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1. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Pisanski, K., Valentova, J.V., Varella, M.A.C., Frederick, D.A., Al-Shawaf, L., García, F.E., Giammusso, I., Gjoneska, B., Kozma, L., Otterbring, T., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Pfuhl, G., Stöckli, S., Studzinska, A., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Touloumakos, A.K., Bakos, B.E., Batres, C., Bonneterre, S., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Dacanay, J.C., Deschrijver, E., Fisher, M.L., Grano, C., Grigoryev, D., Kačmár, P., Kozlov, M.V., Manunta, E., Massar, K., McFall, J.P., Mebarak, M., Miccoli, M.R., Milfont, T.L., Prokop, P., Aavik, T., Arriaga, P., Baiocco, R., Čeněk, J., Çetinkaya, H., Duyar, I., Guemaz, F., Ishii, T., Kamburidis, J.A., Khun-Inkeeree, H., Lidborg, L.H., Manor, H., Nussinson, R., Omar-Fauzee, M.S.B., Pazhoohi, F., Ponnet, K., Santos, A.C., Senyk, O., Spasovski, O., Vintila, M., Wang, A.H., Yoo, G., Zerhouni, O., Amin, R., Aquino, S., Boğa, M., Boussena, M., Can, A.R., Can, S., Castro, R., Chirumbolo, A., Çoker, O., Cornec, C., Dural, S., Eder, S.J., Moharrampour, N.G., Grassini, S., Hristova, E., Ikizer, G., Kervyn, N., Koyuncu, M., Kunisato, Y., Lins, S., Mandzyk, T., Mari, S., Mattiassi, A.D.A., Memisoglu-Sanli, A., Morelli, M., Novaes, F.C., Parise, M., Banai, I.P., Perun, M., Plohl, N., Sahli, F.Z., Šakan, D., Smojver-Azić, S., Solak, Ç., Söylemez, S., Toyama, A., Wlodarczyk, A., Yamada, Y., Abad-Villaverde, B., Afhami, R., Akello, G., Alami, N.H., Alma, L., Argyrides, M., Atamtürk, D., Burduli, N., Cardona, S., Carneiro, J., Castañeda, A., Chałatkiewicz, I., Chopik, W.J., Chubinidze, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Garduño, J., da Silva, D.R., Don, Y.B., Donato, S., Dubrov, D., Duračková, M., Dutt, S., Ebimgbo, S.O., Estevan, I., Etchezahar, E., Fedor, P., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Frackowiak, T., Galasinska, K., Gargula, Ł., Gelbart, B., Yepes, T.G., Hamdaoui, B., Hromatko, I., Itibi, S.N., Jaforte, L., Janssen, Jose, Jović, Marija, Kertechian, K.S., Khan, F., Kobylarek, A., Koso-Drljević, M., Krasnodębska, A., Križanić, V., Landa-Blanco, M., Mailhos, A., Marot, T., Dorcić, T.M., Martinez-Banfi, M., Yusof, M.R., Mayorga-Lascano, M., Mikuličiūtė, V., Mišetić, K., Musil, B., Najmussaqib, A., Muthu, K.N., Natividade, J.C., Ndukaihe, I.L.G., Nyhus, E.K., Oberzaucher, E., Omar, S.S., Ostaszewski, F., Pacquing, M.C.T., Pagani, A.F., Park, J.H., Pirtskhalava, E., Reips, U.-D., Reyes, M.E.S., Röer, J.P., Şahin, A., Samekin, A., Sargautytė, R., Semenovskikh, T., Siepelmeyer, H., Singh, S., Sołtys, A., Sorokowska, A., Soto-López, R., Sultanova, L., Tamayo-Agudelo, W., Tan, C.-S., Topanova, G.T., Bulut, M.T., Trémolière, B., Tulyakul, S., Türkan, B.N., Urbanek, A., Volkodav, T., Walter, K.V., Yaakob, M.F.M., Zumárraga-Espinosa, M., Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Pisanski, K., Valentova, J.V., Varella, M.A.C., Frederick, D.A., Al-Shawaf, L., García, F.E., Giammusso, I., Gjoneska, B., Kozma, L., Otterbring, T., Papadatou-Pastou, M., Pfuhl, G., Stöckli, S., Studzinska, A., Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Touloumakos, A.K., Bakos, B.E., Batres, C., Bonneterre, S., Czamanski-Cohen, J., Dacanay, J.C., Deschrijver, E., Fisher, M.L., Grano, C., Grigoryev, D., Kačmár, P., Kozlov, M.V., Manunta, E., Massar, K., McFall, J.P., Mebarak, M., Miccoli, M.R., Milfont, T.L., Prokop, P., Aavik, T., Arriaga, P., Baiocco, R., Čeněk, J., Çetinkaya, H., Duyar, I., Guemaz, F., Ishii, T., Kamburidis, J.A., Khun-Inkeeree, H., Lidborg, L.H., Manor, H., Nussinson, R., Omar-Fauzee, M.S.B., Pazhoohi, F., Ponnet, K., Santos, A.C., Senyk, O., Spasovski, O., Vintila, M., Wang, A.H., Yoo, G., Zerhouni, O., Amin, R., Aquino, S., Boğa, M., Boussena, M., Can, A.R., Can, S., Castro, R., Chirumbolo, A., Çoker, O., Cornec, C., Dural, S., Eder, S.J., Moharrampour, N.G., Grassini, S., Hristova, E., Ikizer, G., Kervyn, N., Koyuncu, M., Kunisato, Y., Lins, S., Mandzyk, T., Mari, S., Mattiassi, A.D.A., Memisoglu-Sanli, A., Morelli, M., Novaes, F.C., Parise, M., Banai, I.P., Perun, M., Plohl, N., Sahli, F.Z., Šakan, D., Smojver-Azić, S., Solak, Ç., Söylemez, S., Toyama, A., Wlodarczyk, A., Yamada, Y., Abad-Villaverde, B., Afhami, R., Akello, G., Alami, N.H., Alma, L., Argyrides, M., Atamtürk, D., Burduli, N., Cardona, S., Carneiro, J., Castañeda, A., Chałatkiewicz, I., Chopik, W.J., Chubinidze, D., Conroy-Beam, D., Contreras-Garduño, J., da Silva, D.R., Don, Y.B., Donato, S., Dubrov, D., Duračková, M., Dutt, S., Ebimgbo, S.O., Estevan, I., Etchezahar, E., Fedor, P., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Frackowiak, T., Galasinska, K., Gargula, Ł., Gelbart, B., Yepes, T.G., Hamdaoui, B., Hromatko, I., Itibi, S.N., Jaforte, L., Janssen, Jose, Jović, Marija, Kertechian, K.S., Khan, F., Kobylarek, A., Koso-Drljević, M., Krasnodębska, A., Križanić, V., Landa-Blanco, M., Mailhos, A., Marot, T., Dorcić, T.M., Martinez-Banfi, M., Yusof, M.R., Mayorga-Lascano, M., Mikuličiūtė, V., Mišetić, K., Musil, B., Najmussaqib, A., Muthu, K.N., Natividade, J.C., Ndukaihe, I.L.G., Nyhus, E.K., Oberzaucher, E., Omar, S.S., Ostaszewski, F., Pacquing, M.C.T., Pagani, A.F., Park, J.H., Pirtskhalava, E., Reips, U.-D., Reyes, M.E.S., Röer, J.P., Şahin, A., Samekin, A., Sargautytė, R., Semenovskikh, T., Siepelmeyer, H., Singh, S., Sołtys, A., Sorokowska, A., Soto-López, R., Sultanova, L., Tamayo-Agudelo, W., Tan, C.-S., Topanova, G.T., Bulut, M.T., Trémolière, B., Tulyakul, S., Türkan, B.N., Urbanek, A., Volkodav, T., Walter, K.V., Yaakob, M.F.M., and Zumárraga-Espinosa, M.

Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary

Published
2022

2. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, Kowal, Marta, Sorokowski, Piotr, Pisanski, Katarzyna, Valentova, Jaroslava V., Varella, Marco A. C., Frederick, David A., Al-Shawaf, Laith, García, Felipe E., Giammusso, Isabella, Gjoneska, Biljana, Kozma, Luca, Otterbring, Tobias, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Pfuhl, Gerit, Stöckli, Sabrina, Studzinska, Anna, Toplu-Demirtaş, Ezgi, Touloumakos, Anna K., Bakos, Bence E., Batres, Carlota, Bonneterre, Solenne, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Dacanay, Jovi C., Deschrijver, Eliane, Fisher, Maryanne L., Grano, Caterina, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Kačmár, Pavol, Kozlov, Mikhail V., Manunta, Efisio, Massar, Karlijn, McFall, Joseph P., Mebarak, Moises, Miccoli, Maria Rosa, Milfont, Taciano L., Prokop, Pavol, Aavik, Toivo, Arriaga, Patrícia, Baiocco, Roberto, Čeněk, Jiří, Çetinkaya, Hakan, Duyar, Izzet, Guemaz, Farida, Ishii, Tatsunori, Kamburidis, Julia A., Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol, Lidborg, Linda H., Manor, Hagar, Nussinson, Ravit, Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian B., Pazhoohi, Farid, Ponnet, Koen, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Senyk, Oksana, Spasovski, Ognen, Vintila, Mona, Wang, Austin H., Yoo, Gyesook, Zerhouni, Oulmann, Amin, Rizwana, Aquino, Sibele, Boğa, Merve, Boussena, Mahmoud, Can, Ali R., Can, Seda, Castro, Rita, Chirumbolo, Antonio, Çoker, Ogeday, Cornec, Clément, Dural, Seda, Eder, Stephanie J., Moharrampour, Nasim Ghahraman, Grassini, Simone, Hristova, Evgeniya, Ikizer, Gözde, Kervyn, Nicolas, Koyuncu, Mehmet, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Lins, Samuel, Mandzyk, Tetyana, Mari, Silvia, Mattiassi, Alan D. A., Memisoglu-Sanli, Aybegum, Morelli, Mara, Novaes, Felipe C., Parise, Miriam, Banai, Irena Pavela, Perun, Mariia, Plohl, Nejc, Sahli, Fatima Zahra, Šakan, Dušana, Smojver-Azic, Sanja, Solak, Çağlar, Söylemez, Sinem, Toyama, Asako, Wlodarczyk, Anna, Yamada, Yuki, Abad-Villaverde, Beatriz, Afhami, Reza, Akello, Grace, Alami, Nael H., Alma, Leyla, Argyrides, Marios, Atamtürk, Derya, Burduli, Nana, Cardona, Sayra, Carneiro, João, Castañeda, Andrea, Chałatkiewicz, Izabela, Chopik, William J., Chubinidze, Dimitri, Conroy-Beam, Daniel, Contreras-Garduño, Jorge, da Silva, Diana Ribeiro, Don, Yahya B., Donato, Silvia, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Duračková, Michaela, Dutt, Sanjana, Ebimgbo, Samuel O., Estevan, Ignacio, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Fedor, Peter, Fekih-Romdhane, Feten, Frackowiak, Tomasz, Galasinska, Katarzyna, Gargula, Łukasz, Gelbart, Benjamin, Yepes, Talia Gomez, Hamdaoui, Brahim, Hromatko, Ivana, Itibi, Salome N., Jaforte, Luna, Janssen, Steve M. J., Jovic, Marija, Kertechian, Kevin S., Khan, Farah, Kobylarek, Aleksander, Koso-Drljevic, Maida, Krasnodębska, Anna, Križanić, Valerija, Landa-Blanco, Miguel, Mailhos, Alvaro, Marot, Tiago, Dorcic, Tamara Martinac, Martinez-Banfi, Martha, Yusof, Mat Rahimi, Mayorga-Lascano, Marlon, Mikuličiūtė, Vita, Mišetić, Katarina, Musil, Bojan, Najmussaqib, Arooj, Muthu, Kavitha Nalla, Natividade, Jean C., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Nyhus, Ellen K., Oberzaucher, Elisabeth, Omar, Salma S., Ostaszewski, Franciszek, Pacquing, Ma. Criselda T., Pagani, Ariela F., Park, Ju Hee, Pirtskhalava, Ekaterine, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reyes, Marc Eric S., Röer, Jan P., Şahin, Ayşegül, Samekin, Adil, Sargautytė, Rūta, Semenovskikh, Tatiana, Siepelmeyer, Henrik, Singh, Sangeeta, Sołtys, Alicja, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Soto-López, Rodrigo, Sultanova, Liliya, Tamayo-Agudelo, William, Tan, Chee-Seng, Topanova, Gulmira T., Bulut, Merve Topcu, Trémolière, Bastien, Tulyakul, Singha, Türkan, Belgüzar N., Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Volkodav, Tatiana, Walter, Kathryn V., Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd, Zumárraga-Espinosa, Marcos, Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, Kowal, Marta, Sorokowski, Piotr, Pisanski, Katarzyna, Valentova, Jaroslava V., Varella, Marco A. C., Frederick, David A., Al-Shawaf, Laith, García, Felipe E., Giammusso, Isabella, Gjoneska, Biljana, Kozma, Luca, Otterbring, Tobias, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Pfuhl, Gerit, Stöckli, Sabrina, Studzinska, Anna, Toplu-Demirtaş, Ezgi, Touloumakos, Anna K., Bakos, Bence E., Batres, Carlota, Bonneterre, Solenne, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Dacanay, Jovi C., Deschrijver, Eliane, Fisher, Maryanne L., Grano, Caterina, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Kačmár, Pavol, Kozlov, Mikhail V., Manunta, Efisio, Massar, Karlijn, McFall, Joseph P., Mebarak, Moises, Miccoli, Maria Rosa, Milfont, Taciano L., Prokop, Pavol, Aavik, Toivo, Arriaga, Patrícia, Baiocco, Roberto, Čeněk, Jiří, Çetinkaya, Hakan, Duyar, Izzet, Guemaz, Farida, Ishii, Tatsunori, Kamburidis, Julia A., Khun-Inkeeree, Hareesol, Lidborg, Linda H., Manor, Hagar, Nussinson, Ravit, Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian B., Pazhoohi, Farid, Ponnet, Koen, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Senyk, Oksana, Spasovski, Ognen, Vintila, Mona, Wang, Austin H., Yoo, Gyesook, Zerhouni, Oulmann, Amin, Rizwana, Aquino, Sibele, Boğa, Merve, Boussena, Mahmoud, Can, Ali R., Can, Seda, Castro, Rita, Chirumbolo, Antonio, Çoker, Ogeday, Cornec, Clément, Dural, Seda, Eder, Stephanie J., Moharrampour, Nasim Ghahraman, Grassini, Simone, Hristova, Evgeniya, Ikizer, Gözde, Kervyn, Nicolas, Koyuncu, Mehmet, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Lins, Samuel, Mandzyk, Tetyana, Mari, Silvia, Mattiassi, Alan D. A., Memisoglu-Sanli, Aybegum, Morelli, Mara, Novaes, Felipe C., Parise, Miriam, Banai, Irena Pavela, Perun, Mariia, Plohl, Nejc, Sahli, Fatima Zahra, Šakan, Dušana, Smojver-Azic, Sanja, Solak, Çağlar, Söylemez, Sinem, Toyama, Asako, Wlodarczyk, Anna, Yamada, Yuki, Abad-Villaverde, Beatriz, Afhami, Reza, Akello, Grace, Alami, Nael H., Alma, Leyla, Argyrides, Marios, Atamtürk, Derya, Burduli, Nana, Cardona, Sayra, Carneiro, João, Castañeda, Andrea, Chałatkiewicz, Izabela, Chopik, William J., Chubinidze, Dimitri, Conroy-Beam, Daniel, Contreras-Garduño, Jorge, da Silva, Diana Ribeiro, Don, Yahya B., Donato, Silvia, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Duračková, Michaela, Dutt, Sanjana, Ebimgbo, Samuel O., Estevan, Ignacio, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Fedor, Peter, Fekih-Romdhane, Feten, Frackowiak, Tomasz, Galasinska, Katarzyna, Gargula, Łukasz, Gelbart, Benjamin, Yepes, Talia Gomez, Hamdaoui, Brahim, Hromatko, Ivana, Itibi, Salome N., Jaforte, Luna, Janssen, Steve M. J., Jovic, Marija, Kertechian, Kevin S., Khan, Farah, Kobylarek, Aleksander, Koso-Drljevic, Maida, Krasnodębska, Anna, Križanić, Valerija, Landa-Blanco, Miguel, Mailhos, Alvaro, Marot, Tiago, Dorcic, Tamara Martinac, Martinez-Banfi, Martha, Yusof, Mat Rahimi, Mayorga-Lascano, Marlon, Mikuličiūtė, Vita, Mišetić, Katarina, Musil, Bojan, Najmussaqib, Arooj, Muthu, Kavitha Nalla, Natividade, Jean C., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Nyhus, Ellen K., Oberzaucher, Elisabeth, Omar, Salma S., Ostaszewski, Franciszek, Pacquing, Ma. Criselda T., Pagani, Ariela F., Park, Ju Hee, Pirtskhalava, Ekaterine, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reyes, Marc Eric S., Röer, Jan P., Şahin, Ayşegül, Samekin, Adil, Sargautytė, Rūta, Semenovskikh, Tatiana, Siepelmeyer, Henrik, Singh, Sangeeta, Sołtys, Alicja, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Soto-López, Rodrigo, Sultanova, Liliya, Tamayo-Agudelo, William, Tan, Chee-Seng, Topanova, Gulmira T., Bulut, Merve Topcu, Trémolière, Bastien, Tulyakul, Singha, Türkan, Belgüzar N., Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Volkodav, Tatiana, Walter, Kathryn V., Yaakob, Mohd Faiz Mohd, and Zumárraga-Espinosa, Marcos

Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complement

Published
2022

3. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Author

Bago, B. Kovacs, M. Protzko, J. Nagy, T. Kekecs, Z. Palfi, B. Adamkovic, M. Adamus, S. Albalooshi, S. Albayrak-Aydemir, N. Alfian, I.N. Alper, S. Alvarez-Solas, S. Alves, S.G. Amaya, S. Andresen, P.K. Anjum, G. Ansari, D. Arriaga, P. Aruta, J.J.B.R. Arvanitis, A. Babincak, P. Barzykowski, K. Bashour, B. Baskin, E. Batalha, L. Batres, C. Bavolar, J. Bayrak, F. Becker, B. Becker, M. Belaus, A. Białek, M. Bilancini, E. Boller, D. Boncinelli, L. Boudesseul, J. Brown, B.T. Buchanan, E.M. Butt, M.M. Calvillo, D.P. Carnes, N.C. Celniker, J.B. Chartier, C.R. Chopik, W.J. Chotikavan, P. Chuan-Peng, H. Clancy, R.F. Çoker, O. Correia, R.C. Adoric, V.C. Cubillas, C.P. Czoschke, S. Daryani, Y. de Grefte, J.A.M. de Vries, W.C. Burak, E.G.D. Dias, C. Dixson, B.J.W. Du, X. Dumančić, F. Dumbravă, A. Dutra, N.B. Enachescu, J. Esteban-Serna, C. Eudave, L. Evans, T.R. Feldman, G. Felisberti, F.M. Fiedler, S. Findor, A. Fleischmann, A. Foroni, F. Francová, R. Frank, D.-A. Fu, C.H.Y. Gao, S. Ghasemi, O. Ghazi-Noori, A.-R. Ghossainy, M.E. Giammusso, I. Gill, T. Gjoneska, B. Gollwitzer, M. Graton, A. Grinberg, M. Groyecka-Bernard, A. Harris, E.A. Hartanto, A. Hassan, W.A.N.M. Hatami, J. Heimark, K.R. Hidding, J.J.J. Hristova, E. Hruška, M. Hudson, C.A. Huskey, R. Ikeda, A. Inbar, Y. Ingram, G.P.D. Isler, O. Isloi, C. Iyer, A. Jaeger, B. Janssen, S.M.J. Jiménez-Leal, W. Jokić, B. Kačmár, P. Kadreva, V. Kaminski, G. Karimi-Malekabadi, F. Kasper, A.T.A. Kendrick, K.M. Kennedy, B.J. Kocalar, H.E. Kodapanakkal, R.I. Kowal, M. Kruse, E. Kučerová, L. Kühberger, A. Kuzminska, A.O. Lalot, F. Lamm, C. Lammers, J. Lange, E.B. Lantian, A. Lau, I.Y.-M. Lazarevic, L.B. Leliveld, M.C. Lenz, J.N. Levitan, C.A. Lewis, S.C. Li, M. Li, Y. Li, H. Lima, T.J.S. Lins, S. Liuzza, M.T. Lopes, P. Lu, J.G. Lynds, T. Máčel, M. Mackinnon, S.P. Maganti, M. Magraw-Mickelson, Z. Magson, L.F. Manley, H. Marcu, G.M. Seršić, D.M. Matibag, C.-J. Mattiassi, A.D.A. Mazidi, M. McFall, J.P. McLatchie, N. Mensink, M.C. Miketta, L. Milfont, T.L. Mirisola, A. Misiak, M. Mitkidis, P. Moeini-Jazani, M. Monajem, A. Moreau, D. Musser, E.D. Narhetali, E. Ochoa, D.P. Olsen, J. Owsley, N.C. Özdoğru, A.A. Panning, M. Papadatou-Pastou, M. Parashar, N. Pärnamets, P. Paruzel-Czachura, M. Parzuchowski, M. Paterlini, J.V. Pavlacic, J.M. Peker, M. Peters, K. Piatnitckaia, L. Pinto, I. Policarpio, M.R. Pop-Jordanova, N. Pratama, A.J. Primbs, M.A. Pronizius, E. Purić, D. Puvia, E. Qamari, V. Qian, K. Quiamzade, A. Ráczová, B. Reinero, D.A. Reips, U.-D. Reyna, C. Reynolds, K. Ribeiro, M.F.F. Röer, J.P. Ross, R.M. Roussos, P. Ruiz-Dodobara, F. Ruiz-Fernandez, S. Rutjens, B.T. Rybus, K. Samekin, A. Santos, A.C. Say, N. Schild, C. Schmidt, K. Ścigała, K.A. Sharifian, M.H. Shi, J. Shi, Y. Sievers, E. Sirota, M. Slipenkyj, M. Solak, Ç. Sorokowska, A. Sorokowski, P. Söylemez, S. Steffens, N.K. Stephen, I.D. Sternisko, A. Stevens-Wilson, L. Stewart, S.L.K. Stieger, S. Storage, D. Strube, J. Susa, K.J. Szekely-Copîndean, R.D. Szostak, N.M. Takwin, B. Tatachari, S. Thomas, A.G. Tiede, K.E. Tiong, L.E. Tonković, M. Trémolière, B. Tunstead, L.V. Türkan, B.N. Twardawski, M. Vadillo, M.A. Vally, Z. Vaughn, L.A. Verschuere, B. Vlašiček, D. Voracek, M. Vranka, M.A. Wang, S. West, S.-L. Whyte, S. Wilton, L.S. Wlodarczyk, A. Wu, X. Xin, F. Yadanar, S. Yama, H. Yamada, Y. Yilmaz, O. Yoon, S. Young, D.M. Zakharov, I. Zein, R.A. Zettler, I. Žeželj, I.L. Zhang, D.C. Zhang, J. Zheng, X. Hoekstra, R. Aczel, B.

Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Published
2022

4. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Author

Bago, B, Kovacs, M, Protzko, J, Nagy, T, Kekecs, Z, Palfi, B, Adamkovic, M, Adamus, S, Albalooshi, S, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Alfian, IN, Alper, S, Alvarez-Solas, S, Alves, SG, Amaya, S, Andresen, PK, Anjum, G, Ansari, D, Arriaga, P, Aruta, J, Arvanitis, A, Babincak, P, Barzykowski, K, Bashour, B, Baskin, E, Batalha, L, Batres, C, Bavolar, J, Bayrak, F, Becker, B, Becker, M, Belaus, A, Białek, M, Bilancini, E, Boller, D, Boncinelli, L, Boudesseul, J, Brown, BT, Buchanan, EM, Butt, MM, Calvillo, DP, Carnes, NC, Celniker, JB, Chartier, CR, Chopik, WJ, Chotikavan, P, Chuan-Peng, H, Clancy, RF, Çoker, O, Correia, RC, Adoric, VC, Cubillas, CP, Czoschke, S, Daryani, Y, de Grefte, JAM, de Vries, WC, Burak, EGD, Dias, C, Dixson, BJW, Du, X, Dumančić, F, Dumbravă, A, Dutra, NB, Enachescu, J, Esteban-Serna, C, Eudave, L, Evans, TR, Feldman, G, Felisberti, FM, Fiedler, S, Findor, A, Fleischmann, A, Foroni, F, Francová, R, Frank, DA, Fu, CHY, Gao, S, Ghasemi, O, Ghazi-Noori, AR, Ghossainy, ME, Giammusso, I, Gill, T, Gjoneska, B, Gollwitzer, M, Graton, A, Grinberg, M, Groyecka-Bernard, A, Harris, EA, Hartanto, A, Hassan, W, Hatami, J, Heimark, KR, Hidding, JJJ, Hristova, E, Hruška, M, Hudson, CA, Huskey, R, Ikeda, A, Inbar, Y, Ingram, GPD, Isler, O, Isloi, C, Iyer, A, Jaeger, B, Janssen, SMJ, Jiménez-Leal, W, Jokić, B, Kačmár, P, Kadreva, V, Kaminski, G, Karimi-Malekabadi, F, Kasper, ATA, Kendrick, KM, Kennedy, BJ, Kocalar, HE, Kodapanakkal, RI, Kowal, M, Kruse, E, Kučerová, L, Kühberger, A, Kuzminska, AO, Lalot, F, Lamm, C, Lammers, J, Lange, EB, Lantian, A, Lau, IY, Lazarevic, LB, Leliveld, MC, Lenz, JN, Levitan, CA, Lewis, SC, Li, M, Li, Y, Li, H, Lima, TJS, Lins, S, Liuzza, MT, Lopes, P, Lu, JG, Lynds, T, Máčel, M, Mackinnon, SP, Maganti, M, Magraw-Mickelson, Z, Magson, LF, Manley, H, Marcu, GM, Seršić, DM, Matibag, CJ, Mattiassi, ADA, Mazidi, M, McFall, JP, McLatchie, N, Mensink, MC, Miketta, L, Milfont, TL, Mirisola, A, Misiak, M, Mitkidis, P, Moeini-Jazani, M, Monajem, A, Moreau, D, Musser, ED, Narhetali, E, Ochoa, DP, Olsen, J, Owsley, NC, Özdoğru, AA, Panning, M, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Parashar, N, Pärnamets, P, Paruzel-Czachura, M, Parzuchowski, M, Paterlini, JV, Pavlacic, JM, Peker, M, Peters, K, Piatnitckaia, L, Pinto, I, Policarpio, MR, Pop-Jordanova, N, Pratama, AJ, Primbs, MA, Pronizius, E, Purić, D, Puvia, E, Qamari, V, Qian, K, Quiamzade, A, Ráczová, B, Reinero, DA, Reips, UD, Reyna, C, Reynolds, K, Ribeiro, MFF, Röer, JP, Ross, RM, Roussos, P, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ruiz-Fernandez, S, Rutjens, BT, Rybus, K, Samekin, A, Santos, AC, Say, N, Schild, C, Schmidt, K, Ścigała, KA, Sharifian, M, Shi, J, Shi, Y, Sievers, E, Sirota, M, Slipenkyj, M, Solak, Ç, Sorokowska, A, Sorokowski, P, Söylemez, S, Steffens, NK, Stephen, Ian D., Sternisko, A, Stevens-Wilson, L, Stewart, SLK, Stieger, S, Storage, D, Strube, J, Susa, KJ, Szekely-Copîndean, RD, Szostak, NM, Takwin, B, Tatachari, S, Thomas, AG, Tiede, KE, Tiong, LE, Tonković, M, Trémolière, B, Tunstead, LV, Türkan, BN, Twardawski, M, Vadillo, MA, Vally, Z, Vaughn, LA, Verschuere, B, Vlašiček, D, Voracek, M, Vranka, MA, Wang, S, West, SL, Whyte, S, Wilton, LS, Wlodarczyk, A, Wu, X, Xin, F, Yadanar, S, Yama, H, Yamada, Y, Yilmaz, O, Yoon, S, Young, DM, Zakharov, I, Zein, RA, Zettler, I, Žeželj, IL, Zhang, DC, Zhang, J, Zheng, X, Hoekstra, R, Aczel, B, Bago, B, Kovacs, M, Protzko, J, Nagy, T, Kekecs, Z, Palfi, B, Adamkovic, M, Adamus, S, Albalooshi, S, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Alfian, IN, Alper, S, Alvarez-Solas, S, Alves, SG, Amaya, S, Andresen, PK, Anjum, G, Ansari, D, Arriaga, P, Aruta, J, Arvanitis, A, Babincak, P, Barzykowski, K, Bashour, B, Baskin, E, Batalha, L, Batres, C, Bavolar, J, Bayrak, F, Becker, B, Becker, M, Belaus, A, Białek, M, Bilancini, E, Boller, D, Boncinelli, L, Boudesseul, J, Brown, BT, Buchanan, EM, Butt, MM, Calvillo, DP, Carnes, NC, Celniker, JB, Chartier, CR, Chopik, WJ, Chotikavan, P, Chuan-Peng, H, Clancy, RF, Çoker, O, Correia, RC, Adoric, VC, Cubillas, CP, Czoschke, S, Daryani, Y, de Grefte, JAM, de Vries, WC, Burak, EGD, Dias, C, Dixson, BJW, Du, X, Dumančić, F, Dumbravă, A, Dutra, NB, Enachescu, J, Esteban-Serna, C, Eudave, L, Evans, TR, Feldman, G, Felisberti, FM, Fiedler, S, Findor, A, Fleischmann, A, Foroni, F, Francová, R, Frank, DA, Fu, CHY, Gao, S, Ghasemi, O, Ghazi-Noori, AR, Ghossainy, ME, Giammusso, I, Gill, T, Gjoneska, B, Gollwitzer, M, Graton, A, Grinberg, M, Groyecka-Bernard, A, Harris, EA, Hartanto, A, Hassan, W, Hatami, J, Heimark, KR, Hidding, JJJ, Hristova, E, Hruška, M, Hudson, CA, Huskey, R, Ikeda, A, Inbar, Y, Ingram, GPD, Isler, O, Isloi, C, Iyer, A, Jaeger, B, Janssen, SMJ, Jiménez-Leal, W, Jokić, B, Kačmár, P, Kadreva, V, Kaminski, G, Karimi-Malekabadi, F, Kasper, ATA, Kendrick, KM, Kennedy, BJ, Kocalar, HE, Kodapanakkal, RI, Kowal, M, Kruse, E, Kučerová, L, Kühberger, A, Kuzminska, AO, Lalot, F, Lamm, C, Lammers, J, Lange, EB, Lantian, A, Lau, IY, Lazarevic, LB, Leliveld, MC, Lenz, JN, Levitan, CA, Lewis, SC, Li, M, Li, Y, Li, H, Lima, TJS, Lins, S, Liuzza, MT, Lopes, P, Lu, JG, Lynds, T, Máčel, M, Mackinnon, SP, Maganti, M, Magraw-Mickelson, Z, Magson, LF, Manley, H, Marcu, GM, Seršić, DM, Matibag, CJ, Mattiassi, ADA, Mazidi, M, McFall, JP, McLatchie, N, Mensink, MC, Miketta, L, Milfont, TL, Mirisola, A, Misiak, M, Mitkidis, P, Moeini-Jazani, M, Monajem, A, Moreau, D, Musser, ED, Narhetali, E, Ochoa, DP, Olsen, J, Owsley, NC, Özdoğru, AA, Panning, M, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Parashar, N, Pärnamets, P, Paruzel-Czachura, M, Parzuchowski, M, Paterlini, JV, Pavlacic, JM, Peker, M, Peters, K, Piatnitckaia, L, Pinto, I, Policarpio, MR, Pop-Jordanova, N, Pratama, AJ, Primbs, MA, Pronizius, E, Purić, D, Puvia, E, Qamari, V, Qian, K, Quiamzade, A, Ráczová, B, Reinero, DA, Reips, UD, Reyna, C, Reynolds, K, Ribeiro, MFF, Röer, JP, Ross, RM, Roussos, P, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ruiz-Fernandez, S, Rutjens, BT, Rybus, K, Samekin, A, Santos, AC, Say, N, Schild, C, Schmidt, K, Ścigała, KA, Sharifian, M, Shi, J, Shi, Y, Sievers, E, Sirota, M, Slipenkyj, M, Solak, Ç, Sorokowska, A, Sorokowski, P, Söylemez, S, Steffens, NK, Stephen, Ian D., Sternisko, A, Stevens-Wilson, L, Stewart, SLK, Stieger, S, Storage, D, Strube, J, Susa, KJ, Szekely-Copîndean, RD, Szostak, NM, Takwin, B, Tatachari, S, Thomas, AG, Tiede, KE, Tiong, LE, Tonković, M, Trémolière, B, Tunstead, LV, Türkan, BN, Twardawski, M, Vadillo, MA, Vally, Z, Vaughn, LA, Verschuere, B, Vlašiček, D, Voracek, M, Vranka, MA, Wang, S, West, SL, Whyte, S, Wilton, LS, Wlodarczyk, A, Wu, X, Xin, F, Yadanar, S, Yama, H, Yamada, Y, Yilmaz, O, Yoon, S, Young, DM, Zakharov, I, Zein, RA, Zettler, I, Žeželj, IL, Zhang, DC, Zhang, J, Zheng, X, Hoekstra, R, and Aczel, B

Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.

5. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Marta Kowal, Piotr Sorokowski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Jaroslava V. Valentova, Marco A.C. Varella, David A. Frederick, Laith Al-Shawaf, Felipe E. García, Isabella Giammusso, Biljana Gjoneska, Luca Kozma, Tobias Otterbring, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Gerit Pfuhl, Sabrina Stöckli, Anna Studzinska, Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş, Anna K. Touloumakos, Bence E. Bakos, Carlota Batres, Solenne Bonneterre, Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, Jovi C. Dacanay, Eliane Deschrijver, Maryanne L. Fisher, Caterina Grano, Dmitry Grigoryev, Pavol Kačmár, Mikhail V. Kozlov, Efisio Manunta, Karlijn Massar, Joseph P. McFall, Moises Mebarak, Maria Rosa Miccoli, Taciano L. Milfont, Pavol Prokop, Toivo Aavik, Patrícia Arriaga, Roberto Baiocco, Jiří Čeněk, Hakan Çetinkaya, Izzet Duyar, Farida Guemaz, Tatsunori Ishii, Julia A. Kamburidis, Hareesol Khun-Inkeeree, Linda H. Lidborg, Hagar Manor, Ravit Nussinson, Mohd Sofian B. Omar-Fauzee, Farid Pazhoohi, Koen Ponnet, Anabela Caetano Santos, Oksana Senyk, Ognen Spasovski, Mona Vintila, Austin H. Wang, Gyesook Yoo, Oulmann Zerhouni, Rizwana Amin, Sibele Aquino, Merve Boğa, Mahmoud Boussena, Ali R. Can, Seda Can, Rita Castro, Antonio Chirumbolo, Ogeday Çoker, Clément Cornec, Seda Dural, Stephanie J. Eder, Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour, Simone Grassini, Evgeniya Hristova, Gözde Ikizer, Nicolas Kervyn, Mehmet Koyuncu, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Samuel Lins, Tetyana Mandzyk, Silvia Mari, Alan D.A. Mattiassi, Aybegum Memisoglu-Sanli, Mara Morelli, Felipe C. Novaes, Miriam Parise, Irena Pavela Banai, Mariia Perun, Nejc Plohl, Fatima Zahra Sahli, Dušana Šakan, Sanja Smojver-Azic, Çağlar Solak, Sinem Söylemez, Asako Toyama, Anna Wlodarczyk, Yuki Yamada, Beatriz Abad-Villaverde, Reza Afhami, Grace Akello, Nael H. Alami, Leyla Alma, Marios Argyrides, Derya Atamtürk, Nana Burduli, Sayra Cardona, João Carneiro, Andrea Castañeda, Izabela Chałatkiewicz, William J. Chopik, Dimitri Chubinidze, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Diana Ribeiro da Silva, Yahya B. Don, Silvia Donato, Dmitrii Dubrov, Michaela Duračková, Sanjana Dutt, Samuel O. Ebimgbo, Ignacio Estevan, Edgardo Etchezahar, Peter Fedor, Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Tomasz Frackowiak, Katarzyna Galasinska, Łukasz Gargula, Benjamin Gelbart, Talia Gomez Yepes, Brahim Hamdaoui, Ivana Hromatko, Salome N. Itibi, Luna Jaforte, Steve M.J. Janssen, Marija Jovic, Kevin S. Kertechian, Farah Khan, Aleksander Kobylarek, Maida Koso-Drljevic, Anna Krasnodębska, Valerija Križanić, Miguel Landa-Blanco, Alvaro Mailhos, Tiago Marot, Tamara Martinac Dorcic, Martha Martinez-Banfi, Mat Rahimi Yusof, Marlon Mayorga-Lascano, Vita Mikuličiūtė, Katarina Mišetić, Bojan Musil, Arooj Najmussaqib, Kavitha Nalla Muthu, Jean C. Natividade, Izuchukwu L.G. Ndukaihe, Ellen K. Nyhus, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Salma S. Omar, Franciszek Ostaszewski, Ma. Criselda T. Pacquing, Ariela F. Pagani, Ju Hee Park, Ekaterine Pirtskhalava, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Marc Eric S. Reyes, Jan P. Röer, Ayşegül Şahin, Adil Samekin, Rūta Sargautytė, Tatiana Semenovskikh, Henrik Siepelmeyer, Sangeeta Singh, Alicja Sołtys, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Rodrigo Soto-López, Liliya Sultanova, William Tamayo-Agudelo, Chee-Seng Tan, Gulmira T. Topanova, Merve Topcu Bulut, Bastien Trémolière, Singha Tulyakul, Belgüzar N. Türkan, Arkadiusz Urbanek, Tatiana Volkodav, Kathryn V. Walter, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob, Marcos Zumárraga-Espinosa, Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, RS: FPN WSP II, and Section Applied Social Psychology

Subjects
Objectification Theory, REDES SOCIAIS, SEX-DIFFERENCES, Self-modification, Evolution, Humanidades::Outras Humanidades [Domínio/Área Científica], Facial Attractiveness, Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde [Domínio/Área Científica], Social Sciences, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Evolutionary Perspective, Self-Objectification, Pathogen stress, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, Social media usage, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Behavior and Systematics, ddc:150, Womens Body-Image, Mating market perspective, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Biológicas [Domínio/Área Científica], WOMENS BODY-IMAGE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, OBJECTIFICATION THEORY, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Evolutionary theory, Appearance, Gender-Role, Ecology, MATE PREFERENCES, Samfunnsvitenskap: 200 [VDP], Mate Preferences, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, SELF-OBJECTIFICATION, GENDER-ROLE, Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Social Media Use, SOCIAL MEDIA USE, Sex-Differences, VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200, FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS, Ciências Naturais::Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente [Domínio/Área Científica], Pathogen stre, Personal Ornaments
Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives., National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).; Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.; Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Published
2022

6. Exploring Attitudes Toward "Sugar Relationships" Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship.

Author

Meskó N, Kowal M, Láng A, Kocsor F, Bandi SA, Putz A, Sorokowski P, Frederick DA, García FE, Aguilar LA, Studzinska A, Tan CS, Gjoneska B, Milfont TL, Topcu Bulut M, Grigoryev D, Aavik T, Boussena M, Mattiassi ADA, Afhami R, Amin R, Baiocco R, Brahim H, Can AR, Carneiro J, Çetinkaya H, Chubinidze D, Deschrijver E, Don Y, Dubrov D, Duyar I, Jovic M, Kamburidis JA, Khan F, Khun-Inkeeree H, Koso-Drljevic M, Lacko D, Massar K, Morelli M, Natividade JC, Nyhus EK, Park JH, Pazhoohi F, Pirtskhalava E, Ponnet K, Prokop P, Šakan D, Tulyakul S, Wang AH, Aquino SD, Atamtürk DD, Burduli N, Chirumbolo A, Dural S, Etchezahar E, Ghahraman Moharrampour N, Aczel B, Kozma L, Lins S, Manunta E, Marot T, Mebarak M, Miroshnik KG, Misetic K, Papadatou-Pastou M, Bakos B, Sahli FZ, Singh S, Solak Ç, Volkodav T, Wlodarczyk A, Akello G, Argyrides M, Çoker O, Galasinska K, Gómez Yepes T, Kobylarek A, Landa-Blanco M, Mayorga M, Özener B, Pacquing MCT, Reyes MES, Şahin A, Tamayo-Agudelo W, Topanova G, Toplu-Demirtaş E, Türkan BN, Zumárraga-Espinosa M, Grassini S, Antfolk J, Cornec C, Pisanski K, Stöckli S, Eder SJ, and Han H

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Interpersonal Relations, Sex Characteristics, Attitude, Sexual Behavior, Sugars
Abstract

The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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7. Publisher Correction: Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

Author

Bago B, Kovacs M, Protzko J, Nagy T, Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Adamkovic M, Adamus S, Albalooshi S, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Alfian IN, Alper S, Alvarez-Solas S, Alves SG, Amaya S, Andresen PK, Anjum G, Ansari D, Arriaga P, Aruta JJBR, Arvanitis A, Babincak P, Barzykowski K, Bashour B, Baskin E, Batalha L, Batres C, Bavolar J, Bayrak F, Becker B, Becker M, Belaus A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Boller D, Boncinelli L, Boudesseul J, Brown BT, Buchanan EM, Butt MM, Calvillo DP, Carnes NC, Celniker JB, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Chotikavan P, Chuan-Peng H, Clancy RF, Çoker O, Correia RC, Adoric VC, Cubillas CP, Czoschke S, Daryani Y, de Grefte JAM, de Vries WC, Burak EGD, Dias C, Dixson BJW, Du X, Dumančić F, Dumbravă A, Dutra NB, Enachescu J, Esteban-Serna C, Eudave L, Evans TR, Feldman G, Felisberti FM, Fiedler S, Findor A, Fleischmann A, Foroni F, Francová R, Frank DA, Fu CHY, Gao S, Ghasemi O, Ghazi-Noori AR, Ghossainy ME, Giammusso I, Gill T, Gjoneska B, Gollwitzer M, Graton A, Grinberg M, Groyecka-Bernard A, Harris EA, Hartanto A, Hassan WANM, Hatami J, Heimark KR, Hidding JJJ, Hristova E, Hruška M, Hudson CA, Huskey R, Ikeda A, Inbar Y, Ingram GPD, Isler O, Isloi C, Iyer A, Jaeger B, Janssen SMJ, Jiménez-Leal W, Jokić B, Kačmár P, Kadreva V, Kaminski G, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Kasper ATA, Kendrick KM, Kennedy BJ, Kocalar HE, Kodapanakkal RI, Kowal M, Kruse E, Kučerová L, Kühberger A, Kuzminska AO, Lalot F, Lamm C, Lammers J, Lange EB, Lantian A, Lau IY, Lazarevic LB, Leliveld MC, Lenz JN, Levitan CA, Lewis SC, Li M, Li Y, Li H, Lima TJS, Lins S, Liuzza MT, Lopes P, Lu JG, Lynds T, Máčel M, Mackinnon SP, Maganti M, Magraw-Mickelson Z, Magson LF, Manley H, Marcu GM, Seršić DM, Matibag CJ, Mattiassi ADA, Mazidi M, McFall JP, McLatchie N, Mensink MC, Miketta L, Milfont TL, Mirisola A, Misiak M, Mitkidis P, Moeini-Jazani M, Monajem A, Moreau D, Musser ED, Narhetali E, Ochoa DP, Olsen J, Owsley NC, Özdoğru AA, Panning M, Papadatou-Pastou M, Parashar N, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Parzuchowski M, Paterlini JV, Pavlacic JM, Peker M, Peters K, Piatnitckaia L, Pinto I, Policarpio MR, Pop-Jordanova N, Pratama AJ, Primbs MA, Pronizius E, Purić D, Puvia E, Qamari V, Qian K, Quiamzade A, Ráczová B, Reinero DA, Reips UD, Reyna C, Reynolds K, Ribeiro MFF, Röer JP, Ross RM, Roussos P, Ruiz-Dodobara F, Ruiz-Fernandez S, Rutjens BT, Rybus K, Samekin A, Santos AC, Say N, Schild C, Schmidt K, Ścigała KA, Sharifian M, Shi J, Shi Y, Sievers E, Sirota M, Slipenkyj M, Solak Ç, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Söylemez S, Steffens NK, Stephen ID, Sternisko A, Stevens-Wilson L, Stewart SLK, Stieger S, Storage D, Strube J, Susa KJ, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Szostak NM, Takwin B, Tatachari S, Thomas AG, Tiede KE, Tiong LE, Tonković M, Trémolière B, Tunstead LV, Türkan BN, Twardawski M, Vadillo MA, Vally Z, Vaughn LA, Verschuere B, Vlašiček D, Voracek M, Vranka MA, Wang S, West SL, Whyte S, Wilton LS, Wlodarczyk A, Wu X, Xin F, Yadanar S, Yama H, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yoon S, Young DM, Zakharov I, Zein RA, Zettler I, Žeželj IL, Zhang DC, Zhang J, Zheng X, Hoekstra R, and Aczel B

Published
2022
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8. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

Author

Bago B, Kovacs M, Protzko J, Nagy T, Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Adamkovic M, Adamus S, Albalooshi S, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Alfian IN, Alper S, Alvarez-Solas S, Alves SG, Amaya S, Andresen PK, Anjum G, Ansari D, Arriaga P, Aruta JJBR, Arvanitis A, Babincak P, Barzykowski K, Bashour B, Baskin E, Batalha L, Batres C, Bavolar J, Bayrak F, Becker B, Becker M, Belaus A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Boller D, Boncinelli L, Boudesseul J, Brown BT, Buchanan EM, Butt MM, Calvillo DP, Carnes NC, Celniker JB, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Chotikavan P, Chuan-Peng H, Clancy RF, Çoker O, Correia RC, Adoric VC, Cubillas CP, Czoschke S, Daryani Y, de Grefte JAM, de Vries WC, Burak EGD, Dias C, Dixson BJW, Du X, Dumančić F, Dumbravă A, Dutra NB, Enachescu J, Esteban-Serna C, Eudave L, Evans TR, Feldman G, Felisberti FM, Fiedler S, Findor A, Fleischmann A, Foroni F, Francová R, Frank DA, Fu CHY, Gao S, Ghasemi O, Ghazi-Noori AR, Ghossainy ME, Giammusso I, Gill T, Gjoneska B, Gollwitzer M, Graton A, Grinberg M, Groyecka-Bernard A, Harris EA, Hartanto A, Hassan WANM, Hatami J, Heimark KR, Hidding JJJ, Hristova E, Hruška M, Hudson CA, Huskey R, Ikeda A, Inbar Y, Ingram GPD, Isler O, Isloi C, Iyer A, Jaeger B, Janssen SMJ, Jiménez-Leal W, Jokić B, Kačmár P, Kadreva V, Kaminski G, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Kasper ATA, Kendrick KM, Kennedy BJ, Kocalar HE, Kodapanakkal RI, Kowal M, Kruse E, Kučerová L, Kühberger A, Kuzminska AO, Lalot F, Lamm C, Lammers J, Lange EB, Lantian A, Lau IY, Lazarevic LB, Leliveld MC, Lenz JN, Levitan CA, Lewis SC, Li M, Li Y, Li H, Lima TJS, Lins S, Liuzza MT, Lopes P, Lu JG, Lynds T, Máčel M, Mackinnon SP, Maganti M, Magraw-Mickelson Z, Magson LF, Manley H, Marcu GM, Seršić DM, Matibag CJ, Mattiassi ADA, Mazidi M, McFall JP, McLatchie N, Mensink MC, Miketta L, Milfont TL, Mirisola A, Misiak M, Mitkidis P, Moeini-Jazani M, Monajem A, Moreau D, Musser ED, Narhetali E, Ochoa DP, Olsen J, Owsley NC, Özdoğru AA, Panning M, Papadatou-Pastou M, Parashar N, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Parzuchowski M, Paterlini JV, Pavlacic JM, Peker M, Peters K, Piatnitckaia L, Pinto I, Policarpio MR, Pop-Jordanova N, Pratama AJ, Primbs MA, Pronizius E, Purić D, Puvia E, Qamari V, Qian K, Quiamzade A, Ráczová B, Reinero DA, Reips UD, Reyna C, Reynolds K, Ribeiro MFF, Röer JP, Ross RM, Roussos P, Ruiz-Dodobara F, Ruiz-Fernandez S, Rutjens BT, Rybus K, Samekin A, Santos AC, Say N, Schild C, Schmidt K, Ścigała KA, Sharifian M, Shi J, Shi Y, Sievers E, Sirota M, Slipenkyj M, Solak Ç, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Söylemez S, Steffens NK, Stephen ID, Sternisko A, Stevens-Wilson L, Stewart SLK, Stieger S, Storage D, Strube J, Susa KJ, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Szostak NM, Takwin B, Tatachari S, Thomas AG, Tiede KE, Tiong LE, Tonković M, Trémolière B, Tunstead LV, Türkan BN, Twardawski M, Vadillo MA, Vally Z, Vaughn LA, Verschuere B, Vlašiček D, Voracek M, Vranka MA, Wang S, West SL, Whyte S, Wilton LS, Wlodarczyk A, Wu X, Xin F, Yadanar S, Yama H, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yoon S, Young DM, Zakharov I, Zein RA, Zettler I, Žeželj IL, Zhang DC, Zhang J, Zheng X, Hoekstra R, and Aczel B

Subjects
Humans, Individuality, Intention, Knowledge, Judgment, Morals
Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2022
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9. Linking the behavioral immune system to COVID-19 vaccination intention: The mediating role of the need for cognitive closure and vaccine hesitancy.

Author

Solak Ç, Peker-Dural H, Karlıdağ S, and Peker M

Abstract

Vaccination has become one of the most effective ways of controlling the spread of COVID-19. Consequently, revealing the evolutionary and cognitive antecedents of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccination intention has become crucial. Drawing on the theory of behavioral immune system (BIS), we investigate whether perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) is associated with vaccination intentions through the need for cognitive closure (NCC) and vaccine hesitancy. The data was collected from 525 adults from Turkey. The structural equation modeling results indicate that of the two dimensions of PVD, germ aversion predicts COVID-19 vaccination intention through sequential mediation of NCC and vaccine hesitancy. Perceived infectability, on the other hand, is directly and positively related to vaccination intention. By showing the mediating role of NCC, our results offer an insight as to why germ aversion translates into vaccine hesitancy, and low vaccination intention. We discuss the potential benefits of considering the roles of BIS and NCC in campaigns and policies targeted at increasing COVID-19 vaccine uptake and suggest implications for such practices., (© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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