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Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae), commonly known as nightshade, has been traditionally used by various populations to treat a variety of ailments. Environment-friendly alternatives to chemical and physical procedures for the synthesis of nanomaterials have been proposed. In this research, the hot plate combustion method is used to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate and S. trilobatum leaf extract. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, the cubic phase was face-centered, had good crystallinity, and had average crystallite sizes. According to morphological studies, the surface has a cylindrical and rod-like morphology, and average particle size estimates from UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), concur well with XRD, and the bio-reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the human pathogenic microorganisms were used to investigate the antibacterial efficacy (12.5, 25, 50 μg/mL) of these biologically created silver nanoparticles.

A 24 kDa leucine-rich protein from ion exchange fractions of Solanum trilobatum, which has anti-bacterial activity against both the Gram-negative Vibrio cholerae and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria has been purified. In this study, mass spectrometry analysis identified the leucine richness and found a luminal binding protein (LBP). Circular dichroism suggests that the protein was predominantly composed of α- helical contents of its secondary structure. Scanning electron microscopy visualized the characteristics and morphological and structural changes in LBP-treated bacterium. Further in vitro studies confirmed that mannose-, trehalose- and raffinose-treated LBP completely inhibited the hemagglutination ability towards rat red blood cells. Altogether, these studies suggest that LBP could bind to sugar moieties which are abundantly distributed on bacterial surface which are essential for maintaining the structural integrity of bacteria. Considering that Solanum triolbatum is a well-known medicinal and edible plant, in order to shed light on its ancient usage in this work, an efficient anti-microbial protein was isolated, characterized and its in vitro functional study against human pathogenic bacteria was evaluated.

Biologically inspired synthesis of nanoparticles was found to be more attractive in metal nanoparticle synthesis. The present study reported an in-situ biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Solanum trilobatum aqueous leaf extract. On this basis, the aqueous leaf extract of S. trilobatum acted as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent to synthesize highly stable AgNPs at ambient temperature. Eventually, the synthesized and stabilized AgNPs surface plasmon resonance was near 430 nm through a UV–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometer. Here, the stability of the silver colloids monitored through zeta potential and mean particle size was evaluated through diffraction light scattering (DLF). Further, the average particle size was found to be 27.6 nm and spherical, confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, colloidal AgNPs and aqueous extract are found to be rich sources of antioxidants and exhibit higher free radical scavenging ability. Thus, efficient inhibition with COX1 and COX2 enzymes and the protective effect with human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability showed significant results. These features are promising, suggesting the possibility of the AgNPs to be useful to disease-modifying for treating inflammatory disorders and associated complications.

In the present study, phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants were evaluated from their ethanolic extracts, such as Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Psidium guajava and Solanum trilobatum. The extracts were subjected to a qualitative phytochemical screening using a standard procedure. Our study has identified phytocompounds present in leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Psidium guajava and Solanum trilobatum using IR and GC-MS spectroscopy. An anticancer activity was performed on each of these extracts using two human cancer cell lines, a colon cancer cell line (HCT116) and a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Despite the four medicinal plants extracts having comparable anticancer activity, the ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Solanum trilobatum show higher anticancer activity than Centella asiatica and Psidium guajava. The Andrographis paniculata (IC50=27.54 μg/ml HeLa & 30.19 μg/ml HCT116) and Solanum trilobatum (IC50=32.36 μg/ml HeLa & 35.48 μg/ml HCT116) shows equipotent activity against respective cell line than Doxorubicin (IC50=20.89 μg/ml HeLa & 22.91 μg/ml HCT116). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically inspired synthesis of nanoparticles was found to be more attractive in metal nanoparticle synthesis. The present study reported an in-situ biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Solanum trilobatum aqueous leaf extract. On this basis, the aqueous leaf extract of S. trilobatum acted as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent to synthesize highly stable AgNPs at ambient temperature. Eventually, the synthesized and stabilized AgNPs surface plasmon resonance was near 430 nm through a UV–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometer. Here, the stability of the silver colloids monitored through zeta potential and mean particle size was evaluated through diffraction light scattering (DLF). Further, the average particle size was found to be 27.6 nm and spherical, confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, colloidal AgNPs and aqueous extract are found to be rich sources of antioxidants and exhibit higher free radical scavenging ability. Thus, efficient inhibition with COX1 and COX2 enzymes and the protective effect with human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stability showed significant results. These features are promising, suggesting the possibility of the AgNPs to be useful to disease-modifying for treating inflammatory disorders and associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecofriendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using Solanum trilobatum (S. trilobatum) leaf extract as bioreducing agent. SEM images disclosed spherical ZnO NPs formation having a mean diameter of ∼25 nm. EDAX spectrum demonstrated presence of Zn and O elements and absence of peaks corresponding to impurity elements that revealed purity of ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction pattern displayed diffraction peaks associated with hexagonal wurtzite structured ZnO. Rietveld refinement analysis of XRD data indicated that ZnO NPs have hexagonal single phase (P63mc space group). Profile parameters (Rp, Rwp, and χ2) with minimum values designated harmony between calculated and observed diffraction patterns. FTIR spectrum of ZnO NPs signified high intense band at 540.94 cm−1 associated with characteristic stretching of Zn–O bond. Photocatalytic performance of ZnO NPs showed noticeable methylene blue dye decomposition with an efficiency of 94.07 % under sunlight illumination. Total organic carbon analysis disclosed considerable removal of organic carbon content from the methylene blue dye. Conclusively, S. trilobatum leaf extract can be employed as bioreductant agent to synthesis semiconductor nanomaterials for environmental remediation applications.

The current study demonstrates an effective protocol for encapsulation of in vitro nodal segments of Solanum trilobatum L. for short-term storage. In a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 8.8 µM 6-benzyl adenine (BA), 0.5 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 25 mM ammonium nitrate, a gelling matrix of 3% sodium alginate and 80 mM CaCl2.2H2O promoted the highest shoot regeneration frequency (98.4%). The effect of storage temperature, sucrose concentration, and storage time interval on shoot regrowth efficiency was assessed. Synthetic seeds maintained at culture room temperature (25 °C) were shown to be more competent than low-temperature storage (8 °C and 4 °C), with better regeneration efficiency (82.2%). The alginate matrix added with 1.5% sucrose increased the storage potential of synthetic seeds up to 12 weeks with a regeneration frequency of 57.7%. Using start codon-targeted polymorphic (SCoT) markers, the genetic fidelity of plants regrown after 12 weeks of storage was assessed. The SCoT fingerprinting approach has confirmed the post-storage genetic stability of recovered plants with their in vitro source. The present investigation is the first report on the development of synthetic seeds of S. trilobatum L., which would greatly facilitate germplasm conservation and exchange of this invaluable medicinal plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract gained great attention compared to other methods. In this work, CuO nanomaterial was synthesized by using the leaf extract of Solanum trilobatum. Synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX to determine the functional group, crystalline size, shape, and elemental composition of the synthesized nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction and SEM results confirmed that the synthesized CuO NPs were crystalline in nature and the average size was found to be 38.34 nm. The spherical shape of CuO NPs was reported in the green approach, but firsttime pentagons, cubes, and elongated forms of CuO NPs are found in this work. The EDX studies showed that the Solanum trilobatum mediated CuO NPs contain 53.57% of copper and 46.43% of oxygen. Synthesized CuO NPs were tested against the five pathogenic bacteria and they showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with copper sulfate and plant extract. Especially against Escherichia coli, Solanum trilobatum mediated CuO NPs performed well inhibitory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over world. Environmental chemicals and pesticides are one of the most common causative factors for liver injury. Since there are no reliable hepatoprotective drugs available, many plant extracts are frequently utilized to treat liver disease. Therefore, searching for effective and safe plant based drugs for liver disorders is a matter of interest. In this study, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the polyphenol rich chloroform extract of Solanum trilobatum (CST) was evaluated on CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Cytotoxic effect of CST on cancer cells as well as primary rat hepatocytes and proliferative effect on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) were evaluated in vitro. Animals were divided into 4 groups control group (received only normal saline), CCl4 group (received only CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 50 mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 100mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight). After 14 consecutive days of treatment, the levels of hepatic biochemical markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase and catalase activities were measured. The histopathological study of control and treated animals were also performed. RESULTS: Administration of CST prior to CCl4 was found to significantly inhibit the hepatotoxicity produced by CCl4 since CST restored the elevated activities of serum and liver marker enzymes and also enhanced the antioxidant enzyme levels. Histological changes caused by CCl4 were found to be significantly reversed by CST, which further confirms the dual effect of CST on CCl4-induced acute liver injury as a hepatoprotectant and antioxidant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly demonstrates that CST contains therapeutic components which in combination/alone possess hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green synthesis of SnO 2 NPs using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract for the first time. • The cauliflower-shaped morphology of SnO 2 NPs has significant electrical conductivity. • A new AN sensor was fabricated based on SnO 2 /SPCE. • The newly designed sensor exhibits a limit of detection of 0.897 nM over a concentration range of 2.0–14.0 nM. • The sensing of AN remained unaffected by tested interfering species from various pollutants, as confirmed by recovery values (99.2–101.0%) in water samples. The quantitative detection and determination of aniline (AN) in water samples are of significant importance due to its potential to induce adverse effects in humans and other livestock when consumed in excess. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to develop a highly sensitive conductive matrix for the electrochemical detection and quantification of AN in-water samples. In this regard, tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO 2 NPs) were synthesized using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract for the first time. Upon conducting structural analysis of the synthesized SnO 2 NPs, aggregates of spherical nanoparticles were observed, resulting in the formation of a cauliflower-like structural morphology. Subsequently, the cauliflower-shaped SnO 2 nanoparticles were drop-casted onto the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode using nafion as a binder, thereby developing an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of AN. Later, differential pulse voltammetry technique was employed to detect AN over a concentration range of 2.0–14.0 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.897 nM based on the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3). Importantly, the sensing of AN remained unaffected by tested interfering species from various pollutants, as confirmed by recovery values (99.2–101.0%) in water samples. These results collectively demonstrate that the newly designed sensor exhibits good selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for the detection of AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Solanum trilobatum L. is an important medicinal plant in traditional Indian system of medicine belonging to Solanaceae family. However, non-availability of genomic resources hinders its research at the molecular level. We have analyzed the S. trilobatum leaf transcriptome using high throughput RNA sequencing. The de novo assembly of 136,220,612 reads produced 128,934 non-redundant unigenes with N50 value of 1347 bp. Annotation of unigenes was performed against databases such as NCBI nr database, Gene Ontology, KEGG, Uniprot, Pfam, and plnTFDB. A total of 60,097 unigenes were annotated including 48 Transcription Factor families and 14,490 unigenes were assigned to 138 pathways using KEGG database. The pathway analysis revealed the transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites contributing for its medicinal value such as Flavonoids. Further, the transcripts were quantified using RSEM to identify the highly regulated genes for secondary metabolism. Reverse-Transcription PCR was performed to validate the de novo assembled unigenes. The expression profile of selected unigenes from flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was analyzed using qRT-PCR. We have also identified 13,262 Simple Sequence Repeats, which could help in molecular breeding. This is the first report of comprehensive transcriptome analysis in S. trilobatum and this will be an invaluable resource to understand the molecular basis related to the medicinal attributes of S. trilobatum in further studies.

A 24 kDa leucine-rich protein from ion exchange fractions of Solanum trilobatum, which has anti-bacterial activity against both the Gram-negative Vibrio cholerae and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria has been purified. In this study, mass spectrometry analysis identified the leucine richness and found a luminal binding protein (LBP). Circular dichroism suggests that the protein was predominantly composed of α- helical contents of its secondary structure. Scanning electron microscopy visualized the characteristics and morphological and structural changes in LBP-treated bacterium. Further in vitro studies confirmed that mannose-, trehalose- and raffinose-treated LBP completely inhibited the hemagglutination ability towards rat red blood cells. Altogether, these studies suggest that LBP could bind to sugar moieties which are abundantly distributed on bacterial surface which are essential for maintaining the structural integrity of bacteria. Considering that Solanum triolbatum is a well-known medicinal and edible plant, in order to shed light on its ancient usage in this work, an efficient anti-microbial protein was isolated, characterized and its in vitro functional study against human pathogenic bacteria was evaluated.

Background and objectives: Solanum trilobatum plant parts such as berries and flowers are normally used for the treatment of respiratory illnesses. The toxicity profile of the plant and its parts are not clear. Hence, the present study was planned to investigate the toxicological effects of ethanol extract of leaves of S. trilobatum (EEST) using acute and sub-chronic toxicological methods in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Method: Leaves ofS. trilobatum were extracted with ethanol using hot percolation method. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxic effects of EEST were tested in SD rats. Acute toxicity testing was carried out as per guidelines set by OECD. In sub-chronic toxicity testing, animals were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg EEST for 30 days. During the study, the animals were monitored for changes in their behaviour at regular intervals. At the end of the study, blood sample was collected from all animals for biochemical analysis, they were sacrificed and organs such as brain, lung, liver and kidney were collected for histopathological analysis. Part of the brain was used for estimation of dopamine and the remaining tissue was used for histopathological analysis. Results: In acute toxicity testing, EEST did not show mortality up to 2000 mg/kg. In sub-chronic toxicity testing, EEST at 200 mg/kg and above doses caused cannibalism. At the end of the study, EEST decreased locomotor action and immobilization time. Histopathological analysis showed mild to moderate toxicity in 400 mg/kg treated animals and no significant changes were observed in biochemical parameters compared to control group. Conclusion: The present study concluded that, EEST exerted mild to moderate toxic effects on rodents. EEST caused cannibalism, increased the dopamine level in brain and histopathological alterations in lungs, liver and kidneys.

Herbs are used as a medicine in curing various diseases, Due to many reasons in recent days the Respiratory-related health issue has become one of the major problems faced by most developing countries. The constant rise in pollution from vehicular traffic, factory smoke emissions and other factors have to lead to a steady rise in global warming. As a result of these factors, certain allopathy medicines fail to have its complete usefulness on ones Therefore to achieve the natural changes and progress a neutralised therapy will help resolve this problem. By incorporating solanum trilobatum in bread we can gradually indicate respiratoryrelated health issues effectively. Since bread is the widely used commodity all over the world. It will help in resolving the deficit. The objective behind this study is to make over the human body in tune with nature. It is our effort to introduce solanum trilobatum in 3 different proportions into bread by testing it on the basis of liking, acceptance, taste, etc. It was observed that the procedure resulted in a product that can be effectively accepted and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of Solanum trilobatum-mediated magnesium oxide (St-MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) and sodium hydroxide-mediated MgO (Che-MgO) NPs are synthesized using magnesium nitrate precursor. The characterization analyses, such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle-size analysis were carried out. To determine the antioxidant activity of MgO NPs by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC: 912), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC: 121) and Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC: 1925), was performed by the well-diffusion method. The UV–Vis analysis of St-MgO, Che-MgO confirmed the formation of MgO NPs that have a broad absorption peak at 362 and 374 nm, respectively. IR spectrum of synthesized St-MgO and Che-MgO exhibits a high-intensity band at 440 and 460 cm–1, respectively. XRD analysis indicates that synthesized St-MgO, Che-MgO were crystal in nature and EDX confirmed the composition of MgO-NPs. SEM analysis revealed that St-MgO and Che-MgO NPs were spherical in shape without aggregation. Particle-size analysis confirmed that the average particle sizes of St-MgO and Che-MgO NPs were 30 and 42 nm, respectively. DPPH assay of St-MgO NPs has higher absorbance value, which indicates the high antioxidant capacity compared with ascorbic acid. St-MgO NPs are effective against bacterial pathogens, such as E. coli (16.66 ± 0.66), B. subtilis (16.00 ± 0.88) and S. pyogenes (13.66 ± 2.08) at 100 mg ml–1 concentration when compared with Che-MgO and the control ( P < 0.001 ). Thus, the result suggested that safer use of biologically synthesized MgO NPs can act as effective antioxidant and antibacterial agents in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Solanum trilobatum (EEST) on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods: The leaves of S. trilobatum were extracted with ethanol and used for the study. The SD rats were divided into six groups each consist of six animals, namely normal control; scopolamine control; donepezil treated 3 mg/kg; and EEST treated 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Except normal control, all other animals were administered with intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days to induce memory impairment. Donepezil and EEST were administered once daily through oral gavage for 21 consecutive days. On prestudy, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the experiment, the animals' locomotor activity, muscle grip strength and escape latency time (ELT) were measured. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from all the animals and they were sacrificed; the organs such as brain, liver, lung, heart, kidney, and stomach were harvested, and absolute organ weight was measured. Blood samples were used for the biochemical analysis. Results: The rats treated with EEST 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg did not show any change in locomotor activity and grip strength and significantly reduced motor resistance. The animals treated with donepezil showed a significant reduction in ELT. The animals treated with EEST 100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant increases in ELT, whereas animals treated with EEST 400 mg/kg did not show significant changes in ELT compared with that of prestudy. At the end of the study, EEST-treated animals did not show significant changes in biochemical parameters, whereas donepezil-treated animals showed a significant increase in cholesterol level compared with control animals. Furthermore, EEST did not affect regular body weight gain, absolute and relative organ weight. Conclusion: EEST did not show neuroprotective effect at lower doses in rats, but the high dose (400 mg/kg) prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment, and this effect is not significant when compared with standard donepezil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the evaluation of antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) after their green synthesis by means of a Solanum trilobatum bark extract. The obtained product with an intense surface plasmon resonance band at ∼442 nm with UV–visible spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of AgNPs. The morphology of AgNPs was observed under transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy, displayed that the eco-friendly synthesized AgNPs have a spherical shape with an average size of ∼25 nm in diameter. X-ray powder diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analyses confirmed that the AgNPs are crystalline in nature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the AgNPs capped with active ingredients of the bark extract. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed elemental composition of the AgNPs. The performance of S. trilobatum bark extract-capped AgNPs in terms of inhibition of microbial growth was studied by disc diffusion and well diffusion assays. Eco-friendly synthesized S. trilobatum extract-capped AgNPs were found to possess enhanced antimicrobial properties: growth inhibition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and of fungal species. These results demonstrated the potential applications of the indigenous medicinal plants to the field of nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum trilobatum Linn. is an undershrub belonging to the family Solanaceae. The present study deals with the pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of root including chromatographic evaluation. Solanum trilobatum root is woody, cylindrical, branched with many wiry lateral roots. Root of the plant can be identified microscopically by the presence of starch grains, stone cells and sclereids, biseriate medullary rays. Purity test shows loss on drying (5.1% w/w), total ash (4.15% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (26% w/w) and Water-soluble extractive value (15.30% w/w), pH 5.55. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, tannin and triterpenes. 0.82% of total alkaloid content and on heavy metal analysis 1.7552 lead content were found. TLC study of alkaloid showed the presence of three spots in long UV rays. The information generated by this study provides relevant Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of root of Solanum trilobatum Linn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) has been well known as nightshade, commonly used by diverse populations to heal several disorders. Earlier studies in Solanum trilobatum were focused on different pharmacological activities and a few were concerned with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Thus, the current study was focused to evaluate the antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects of S. trilobatum L. on thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication in Wistar albino rats. The rats were kept into four groups and six animals each. Group A was normal control. Group B was the TAA treated control. Groups C and D were pretreated with the aqueous extract from the leaves of S. trilobatum (100 mg, 200 mg/kg bw p.o.) once daily for 10 consecutive days administration followed by a single dose infusion of TAA (100 mg/kg s.c.). After 10 days, blood and livers were collected. The biochemical assay was carried out in the GSH (reduced glutathione), TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), Na+-K+-ATPase, and antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione-S-transferase), and GR (glutathione reductase) were analyzed in samples of blood and liver. Treatment with S. trilobatum reduced blood and liver TBARS, and Na+ K+ ATPase activity in TAA (thioacetamide)-induced hepatotoxicity rats. Furthermore, the above antioxidant enzymes were increased in the pretreatment of S. trilobatum in TAA intoxicated rats. Finally, we concluded that S. Trilobatum displayed potent antioxidant properties and alleviate oxidative stress induced hepatotoxic effects and possible engross mechanisms related to free radical scavenging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of chloroform extract of S. trilobatum (CST) on 7,12-dimethyl benz (a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenesis and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) induced solid tumor in mice. CST was obtained by exhaustive extraction with chloroform. Skin carcinogenesis was induced in Swiss albino mice by applying DMBA, while solid tumor was induced by intramuscular injection of EAC cells. For preventing skin carcinogenesis, animals were treated with CST (5 mg/kg body weight/100 μl acetone) before and after DMBA application for 15 days. Solid tumor was treated with CST (400 mg/kg body weight) prophylatically and post inoculation. After the experimental period, several anti tumor parameters and antioxidant status of skin of treated and control animals were determined. Solid tumor progression was determined by measuring the tumor diameter for 36 days. CST was sub-fractionated with different solvents and each fraction was subjected to HPLC-MS. HPLC-MS analysis showed the presence of two components with possible anti-cancer activity viz. 3,5,7 trimethoxy flavone and vitexin per-O-acetyl. The biochemical results showed that CST treatment reduced the number of skin papillomas, tumor incidence as well as modulated the antioxidant status of the skin in a beneficial way. CST reduced the solid tumor volume induced by EAC significantly. In conclusion, CST with its biologically active components may be used as a part of cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The biological production of synthesized nanoparticles using herbal extracts is advancing as they do not use any harsh and harmful chemicals. Solanum trilobatum is a medicinal plant and is found to possess anti-bacterial and -inflammatory properties. Its extract is used to estimate antimicrobial activity of the in vitro free radical scavenging of nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: AgNPs from Solanum trilobatum extract was prepared. DPPH scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity of the e4xtract was measured. Result: The antioxidant activity of Solanum trilobatum AgNPs was estimated on the basis of its superoxide radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum trilobatum Linn is a medicinal plants used in India from many centuries to cure various diseases. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the ameliorative potential of the ethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Solanum trilobatum (St) against alloxan induced diabetic rats. Solanum trilobatum leaf extract and fractions were administered orally at two different concentration (100-200mg/kg body weight) to alloxan induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic efficacy was validated through various biochemical parameters, enzyme assays, renal markers and antioxidant properties were also determined. The phytochemical analyses of St leaves were done by estimating their Chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar, protein, amino acid and minerals contents. The results revealed that the leaf extracts and fractions of St were efficient anti hyperglycemic agents and posses potent nephro-protective activity. However, the extracts of St leaves at a concentration of 200mg/kg bw exhibit higher efficacy in all tested concentrations. From the result it can be concluded that the leaf extracts of St can be a potential candidate in treating the hyperglycemic conditions and justifies its use in ethano medicine and can be exploits in the management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum trilobatum L. is one of the most valued medicinal plants of Indian Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. An efficient protocol for direct shoot organogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation using in vitro derived leaf explants of S. trilobatum was established for the first time. High frequency direct shoot regeneration (89%) was achieved in MS medium containing 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.25 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid. The Agrobacterium strain EHA 105 harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA 1301, which contained hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) as a selectable marker gene and β-glucuronidase (gus) as a reporter gene, was used for the transformation. The factors that influence the transformation frequency were optimized as follows: age of explants (40 days old), acetosyringone concentration (150 μM), duration of preculture (2 days), bacterial optical density (O.D. 0.4), Tween 20 concentration (0.01%), infection time (15 min), pH of cocultivation medium (5.4), and cocultivation duration (3 days). The putative transformants were screened on selection medium containing 15 mg/L hygromycin. The transgenic plants were confirmed by histochemical gus analysis, PCR, and RT-PCR analysis. A stable transformation efficiency of 64% was achieved under optimized transformation conditions. Thus, the protocol can be used for genetic improvement of this plant in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) has been well known as nightshade, commonly used by diverse populations to heal several disorders. Earlier studies in Solanum trilobatum were focused on different pharmacological activities and a few were concerned with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Thus, the current study was focused to evaluate the antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects of S. trilobatum L. on thioacetamide (TAA) intoxication in Wistar albino rats. The rats were kept into four groups and six animals each. Group A was normal control. Group B was the TAA treated control. Groups C and D were pretreated with the aqueous extract from the leaves of S. trilobatum (100 mg, 200 mg/kg bw p.o.) once daily for 10 consecutive days administration followed by a single dose infusion of TAA (100 mg/kg s.c.). After 10 days, blood and livers were collected. The biochemical assay was carried out in the GSH (reduced glutathione), TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), Na+-K+-ATPase, and antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), GST (glutathione-S-transferase), and GR (glutathione reductase) were analyzed in samples of blood and liver. Treatment with S. trilobatum reduced blood and liver TBARS, and Na+ K+ ATPase activity in TAA (thioacetamide)-induced hepatotoxicity rats. Furthermore, the above antioxidant enzymes were increased in the pretreatment of S. trilobatum in TAA intoxicated rats. Finally, we concluded that S. Trilobatum displayed potent antioxidant properties and alleviate oxidative stress induced hepatotoxic effects and possible engross mechanisms related to free radical scavenging properties.

Hairy root cultures of Solanum trilobatum L. were established from leaf explants infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains viz., MTCC 532, MTCC 2364 and ATCC A 4 . Initially 27 independent root clones were obtained and 5 clones (ST-02, ST-09, ST-11, ST-13 and ST-17) were scrutinized based on their rapid growth in MS solid medium and exemplified for biomass and solasodine accumulation. MS liquid medium containing 3% sucrose with an initial pH of 5.8 favored the maximum biomass accumulation (27.5 fold increments than initial inoculums) of hairy roots. Amid 5 clones, ST-09 was found to the superior one, producing 2 fold greater biomass (3.85 ± 0.11 g FW) and 3.3 fold elevated solasodine content (4.76 ± 0.05 mg/g DW) than non transformed roots (control). PCR and southern hybridization analysis revealed the integration of rolA gene in transformed roots. Hairy roots of ST-09 elicited with 4 μM methyl jasmonate (MJ) for 2 weeks resulted in 1.9 fold and 6.5 fold enhanced production of solasodine (9.33 ± 0.04 mg/g DW) than unelicited and non transformed roots, respectively. This was also corroborated by RT-PCR analysis, showing a considerable upregulation of hmgr (HMGCoA reductase) gene transcripts during 1st 2 weeks of elicitation. A significant increase was noticed in the total phenolics (150.42 mg/g DE), total flavonoids (521.09 mg/g DE) and radical scavenging activity (83.3%) of 4 μM MJ elicited roots in comparison with control. Thus, the study illustrates that hairy roots of S. trilobatum could be exploited for scaling up in bioreactors for the large-scale production of solasodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites were synthesized through a facile one-pot green synthesis by using solanum trilobatum extract as a reducing agent. Spherical shaped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with the diameter of 18 nm were uniformly anchored over the RGO matrix and the existence of fcc structured Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles over the RGO matrix was ensured from X-ray diffraction patterns. The amide functional groups exist in the solanum trilobatum extract is directly responsible for the reduction of Fe 3+ ions and GO. The thermal stability of GO was increased by the removal of hydrophilic functional groups via solanum trilobatum extract and was further promoted by the ceramic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The I D / I G ratio of RGO/Fe 3 O 4 was increased over GO, indicating the extended number of structural defects and disorders in the RGO/Fe 3 O 4 composite. The catalytic efficiency of prepared nanostructures toward methylene blue (MB) dye degradation mediated through the electron transfer process of BH 4 − ions was studied in detail. The π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction exerted between the RGO/Fe 3 O 4 composite and methylene blue, increased the adsorption efficiency of dye molecules and the large surface area and extended number of active sites completely degraded the MB dye within 12 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the phytochemical properties and the anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects of the leaf and in vitro-derived callus and shoot extracts of Solanum trilobatum. In the leaf, callus and shoot, the presence of sugar, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tananins, cardiacglycoside, terpenoid and lipids was established by preliminary phytochemical screening. Surface-sterilized explants (0.5-1.0 cm) were placed on the MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.45, 2.26, 4.52, 11.31 and 12.56µM), naphthylacetic acid (NAA; 0.54, 1.34, 2.69, 5.37, 13.43 and 26.85µM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; 0.44, 1.11, 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 and 13.32µM) for callus induction. Explants from node and callus culture were inoculated on the MS basal medium supplemented with varying concentrations of BA (0.44-22.20 µM) and NAA (0.54-10.74µM) for shoot multiplication. Rats were divided into five groups and administered with diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) and DEN (200mg/kg bwt) intraperitoneally along with methanol leaf and in vitro-derived callus and shoot extracts (250mg/kg bwt) orally for 3 months. A significant deviation (P<0.05) in marker enzymes such as alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin was found in rats administered with DEN. The liver tissue was used for the analysis of glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. DEN administration caused a significant elevation in serum enzymes and total bilirubin. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes were drastically inhibited with significant reduction in glutathione and increased lipid per oxidation. Increased glutathione level and reduced lipid peroxidation were also evident in S. trilobatum-trzated rats. However, crude S. trilobatum and in vitro-derived callus and shoot extracts offered better protection against free radical toxicity induced by DEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the protective effect of leaf extract of Solanum trilobatum (ELEST) against benzo( a )pyrene (BP) induced lung carcinogenesis. Methods Experiment was designed with the treatment regimen of ELEST [200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO)] for 4 weeks before (pre-initiation) and from 12th week after B( a )P (50 mg/kg body weight) induced lung carcinoma(post-initation). Results Administration of BP (50 mg/kg body weight) resulted in increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and marker enzymes, such as arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT), 5′-nucleotidase (5′ND) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with decrease in the levels of tissue antioxidants, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and vitamin C in mice. Significantly, ELEST modulated these alterations suggest the efficacy of ELEST in the chemotherapeutics of lung cancer. The histopathological studies also evidenced the protective efficiency of the extract against lung carcinogenesis. Further, significant increase in the levels of Cytochrome P 450 , Cytochrome b 5 , NADPH Cyt c reductase and decrease in UDP-glucuronyl transferase and quinone reductase was observed in microsomal fraction of lung and liver of BP-induced mice, whereas the treatment with ELEST resulted in reversal of modulations observed in the activities of detoxification enzymes. Conclusions Collectively, the present observations indicate that the treatment with ELEST exhibited protective and antioxidant effect against BP-induced lung carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient protocol for the development of genetically uniform clones of a valuable medicinal plant Solanum trilobatum L. has been established. An optimal shoot regeneration response was observed in a modified Murashige and Skoog medium (M-MS) containing 25 mM ammonium nitrate, 2 mg l 6-benzyl adenine and 0.1 mg l indole-3-acetic acid using in vitro derived node and shoot tip explants. Consequently, the multiple shoot buds were elongated in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l Gibberellic acid. The in vitro regenerated shoots were rooted best in MS medium containing 1.5 mg l indole-3-butyric acid and successfully acclimatized in the field. The single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) approach, including random amplified polymorphic DNA, inter simple sequence repeats and directed amplification of minisatellite DNA regions markers did not identify any genetic polymorphism among in vitro regenerants. Similarly flow cytometry analysis illustrated that the DNA content and genome size of micropropagated plants were equivalent to that of intact plants from field. In addition, the accumulation of solasodine in micropropagated plants was confirmed by thin layer chromatography and further quantified by high performance liquid chromatography analysis as 2.47 mg g DW which is comparable to field grown plants. Thus the protocol can be effectively exploited for commercial propagation of this species to obtain solasodine and also in genetic transformation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]