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Pleasure is an emotion resulting from a positive emotional experience. Durability of the user's pleasure and enjoyable functional experience throughout the life cycle of product use is important for designers; because it creates a beyond matter link between user and product. Time has a central role in this process, which has always been of interest to researchers. In this research, by adopting the definition of authentic time and temporality from two famous 20th century philosophers, Bergson and Heidegger, we investigate the effect of time on the experience and perception of pleasure caused by the product's function from the user's point of view. Bergson and Heidegger linked their conceptions of time with psychology. Bergson examined it in the field of remembrance and Heidegger considered temporality to have meaning in accordance with the concern of Dasein. The purpose of many previous researches has been to continue the feeling of pleasure and find solutions for it and this continuity is linked to the concept of time. In this study, the experience of pleasure during product's function will be investigated in terms of authentic time. In fact, we are looking for an answer to the question of whether the pleasure caused by the functional experience of the product at different times can carry a different meaning for the user or not. The research was carried out using a descriptive method and qualitative approach and in the three areas of time, need and experience of pleasure, the literature was conducted by the method of documentary studies. Then, three examples of successful designed products (Wassily-chair, Volkswagen Beetle and Sony Walkman) were studied from the perspective of alignment with time beyond its linear definition. These three products were chosen because of their durability over time and becoming nostalgic products for most users in different cultures. What is important in the reviewed products is the way users interpret the product at different times, which can represent the specific mood of the user; from the declaration of rebellion against the framework of time to the display of social trends. The results indicate that if the product is only designed to respond to the needs of the bottom of Maslow's pyramid and lacks a meaningful story, after the end of the life cycle, the enjoyment of the function is reduced and it reaches the end of the cycle (recycling or throwing away) but, if the designer prioritizes the pleasure of experience over the pleasure of having in the design of the product, the life cycle will change from linear to circular and the pleasure of having new thoughts will become the pleasure of remembering (nostalgia). If the product design is supported by appropriate design thinking and this idea reflected in the essence of design, it is close to the original essence of the user (and in the sense of philosophy, Dasein or thinking being) and the experience of authentic time provides its audience, independent of geometric and physical time, to move in the direction of giving meaning to their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory design is one of the practical approaches in many fields of design, including industrial design. This approach generally refers to activities in which all stakeholders find the authority and power to use their ideas to design new solutions simultaneously. But participation and cooperation with users have always been involved with many challenges. So researchers do a large number of studies to provide solutions in this field by introducing new methods. Introducing the method has become one of the most common ways to introduce this approach in academic activities. In other words, methods as a field constitute most of the current knowledge space about participatory design. The volume of these studies is so broad that it probably confuses the relevant researchers at the beginning of their work. But despite this wide range of researches, the authors did not find a comprehensive research with the aim of accessing an integrated set of methods or principles. For this reason, the main question of this research is related to identifying the basic principles in the implementation of the participatory design project and investigating the relationship between these principles. In this regard, this study aims to present a set of general principles for implementing the participatory design approach and to reach a new and integrated interpretation in this field, which is done through the synthesis of the results of previous studies. In this direction, a qualitative study using a meta-synthesis method has been chosen as the research method which is carried out through three stages of coding, namely, open, axial, and selective coding. The meta-synthesis method is a type of qualitative study that uses the findings of other qualitative research in a specific field as data. This method can help social science researchers in developing and creating theories by synthesizing the results of previous studies. In the first step, searching for documents, based on four criteria including appropriate keywords (participatory design, principles, method, model, and framework), historical range (from 2000 to 2022), databases (Scopus, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, ACM, DL) and the type of documents (books, articles, and treatises) was done, and 56 valid documents were obtained based on this. In the next step, among these documents, based on two criteria (the quality of the studies and the comprehensiveness of the proposed method, model, principles, or frameworks), 10 documents, including 9 articles and 1 book, were selected as the final input documents for conducting the study. Finally, as a result of the synthesis of the selected studies, eight categories were obtained as the implementation principles of participatory design, which are: clarifying participation, empowering participants, creating a platform for participation, matching the components of participation, stimulating participation, justice in participation, managing the results of participation and sustainable participation. In the end, the conceptual relationship between these categories was examined and eight specific types of relationships between the categories were identified. Also, by presenting examples of participatory projects, the application and fields of use of the eight proposed categories were explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal failure is a common occurrence in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock including those supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Prevalence and outcome of acute and chronic kidney failure in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of acute and chronic kidney failure in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients as well as predictors for survival. Methods: This is a single center retrospective clinical study. We included adult patients with refractory cardiogenic shock who were supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 2008 and 2015. The primary endpoint of the study was acute kidney injury (KDIGO Stage 3) during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and chronic kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy, 30 and 90 days after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The secondary endpoint was in-hospital survival and 90-day survival. Results: A total of 196 veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients were investigated. In total, 41.8% (82/196) patients had acute renal failure requiring continuous renal replacement therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The 30- and 90-day survival was 55.1% (108/196) and 48.5% (95/196), respectively; 21.3% (23/108) and 11.6% (11/95) patients needed renal replacement therapy after 30 and 90 days, respectively. Predictors for KDIGO Stage 3 renal failure during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were lactate (p = 0.026) and the number of blood units transfused during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (p = 0.000). A predictor for renal replacement therapy after 30 and 90 days was an elevated plasma-free hemoglobin level. The in-hospital survival was 54.6% (107/196). Serum lactate of less than 4.3 mmol/L, lower age, plasma-free hemoglobin of ⩽62 mg/dL, low number of blood units transfused during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump were predictors for in-hospital and 90-day survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statmen: The hermeneutic phenomenology is the establishing of a relationship of Being. How these relations can be manifested in a human being in the world is one of the most important concerns of philosophers, including Heidegger - the famous German philosopher. Purpose of the Study: This paper intends to provide an interpretation of phenomenology that can be considered and implemented in the design process. After fully description of hermeneutic phenomenology that is specifically identified with Heidegger’s ideas, we further clarify this notion by elucidating five certain steps from it that include: Temporality, Establishing a meaningful relationship with the triple extent of temporality, Establishing a relationship of Being between human and phenomena, Establishing the hermeneutical relationship, and Disclosedness. Reserch Methodology: Then, through the case study method, we evaluate three sample products to interpret the steps extracted from this approach. In the following, by presenting a model, we illustrate the relationship between the phenomenological approach and the design process, the way it is applied, and its generalizability in the process. The triple extent of temporality (factuality, presence, and futurity) forms the central core of this model. Finally, we analyze another product to test the proposed model. Conclusin: The result of this paper makes it clear that the phenomenological approach not only can use in product design, but also the case studies show that the use of this method has been able to influence on the success of the user’s interaction with the product during the industrial design history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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