid phases, and nine fields saturated with two different solid phases have been determined on the quinary level of the system. The total phase equilibria diagram has been fragmented into divariant co-crystallization fields of two different solid phases and into projection of crystallization volumes of individual solid phases in equilibrium. Each of the volumes reflects the qualitative composition and reciprocal relation of geometrical figures of phase diagrams of system saturated with a relevant solid phase. The volumes demonstrate that each of LiCl ⋅ H2O and SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O solid phases saturate one point, three curves and three fields while each of NaCl, SrCl2 ⋅ 2H2O and KCl solid phases saturate two points, five curves and four fields in the quinary Li, Na, K, Sr//Cl–H2O system at 25°C.

The poor sintering performance of limonitic laterite hinders its utilization. Hot exhaust-gas recirculation sintering was conducted to improve its sintering performance and intensification mechanism was revealed. Evaluating sinter indices in systematical sinter pot tests were substantially improved with tumble index and productivity increased by 18.01% and 7.22% respectively and solid fuel rate lowered by 13.71%, further proved by extensive industrial application. Effective CO2 emissions reduction and huge economic benefits were realized. The improvement of thermodynamic conditions converted sinter microstructure from large thin-wall pores into small thin-wall or large thick-wall pores. The amount of silico-ferrite of calcium and alumina in sinter pot tests and industrial application was increased from 8.78% to 18.61% and 21.25% respectively. Grains aggregation and growth of hercynite and close adhesion between solid phases and liquid bonding phases were achieved. Hot exhaust-gas recirculation sintering of limonitic laterite contributed to dramatically improving sinter performance and reducing CO2 emission.

Shear thickening electrolytes and magneto-rheological electrolytes can reversibly switch between liquid and semisolid or even solid phases at specific conditions. They afford the advantages of both liquid and solid electrolytes and have the potential to enhance impact resistance of electronic devices. This review presents the recent progress of such electrolytes. It aims to provide insights into the properties and performance. We also present the challenges in producing high-performance electrolytes and the future perspectives.

Reaction infiltration instability (RII) can cause the formation of melt channels and potentially facilitate the physical transport of sulfide liquid, which contributes to the geochemical evolution of chalcophile elements in the lithospheric mantle. This study conducted some two-layer reaction experiments to explore the feasibility of reaction-driven sulfide migration along high-velocity silicate-melt channels. With increasing duration, the formation of more silicate-melt channels and the transport of more sulfide droplets into a depleted peridotite were observed due to the increase of the local permeability. However, at a longer duration, the presence of some melt-channel relics implies that melt channels are temporary and ultimately closed when the reaction infiltration of silicate melt reached equilibrium in the depleted peridotite. Furthermore, theoretical calculations indicate that the RII of the system is suppressed, which impedes the formation of melt channels. The homogeneous distribution of silicate melt in a sulfide-free experiment implies that the Zener pinning of sulfide probably enhances the RII, thereby facilitating the formation of temporary melt channels. Therefore, this study demonstrates that sufficient silicate melt disequilibrium with solid phases in a liquid source potentially promotes the mechanical extraction of sulfides during reaction infiltration of silicate melt.

The assessment of the Co-Zr system was carried out in the frameworks of the CALPHAD-method. Composition dependence of the excess Gibbs energy of liquid alloys and solid solutions in the system was described using Redlich–Kister polynomials. Compound Energy Formalism was used to describe the thermodynamic properties of intermetallic compounds. The current assessment takes into account a complete set of experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of the phases and phase equilibria. The phase diagram, coordinates of invariant equilibria, and thermodynamic properties of liquid and solid phases are calculated.

The ignition temperature of Mg–(1–3) wt% Ca binary alloys has been tested at two different heating rates: a low heating rate (LHR) of 25 °C/min and a high heating rate (HHR) of 45 °C/min under a constant flow of extra dry air at a rate of 0.9 L/min. At both heating rates, the ignition temperature increased with Ca in the alloy. For LHR sample, the ignition temperature increased from 655 °C at 0 wt% Ca to 861 °C at 3 wt% Ca. For HHR samples, the increase in ignition temperature was lower, from 658 to 787 °C as Ca increased from 0 to 3 wt%. It was observed that Ca-rich interdendritic regions, when molten, resist oxidation more than when they are solid, an effect that can be attributed to the ΔG (Gibbs energy change) of CaO formation from the molten and solid phases. Using a LHR results in a smooth oxide scale and a higher ignition temperature, which is related to the formation of extensive molten pools, while a HHR yielded an irregular oxidation and lower ignition temperature due to the early oxidation of solid intermetallics.

The solid-liquid equilibrium data of the aqueous NaOH-Na2CO3-Na2SO4-H2O, NaOH-Na2CO3-NaCl-H2O, and NaOH-Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O quaternary systems at 363.15 K were measured. The equilibrium solid phases and solubilities of salts in the three systems and its subsystems were determined. The densities of the saturated solutions were also determined. The experimental data are used to plot the solubility diagrams and water content diagrams of the systems. It was found that the NaOH-Na2CO3-Na2SO4-H2O system contains the solid solution of γ-salt (mNa2SO4·nNa2CO3) and the other two systems Na2CO3-NaOH-NaCl-H2O and NaOH-Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O have the complex salts S1 (Na2SO4·NaOH) and S3 (Na2SO4·NaCl·NaOH). On the basis of Xu's activity coefficient model, a model was constructed for the correlation of solid-liquid equilibrium in electrolyte solutions to calculate the solubilities of salts in these systems at 363.15 K. The calculated solubilities are in agreement with the experimental values.

Published data on the lithium–tellurium phase diagram and on thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys and solid phases formed are summarized and comprehensively analyzed in connection with prospects for using tellurium and its compounds and composites in various energy conversion systems involving lithium. The results of studying the thermodynamic properties of lithium tellurides by different methods are compared. The results of the main studies dealing with the use of tellurium in chemical current sources (CCSs) of various designs are briefly considered.

Aluminum production is one source of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), of which benzo[a]pyrene is the best-studied representative. Other high-priority PAHs are attracting increasing attention for differentiation of PAH emissions and sources. Monitoring of these compounds is difficult because PAHs are present in both the solid-phase and gas-phase emissions (with the solid phase containing condensed PAHs); the gas-phase concentration of these substances depends on the manufacturing process temperature and the temperature of the environment. Atmospheric PAH emissions primarily originate from the pot-room ventilation skylights and gas-treatment-unit smokestacks. Low-molecularweight compounds dominate the gas emissions from the pot-room ventilation skylights and posttreatment emissions, while higher molecular weight compounds dominate the gas/dust/air mixture received for treatment. The gas/dust/air mixture received from the pot rooms for treatment by the gas treatment unit and discharged into the atmosphere through the smokestacks shifts the distribution of PAHs present in the atmosphere in favor of light, volatile compounds. The PAHs are close to uniformly distributed between the gas and solid phases of the gas/dust/air mixture emitted from the pot-room skylights. Over 70 wt.% of the PAHs in the emissions downstream of the gas treatment unit are in the gas phase, while the majority of the PAHs entering the gas treatment unit are in the solid phase. The resulting PAH distribution data for the gas/air mixture must be taken into account when developing the techniques for sampling the industrial emissions from the skylights and the atmospheric emissions downstream of the gas treatment unit during aluminum production.

Phase equilibria in quinary Na,K,Mg,Sr||Cl–H2O system at 100°C were studied by means of translation method. Three points, 10 curves and 12 fields were determined in the system. Eight of the curves were formed by transformation of quaternary points while the remaining two curves were formed between the quinary points. All of the 12 fields were generated from transformation of quaternary monovariant curves into fields. Total phase equilibria diagram of the system was constructed based on obtained data. Six diagrams for the parts saturated with each of the equilibrium solid phases in the system were extracted from the total diagram. The diagram for halite saturated part agrees well with the available experimental results in literature.

The actual operating parameters of the vertical pneumatic conveying of milled peat are determined by numerical methods on the grounds of the pressure differential in the pneumatic conveying pipeline section and flow rates known from experience. The assessment of the influence of the main operating parameters on the coefficient of relative slip of the air and solid phases is carried out.

As early as 1837, Liebig synthesised solid C2H5ONa. Today, C2H5ONa is one of the standard bases in organic synthesis. Here, we report the identification of different solid phases and the crystal structures and phase transformations of C2H5ONa and C2H5ONa·2C2H5OH.

Soil splash is the first step in the process of water erosion, where impacting raindrops cause the detachment and transport of soil material. One of the factors that strongly influences the magnitude of soil splash is the incline of the surface (slope). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the slope on the course of the splash phenomenon caused by single-drop impact (one drop impact per soil sample), with respect to the mass and proportions of the ejected material, taking into account its division into solid and liquid phases i.e. soil and water. The investigation was carried out using three types of soil with different textures, in moistened (pressure head corresponding to -1.0 kPa) and air-dry (-1500 kPa) conditions. The soil samples were on three angles of slope, being 5°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. After a single-drop impact with a diameter of 4.2 mm, the ejected material was collected using a splash cup. The following quantities of splashed material were measured: the total mass, the mass of the solid phase, and the mass of the liquid phase. Additionally, the distribution and proportions (soil/water) of the splashed material were analysed in both the upslope and downslope directions. It was found that: (i) the change of slope had a variable influence on the measured quantities for different soils; (ii) in the case of moistened samples, the measured values were mainly influenced by the texture, while in the dry samples, by the angle of the slope; (iii) with the increase of slope, the splashed material was mostly ejected in the downslope direction (irrespective of moisture conditions); (iv) in the moistened samples, the ejected material consisted mostly of water, while in the dry samples it was soil—this occurred for material ejected both upslope and downslope. The obtained results are important for improving the physical description of the process of splash erosion. A more thorough understanding and better recognition of the mechanisms governing this phenomenon at all stages could contribute to the development of more effective methods for protecting soil against erosion.