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The present study objective was to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Bizerte and Ghar El Melh Lagoons Solea solea and to assess the potential risk to human health from its consumption. To reach these objectives twenty fish samples from each site were collected and 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in their muscles using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Total PAH sole concentrations from Bizerte and Ghar El Melh Lagoons were similar or lower to those recorded in other species from other regions across the world. In the studied fish species, the 2 and 3 ring PAHs are the dominated compounds that enter to the composition of PAHs which indicates that PAHs could be principally derived from a petrogenic origin for the both studied lagoons. The human health risk by sole consumption was evaluated and revealed to exhibit no hazard to the local population health concerning PAH intakes. The findings of this biomonitoring study will help in the implementation of sustainable environmental policies for effective water pollution control and the two investigated lagoons management.

Premio extraordinario de Trabajo Fin de Máster curso 2020/2021. Máster en Investigación y Análisis del Flamenco El presente trabajo, titulado Las variaciones por soleá en manos de Manolo Brenes. Un análisis comparativo con los esquemas básicos, consiste en un estudio sobre un elemento musical muy concreto de la guitarra flamenca a partir de una interpretación en particular, la de Manolo Brenes, uno de los grandes maestros en el acompañamiento. A partir de la observación de sus apariciones en la serie documental Rito y Geografía del cante trataremos de mostrar su modo de trabajar el procedimiento de la variación. Para ello, por un lado, examinaremos los puntos en común con las frases por soleá más básicas y, por otro, lo compararemos con los modos de proceder de otros guitarristas de la época. Por esta razón la investigación se dividirá en tres partes: la transcripción del material sonoro, el análisis musical y el estudio comparativo. De esta forma conoceremos algunas de las claves del estilo que desarrolló Manolo Brenes en la variación por soleá. This work is titled Las variaciones por soleá en manos de Manolo Brenes. Un análisis comparativo con los esquemas básicos. It is a study on a very specific musical element of the flamenco guitar from a particular interpretation, that of Manolo Brenes, one of the great masters in accompaniment. From the observation of his appearances in the documentary series Rito y Geografía del cante we will try to bring to light his way of working the process of variation. We will examine the points in common with the most fundamental phrases “por soleá” and also compare it with other guitarists of the time. This study will be divided into three parts, the transcription of the material, its analysis and comparison. The result will be an analysis that explains the keys to this style and how Manolo Brenes developed it.

The study of the themes belonging to Pablo de Málaga, Enrique Morente's latest album, Compases y silencios y Guern-Irak, and his source of inspiration Guernica de Picasso, allows us to draw parallels at the compositional level by showing a composition made up of elements of different origin but that make up a unitary composition, which expresses an interior state of abstract nature. It also allows us an approach to the attitude of the artist, his concept of tradition and the foundations of his renewal of flamenco., El estudio de dos temas pertenecientes a Pablo de Málaga, último disco de Enrique Morente, Compases y silencios y Guern-Irak, y su fuente de inspiración Guernica de Picasso, nos permite realizar paralelismos a nivel compositivo al mostrar una composición formada por elementos de distinta procedencia pero que conforman una composición unitaria, que expresa un estado interior de naturaleza abstracta. También nos permite un acercamiento a la actitud del artista, su concepto de tradición y los fundamentos de su renovación del flamenco.

International audience; Connectivity between spawning grounds and recruitment areas of marine fish species drives population structure and dynamics, and may be affected by climate-induced changes in oceanographic processes. We analysed the variability in recruitment success of larvae to estuarine nursery areas along the Iberian Atlantic coast of four fish species with distinct spawning grounds and periods (Solea solea, Solea senegalensis, Platichthys flesus and Dicentrarchus labrax). Concomitantly, we explored the variations in connectivity patterns between "cold" and "warm" year archetypes. We used a three-dimensional Lagrangian transport particle-tracking model integrating time series of velocity, temperature and salinity fields archived from the Regional Ocean Modelling System. We simulated individual larval dispersal, over extended spawning periods, from multiple coastal spawning areas to estuarine recruitment areas over 20 years (1989-2008). Overall, high inter-and intra-annual variation were found for all species. Nonetheless, highest overall average recruitment estimates were obtained for S. solea and D. labrax (with 7.3% and 5.7% of the particles released in spawning areas reaching a recruitment area, respectively) compared to S. senegalensis and P. flesus (3.4% and 1.7%, respectively). Recruitment estimates were overall higher at earlier spawning dates but peak values occurred at later spawning events. Regarding spawning origin, particles that recruited to the northern part of the Iberian coast were mainly from southern source areas. For estuarine systems located in southern Portugal, the relative contributions of northern and southern coastal spawning areas were more balanced, or with a preponderance of northern spawning areas (namely for S. senegalensis and D. labrax). Recruitment was higher in "warm" years compared to "cold" years, except for P. flesus for which nil recruitment was registered in the southern Iberian coast during "warm" years. Larvae also travelled farther in "warm" years compared to "cold" years. Ultimately, understanding how oceanographic conditions govern larval recruitment to estuarine nursery areas is pivotal to forecast the potential impacts of climate change on species with segregated life histories, and will underpin long term management and safeguarding of estuarine nursery role.

The generation of musical content from information contained in datasets belonging to one or several styles using Deep Learning techniques is an area within Artificial Intelligence that is booming. The algorithms and frameworks currently available are capable of generating music of different styles, including the different flamenco styles, but they do not take into account the rhythmic and melodic particularities of these styles, mainly because they only use as input the melodies and, in some cases, the chords that accompany them. To be able to compose flamenco music in the Soleá style, the compás has been included as an additional input element so that the music generated follows the rhythm of the Soleá. Additionally, variable temperature mechanisms will be used to achieve musical randomness within the flamenco style without losing the melodic characteristics of the Soleá. La generación de contenidos musicales, a partir de información contenida en datasets perteneciente a uno o varios estilos mediante el uso de técnicas de Deep Learning, es un campo de estudio dentro de la Inteligencia Artificial que está en pleno auge. Los algoritmos y frameworks existentes en la actualidad son capaces de generar música de diferentes estilos entre los que se podrían incluir los diferentes palos flamencos, pero no tienen en cuenta las particularidades rítmicas y melódicas propias de estos, principalmente porque solo utilizan como entrada las melodías y, en algunos casos, los acordes que la acompañan. Con el fin de poder componer música flamenca del estilo de la Soleá, se ha incluido el compás como un elemento más de entrada para que la música que se genere siga el ritmo propio de la Soleá. Adicionalmente, se utilizarán mecanismos de temperatura variable para conseguir aleatoriedad musical dentro del estilo flamenco sin perder las características melódicas propias de la Soleá.

Populations along environmental gradients have the potential to adapt to their own local environments. It is important to understand these adaptations in fisheries stocks to fully inform fisheries management strategies. With this is mind, sea temperatures are an important cue in timing for many marine species, including sole in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. We used spawning data and modelled sea surface temperature (SST) data from sole subpopulations to examine the possibility of local adaptation of their spawning times to rising temperature. Climate window analysis was used, in a linear mixed model using mean spawning week and SST, to investigate statistically significant differences between subpopulations of sole. There was no evidence of local adaptation to changing temperatures for these subpopulations. This suggests that their spawning-time reaction to changing temperatures is currently due to their subpopulation’s mean plasticity. Using climate window analysis and modelled temperature data we have demonstrated a method of examining spawning changes in marine populations along a temperature gradient. Recruitment and spawning success are key elements of fisheries population models which contribute to fisheries management. Further understanding of the influence of temperature on recruitment will help inform future modelling.

The study was conducted during the period from October 2015 to September 2016 to investigate the accumulation of five heavy metals in three fish species (Tilapia zillii, Solea solea and Mugil cephalus) inhabiting lake Qarun, Egypt. Water, sediments and fish samples were collected from six sites cover eastern, middle and western sectors of the lake during the four studied seasons. The results indicated that, summer time showed the highest pH, salinity, biological oxygen demand and nitrates concentration, while autumn and spring times showed the highest nitrites concentration depending on the site. The abundance of metals in lake water, sediments and fish followed the order: Fe > Zn ≈ Mn > Cu > Cd. In all fish species Fe and Zn exceeded the permissible limits. Regardless fish species, the highest concentrations of metals were recorded in fish liver, while the lowest in fish muscles. Mugilspecies seemed to be more contaminated with metals thanthe other species. It is recommended to coordinate different efforts to rescue Lake Qarun from heavy metal pollution.

The article deals with the term solea (σωlέaς). There are two main traditions. One is based on an analysis of Byzantine sources, starting with Charles Du Cange. The solea is a space before the sanc...

The study dealt with the infestation of Livoneca redmanii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) on Solea solea in Lake Qarun, Egypt. 487 specimens of S. solea were examined to extract 99 crustacean parasites. Fish specimens were collected monthly from Eastern and Western regions of Lake Qarun, during the period from January to December, 2016. The results showed that S. solea was infested by L. redmanii. The highest infestation recorded was in June b, 38.64 % and the lowest one (10.34 %) in October. The infested fish S. solea were mostly females. The highest male infestation was during March (18.37%) and the lowest in April (2.04%).The highest female infestation was during July (22%) and the lowest in August and October (2%). The highest infestation (37.38%) was in mid length group 14cm and the lowest (1.01%) was in large fish at length group 19cm. The highest infestation (43.44 %) was in weight group 30gm and the lowest one (3.07%) was in largest and smallest fishes at weight group 10 & 70gm. The ecto-parasitic Isopods, L. redmanii infest gills, ventral side, dorsal side, mouth, head and tail sites on the integument of S. solea. The bilateral and/or unilateral infestation per fish was in gills region (73.7%). The main clinical signs in infested S. solea were respiratory distress as surface swimming with opened mouth and gill cover. Also, they showed sluggish movement, emaciation, excessive amounts of mucous covering the body surface. Post-mortum examination showed lesions of focal erosion in skin and gills. Based on the parasitic treatment trails with salinity, the most suitable solution to make control on the parasite blooming was increasing the fresh water flow to adjust the parasite activity and to minimize the optimum condition of blooming.

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Allopodocotyle tunisiensis (Digenea, Opecoelidae), an intestinal parasite of Solea aegyptiaca (Teleostei, Soleidae), is described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mature spermatozoon is a filiform cell that exhibits two axonemes of different length with the 9+'1' pattern of trepaxonematan Platyhelminthes. In the anterior spermatozoon extremity, cortical microtubules are absent. They appear after the disappearance of an anterior electron-dense material, being initially in a continuous and submembranous layer. They surround only partially the sperm cell. Later, these cortical microtubules are distributed into two bundles. Additionally, the spermatozoon of A. tunisiensis shows two mitochondria, a nucleus, an external ornamentation of the plasma membrane, spine-like bodies, and a large amount of glycogen granules. According to the location of the external ornamentation, A. tunisiensis presents a Quilichini et al.'s type 2 spermatozoon. With respect to the posterior extremity, the sperm cell of A. tunisiensis corresponds to the Quilichini et al.'s opecoelid type. The morphology of the first mitochondrion with a U-shaped posterior extremity is described for the first time in a digenean spermatozoon.

Recent important developments in sole aquaculture have increased the availability of the farmed product on the market. The aim of this research was to characterize and compare for the first time in common sole (Solea solea) morphometric parameters, nutrients and sensory traits of cultured and wild specimens. Farmed sole, while maintaining the characteristics of a lean fish species (2% of lipid content), displayed a EPA+DHA fillet content more than twice as high as its wild counterpart. Sensory traits of “potato”, “boiled fish”, sweet, firmness, astringency, chewiness, were correlated to farmed origin while whiteness, briny, “octopus”, “crab”, salty, acid, bitter, umami, intensity and juiciness were linked to wild origin. Intensive farming conditions improved the nutritional value of common sole in terms of lipid content and fatty acid profile and led to sweeter sensory traits particularly associated with a terrestrial vegetable perception.

Sole fed commercial pellets develop a nutritional anaemia. This study assessed the impact of dietary B12 and taurine on the haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) level and mineral absorption in anaemic sole. Anaemic sole was fed one of four diets. Diets were equal regarding mineral, amino acid and macronutrient composition and formulated, according to a two by two factorial design: two B12 (0.34 vs. 1.9 mg kg dm⁻¹) and two taurine levels (3.5 vs. 7.6 mg kg dm⁻¹). The feeding level was restricted and equal for all diets. Hct and Hb levels in anaemic sole are influenced by dietary B12. A “high” level of B12 increases the Hct and Hb level. An increasing level of taurine suppresses the stimulating effect of the “high” level of B12. The applied B12 and taurine levels were unable to completely alleviate the anaemia in sole. Nevertheless, sole needs high dietary levels of B12 to alleviate anaemia. The impact of B12 and taurine on Hb and Hct was not related to a change in the absorption of iron. A “high” level of B12 positively affected the absorption of chromium and a high level of taurine negatively affected the absorption of cobalt in sole.

Las secuencias repetitivas son elementos muy presentes en el genoma de cualquier ser vivo. Sus aplicaciones van desde marcadores genéticos empleados en taxonomía hasta implicaciones relacionadas con la regulación y estructura del material genético. La gran variedad y presencia de estos patrones dificulta su estudio, pero gracias al uso de tecnologías de secuenciación masiva y herramientas bioinformáticas que procesan grandes cantidades de información, su análisis es cada vez más sencillo. Recientemente se ha descrito el cromosoma 1 de Solea senegalensis como un proto-cromosoma sexual procedente de una translocación Robertsoniana. Esta especie tiene una gran importancia económica en España y el estudio de su reproducción es clave en su producción. Por todo ello, en este trabajo se han analizado los paquetes de datos procedentes de la secuenciación de 14 BACs situados en este cromosoma con el fin de localizar elementos repetitivos en su secuencia. Para realizar esta búsqueda se ha utilizado la plataforma RepeatExplorer de Galaxy. Se obtuvieron más de 1000 clusters con posibles secuencias repetitivas. Se seleccionaron los contigs de los 10 primeros clusters generados por el sistema para cada clon BAC y se usaron para buscar repeticiones en la base de datos Dfam. Los resultados obtenidos en esta plataforma se han utilizado para elaborar una base de datos propia con las secuencias de los elementos transponibles localizados en el cromosoma 1 de S. senegalensis. Este archivo ha sido utilizado para comparar las repeticiones encontradas en los diferentes clusters y buscar posibles relaciones entre ellos. Además, la base de datos recoge los numerosos elementos encontrados y permite utilizarse en proyectos futuros., Repetitive sequences are very present elements in the genome of every living being. Their applications range from genetic markers used in taxonomy to implications related with the regulation and structure of the genetic material. The great variety and presence of these patterns hinder their study, but thanks to the use of massive sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools that process large amounts of information, their analysis is becoming easier. Solea senegalensis chromosome 1 recently has been described as a sex proto-chromosome coming from a Robertsonian fusion. This species has great importance in Spain and the study of its reproduction is key in its production. Therefore, in this work, data packages from the sequencing of 14 BACs located in this chromosome has been analyzed in order to localize repetitive elements in its sequence. To perform this search, the Galaxy-RepeatExplorer platform has been used. More than 1,000 clusters with possible repetitive sequences were obtained. Contigs from the 10 first clusters generated by the system were selected for each BAC clone and used to search for repeats in the Dfam database. The results obtained on this platform have been used to develop our own database with the sequences of the transposable elements located on chromosome 1 of S. senegalensis. This file has been utilized to compare the repetitions found it the different clusters and to look for possible connections between them. In addition, the database collects the numerous elements found and allows it to be used in future projects., El trabajo está compuesto de 50 páginas. Además, cuenta con un anexo con el que el proyecto alcanza un total de 105 páginas.

Solea solea (Linnaeus 1758) ���Common sole Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Solea vulgaris aegyptiaca Chabanaud by Mouneimn�� (1977: 66); subsequently recorded as Solea vulgaris aegyptiaca Chabanaud 1927 by Mouneimn�� (2002: 238). Material in collection: SMNS and USNM (as S. vulgaris). Distribution. Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Norway to Senegal including Madeira, Canary and? Cape Verde Islands. Conservation. IUCN: Global (DD: 15 July 2014); Med. (LC: 29 February 2008). Capture and threats: Unknown. Occurrence: Very rare. Low priority for conservation action. Scorpaeniformes, Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["Mouneimne, N. (1977) Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). Cybium, 3 (1), 37 - 66.","Mouneimne, N. (2002) Poissons marins du Liban et de la Mediterranee orientale. INCAM-EU / CNRS Lebanon, Beyrouth, 271 pp."]}

Solea aegyptiaca Chabanaud 1927 ���Egyptian sole Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Solea vulgaris Queensel var. oegyptiaca, Chab. by Gruvel (1931: 82). Material in collection: AUBM. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea endemic; recorded as NIS from the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea. Conservation. IUCN: Global (LC: 12 July 2014); Med. (LC: 12 July 2014). Capture and threats: Unknown. Occurrence: Rare. Low priority for conservation action., Published as part of Bariche, Michel & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status, pp. 1-157 in Zootaxa 4775 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3983887, {"references":["Gruvel, A. (1931) Les Etats de Syrie. Richesses marines et fluviales. Exploitation actuelle-Avenir. Societe d'Editions Geographiques, Maritimes et Coloniale, 453 pp."]}

Seafood is an important component of the human diet. With depleting fish stocks and increasing prices, seafood is prone to fraudulent substitution. DNA barcoding has illustrated fraudulent substitution of fishes in retail and restaurants. Whether substitution also occurs in other steps of the supply chain remains largely unknown. DNA barcoding relies on public reference databases for species identification, but these can contain incorrect identifications. The creation of a high quality genetic reference database for 42 European commercially important fishes was initiated containing 145 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 152 Cytochrome b (cytB) sequences. This database was used to identify substitution rates of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common sole (Solea solea) along the fish supply chain in Belgium using DNA barcoding. Three out of 132 cod samples were substituted, in catering (6%), import (5%) and fishmongers (3%). Seven out of the 41 processed sole samples were substituted, in wholesale (100%), food services (50%), retailers (20%) and catering (8%). Results show that substitution of G. morhua and S. solea is not restricted to restaurants, but occurs in other parts of the supply chain, warranting for more stringent controls along the supply chain to increase transparency and trust among consumers. ispartof: FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY vol:141 ispartof: location:England status: published

In the present study, the histological-based condition of common sole (Solea solea) larvae in the English Channel was evaluated to assess the relevance of experimentally-calibrated indices for wild collected specimens. Based on topographical observation of foregut, midgut, hindgut, liver and pancreas, each of the 202 larvae analysed was attributed one of the six grades of a condition index that was developed for sole in the nineties. In parallel, a synthetic table of 20 criteria historically used as condition indicators was created from an extensive review of the literature. These criteria were related to tissular integrity, cells height, nuclei, presence of prey and vacuolisation of the same five target organs. For each larva, each criterion was scored on a scale from one to three. Multiple correspondence analyses coupled to clustering and indicator values were used to explore the relationship between the condition index and criteria as well as to highlight which complementary information the latter could provide to the former. Results showed that some adjacent grades were related to the same set of scored criteria, suggesting that these grades are not as distinguishable in the field as they can be in controlled conditions. Some criteria like vacuoles in the enterocytes, size of the hepatocytes, amount of zymogen, stain of acini, presence of prey in the digestive tract and goblet cells in the foregut, were independent of the condition index and depicted more recent food intake than a true condition status. Conversely, criteria related to tissular integrity as well as presence of energetics reserves like vacuoles in the liver appeared more relevant to evaluate the condition status of fish larvae since their increasing scores were associated to different grades. It is concluded that the grading system obtained from experimental observations may not be adapted to reflect the different larval condition states that could be encountered in the field. A simplified grading system, based on three grades and a reduced set of relevant criteria is then proposed.

Ecosystem effects of bottom trawl fisheries are a major concern. We analysed whether the replacement of mechanical stimulation by electrical stimulation may reduce the adverse impacts on the benthic ecosystem in the beam trawl fishery for sole. Although the use of electricity is not allowed to catch fish in European Union waters, a number of beam trawlers got derogation and switched to pulse trawling to explore the potential to reduce impacts. We extended a recently developed assessment framework and showed that the switch to pulse trawling substantially reduced benthic impacts when exploiting the Total Allowable Catch of sole in the North Sea. We applied the framework to Dutch beam trawl logbook data from 2009 to 2017 and estimated that the trawling footprint decreased by 23%; the precautionary impact indicator of the benthic community decreased by 39%; the impact on median longevity decreased by 20%; the impact on benthic biomass decreased by 61%; the amount of sediment mobilised decreased by 39%. The decrease is due to the replacement of tickler chains by electrode arrays, a lower towing speed and higher catch efficiency for sole. The effort and benthic impact of the beam trawl fishery targeting plaice Pleuronectes platessa in the central North Sea increased with the recovery of the plaice stock. This study illustrates the usefulness of a standardized methodological framework to assess the differences in time trends and trawling impact between gears.

Ecosystem effects of bottom trawl fisheries are of major concern. Although it is prohibited to catch fish using electricity in European Union waters, a number of beam trawlers obtained a derogation and switched to pulse trawling to explore the potential to reduce impacts. Here we analyse whether using electrical rather than mechanical stimulation results in an overall reduction in physical disturbance of the seafloor in the beam-trawl fishery for soleSolea solea. We extend and apply a recently developed assessment framework to the Dutch beam-trawl fleet and show that the switch to pulse trawling substantially reduced benthic impacts when exploiting the total allowable catch of sole in the North Sea. Using Vessel Monitoring by Satellite and logbook data from 2009 to 2017, we estimate that the trawling footprint decreased by 23%, the precautionary impact indicator of the benthic community decreased by 39%, the impact on median longevity of the benthic community decreased by 20%, the impact on benthic biomass decreased by 61%, and the amount of sediment mobilised decreased by 39%. The decrease in impact is due to the replacement of tickler chains by electrode arrays, a lower towing speed and higher catch efficiency for sole. The effort and benthic physical disturbance of the beam-trawl fishery targeting plaicePleuronectes platessain the central North Sea increased with the recovery of the plaice stock. Our study illustrates the utility of a standardized methodological framework to assess the differences in time trends and physical disturbance between gears.

The high nutritional quality of common sole Solea solea increases its value for the fishery industry and for the aquaculture sector. To ensure the expansion of its production, it is necessary to implement farming and broodstock management technique to produce high quality eggs and larvae. This work summarizes eight years of study on reproductive performances, growth and parental contribution of a common sole broodstock from the Mediterranean-North Adriatic Sea. The broodstock (11 females and 13 males) reached the peak of fecundity after 5/6 years of captivity, with a production of 296.48 and 376.54 × 103 of total eggs kg−1 female with a fertilization rate of 31.6 ± 18.3 and 41.9 ± 23.8 %, respectively. Results shows that variations in temperature cycles are pivotal for a successful breeding season, and body condition during the first 3 years of captivity was the most important parameter positively correlated to parental contribution for both males and females. Parental contribution was assessed by eight species-specific microsatellite loci during the first 3 years of reproduction. Although the two sexes displayed different temporal trends, parentage assessment demonstrated an overall increase in the number of active breeders. However, only 13 couples out of 50 produced the 70.4 % of the larvae in year 5, confirming the same reproduction behavioural pattern in Mediterranean common sole than that observed both in Senegalese sole and in common sole of Atlantic origin. This work provides valuable data needed to understand the mechanisms behind the maturation characteristics of this species and support future strategy for the establishment and management of Mediterranean common sole aquaculture.

Las secuencias repetitivas son elementos muy presentes en el genoma de cualquier ser vivo. Sus aplicaciones van desde marcadores genéticos empleados en taxonomía hasta implicaciones relacionadas con la regulación y estructura del material genético. La gran variedad y presencia de estos patrones dificulta su estudio, pero gracias al uso de tecnologías de secuenciación masiva y herramientas bioinformáticas que procesan grandes cantidades de información, su análisis es cada vez más sencillo. Recientemente se ha descrito el cromosoma 1 de Solea senegalensis como un proto-cromosoma sexual procedente de una translocación Robertsoniana. Esta especie tiene una gran importancia económica en España y el estudio de su reproducción es clave en su producción. Por todo ello, en este trabajo se han analizado los paquetes de datos procedentes de la secuenciación de 14 BACs situados en este cromosoma con el fin de localizar elementos repetitivos en su secuencia. Para realizar esta búsqueda se ha utilizado la plataforma RepeatExplorer de Galaxy. Se obtuvieron más de 1000 clusters con posibles secuencias repetitivas. Se seleccionaron los contigs de los 10 primeros clusters generados por el sistema para cada clon BAC y se usaron para buscar repeticiones en la base de datos Dfam. Los resultados obtenidos en esta plataforma se han utilizado para elaborar una base de datos propia con las secuencias de los elementos transponibles localizados en el cromosoma 1 de S. senegalensis. Este archivo ha sido utilizado para comparar las repeticiones encontradas en los diferentes clusters y buscar posibles relaciones entre ellos. Además, la base de datos recoge los numerosos elementos encontrados y permite utilizarse en proyectos futuros. Repetitive sequences are very present elements in the genome of every living being. Their applications range from genetic markers used in taxonomy to implications related with the regulation and structure of the genetic material. The great variety and presence of these patterns hinder their study, but thanks to the use of massive sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools that process large amounts of information, their analysis is becoming easier. Solea senegalensis chromosome 1 recently has been described as a sex proto-chromosome coming from a Robertsonian fusion. This species has great importance in Spain and the study of its reproduction is key in its production. Therefore, in this work, data packages from the sequencing of 14 BACs located in this chromosome has been analyzed in order to localize repetitive elements in its sequence. To perform this search, the Galaxy-RepeatExplorer platform has been used. More than 1,000 clusters with possible repetitive sequences were obtained. Contigs from the 10 first clusters generated by the system were selected for each BAC clone and used to search for repeats in the Dfam database. The results obtained on this platform have been used to develop our own database with the sequences of the transposable elements located on chromosome 1 of S. senegalensis. This file has been utilized to compare the repetitions found it the different clusters and to look for possible connections between them. In addition, the database collects the numerous elements found and allows it to be used in future projects. El trabajo está compuesto de 50 páginas. Además, cuenta con un anexo con el que el proyecto alcanza un total de 105 páginas.

Fishery discard survival depends on multiple conditions; caution is essential when survival study outputs are employed to support management decisions. The study presents a stepwise procedure, devised to estimate discard survival, that accounts for the variability characterizing commercial fishing practices. The procedure was applied to the first survival study performed onboard rapido trawlers targeting Solea solea in the Mediterranean Sea. Undersized specimens collected during sorting were assessed for vitality; some were retained for captive observation. The main drivers affecting discard survival at the time of catch sorting (immediate survival) were identified and used to outline four different operational conditions set (scenarios). Immediate survival in each scenario was subsequently modified by applying a hazard coefficient of survival after 5 days of captive observation in relation to each vitality class, thus obtaining relative survival estimates following discarding. Temperature and air exposure duration were found to exert a major effect on survival, with catch weight and seabed type being additional important factors. The relative survival rate showed an aggregate value of 22.9% (10.5–33.4%). Scenario approach can enhance our understanding of the stressors influencing discard survival. The outcomes are discussed to explore the potential applications of the procedure to the identification of mitigation strategies.

Solea aegyptiaca (Chabanaud, 1927) is one of the most common Soleid species in southern Tunisian waters. This study provides the first detailed information on the reproduction biology of S. aegyptiaca in these areas. Samples of S. aegyptiaca were collected by trawl from the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) between April 2013 and March 2015. A total of 1638 specimens were examined, ranging from 9.7 to 30.7 cm total length. The sex ratio was in favour of males in smaller size classes and females in larger size classes. The macroscopic analysis of the gonads and the progression of the monthly values of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) indicated that the reproductive season extended from October to February, with GSI peaking in November and December for males and females respectively, and that spawning occurs once a year from November to February. The utilization of lipid reserves, stored predominantly in the liver as well as in muscles, was depicted. The estimated average length at first maturity was 22.31 ± 0.41 cm for males and 23.19 ± 0.184 cm for females. Total fecundity of mature females ranged from 14,160–62,700 eggs per fish, showing a significant increase with size, with an average of 33,020 ± 5239 eggs per fish.

This study extends our knowledge of the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organisms and investigates its possible determinants. PAH levels were measured in Solea solea tissue and in marine sediments collected from three areas of the northern Adriatic Sea characterized by different anthropic impacts (Venetian Lagoon, Po Delta, and fishing grounds off Chioggia). The possibility of differential PAH bioaccumulation in different tissues (muscle, liver and gills) was investigated by seeking relationships between mean individual and total PAH concentrations in tissue and sediment samples, the physicochemical properties of PAHs (rings and Kow), and some key biological variables (lipid content of tissues, body size, habitat). The present study demonstrated that the lipid content might not be the only determinant of PAH bioaccumulation in common sole tissues. The habitat characteristics, the tissue types and some physicochemical properties of compounds were closely related to PAH bioaccumulation.

Despite electric pulse fishing being regarded as a promising environmentally friendly fishing method, very little is known about possible negative effects on early life stages of bottom-dwelling species such as Sole Solea solea. Electrotrawling for brown shrimp Crangon crangon is increasingly used in shallow coastal zones and estuaries of the southern North Sea. As these fishing grounds are often important nurseries and spawning areas for various marine species, electrotrawling could therefore harm inhabiting fishes during their early life stages. Hence, this research aims to investigate the effect of electric pulses used to catch brown shrimp on the survival and development of Sole embryos and larvae. Exposure of Sole embryos at 2d postfertilization and larvae at 11d posthatching to pulsed DC used to catch brown shrimp did not result in a lower survival 8d after exposure. Additionally, no differences in yolk sac resorption and morphometric length measurements of the notochord, muscle, eye, and head were observed in the developing larvae.

This study was carried out to identify isopod species implicated in the outbreak that had affected commercially important fishes of Lake Qaroun. The study also aims to determine its deleterious effects on infested fish and its possible role in the severe drop in lake fisheries production. Renocila thresherorum (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) was the only isopod species isolated from the fishes in the lake. The overall prevalence was 38% as 37.14, 25.7 and 53.3% of the examined Tilapia zilli (Gervais, 1848), Mugil capito (Cuvier, 1829) and Solea aegyptiaca (Chabanaud, 1927), respectively, they were found to be infested; while the recorded intensity was 1.23 for T. zilli and 1 for both M. capito and S. aegyptiaca. The main clinical sign noticed was a unilateral or bilateral bulged operculum, with the presence of a large sized isopod female which reached up to 23 mm in length in gill chamber, pale atrophied and eroded gill filament. The condition factor of infested fish significantly decreased in comparison with that of non-infested fish. Various degrees of degenerative pathological lesions including destruction, detachment, hyperplasia and fusion of the primary and secondary gill lamellae were observed in infested fish gills. The current research proved the deleterious effect of R. thresherorum on Lake Qaroun fishes based on clinical finding, condition factor calculation and histopathological examination. Keywords: Cymothoidae, Renocila thresherorum, Prevalence, Intensity, Parasite

Summary This study determined prey consumption in common sole as a function of prey size (0–0.5, 1–1.5, 2–2.5 and 4–5 g), sediment thickness (20 cm and 2 cm) and fish size (50 g, 125 g or 300 g). Prey consumption (in numbers of prey eaten per fish per day) was reduced with increasing prey size and sediment thickness, and was increased with increasing fish size (p

The beam trawl fishery targeting sole is known for their substantial bycatch of flatfish below the minimum landing size. Pulse trawls were developed to improve the selectivity by replacing mechanical stimulation with electrical stimulation which immobilises fish in front of the footrope. Results are presented of an experiment on board of a commercial pulse trawler studying the effect of electrical stimulation on footrope and cod-end selectivity for three flatfish species - sole (Solea solea), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and dab (Limanda limanda) - in 29 paired hauls with electrical stimulation alternating between the starboard and portside gear. It was shown that electrical stimulation increased the footrope selection by a factor 2 in plaice and dab and a factor 7 in sole. The effect on sole is related to the specific response of sole which cramps into a U-shape. Footrope selection showed a small diurnal pattern with the highest selectivity of the pulse trawl during the day. Electrical stimulation and catch weight were shown to have a small effect on the cod-end selectivity retaining slightly more marketable sole. Cod-end mesh selection factors (SF) were estimated at 3.00 (se = 0.02), 2.11 (se = 0.02), and 2.3 (se = 0.1) for sole, plaice and dab, respectively. Selection ratio (SFA = selection range/mesh size) was estimated at 0.45 (se = 0.03), 0.23 (se = 0.02), and 0.41 (se = 0.04) for sole, plaice and dab, respectively. The SF and SFA of the pulse trawl is comparable to values reported for conventional beam or otter trawls.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) meal as a partial replacement for fishmeal (FM) protein at levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (SPC0, SPC25, SPC50, SPC75, and SPC100 groups, respectively) in weaning diets (~55% crude protein) for post-larvae of common sole (Solea solea). During the weaning period, larvae were fed on the experimental diets simultaneously with the life food for 15 days. After completing the weaning period, post-larvae (5.5 mg) were fed with the experimental diets for further 30 days in triplicates. No significant (P > 0.05) variations were recorded in the growth performance and survival rate up to the 50% SPC level, after which the larvae growth and survival rates were significantly (P