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Trabajo presentado en el 10th Workshop on Probiotics and Prebiotics, de la Sociedad Española de Probióticos y Prebióticos (SEPyP), celebrado en Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019, [Background/Aims] The correct gut microbiota colonization at the beginning of life is a key event for the foundation of early and future health. This process is compromised in premature babies due to different aspects: immaturity, long hospital stay, medications, difficulties for oral feeding, etc. Several studies have identified the alterations on this process, being Bifidobacterium one of the most affected microbial groups. Bifidobacterium is one of the first colonizers and dominant in the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed healthy babies. Moreover, some strains are widely used as probiotics, with premature babies being among the population groups that could benefit more from the development of probiotics for promoting a correct microbiota establishment. Here we aimed at characterizing the colonization and development of bifidobacterial microbiota in premature babies exposed to different perinatal factors. [Methods] Faecal samples were collected at 2, 10, 30 and 90 days of life from 40 premature- and 40 full term-babies (for comparison). DNA was extracted, used for PCR-amplification of the ITS region, submitted to next-generation-sequencing and the sequences were annotated against an improved bifidobacterial ITS database (Milani et al. 2014). [Results] We found noticeable differences in the abundance of bifidobacterial species between premature and full term babies along the first three months of life. Among the different perinatal factors studied, delivery mode and feeding, further affected the composition of bifidobacteria in premature babies. [Conclusions] ITS region allowed to monitor the gut bifidobacteria colonization during the first months of life. This work confirm that different perinatal factors affect the microbiota development in preterm babies and extends this observation to the specific influence on the bifidobacterial microbiota. This would allow improving the development of bifidobacteria as probiotic for promoting a correct gut microbiota colonization in these infants.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de los virus Respiratorio Sincitial (RS) y Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) en bovinos de tres comunidades de la provincia de Espinar, Cusco. Se colectaron 406 muestras de sangre de bovinos mayores de 6 meses de edad, de ambos sexos, para la detección de anticuerpos contra los virus RC y PI3 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. El 85.0 y 87.4% de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra los virus RS y PI3, respectivamente, siendo mayor la frecuencia de animales positivos en los grupos etarios de 13 a 24 y >24 meses de edad. Los títulos de anticuerpos contra ambos virus tuvieron un rango de 2 a >256, donde títulos de anticuerpos de 16 a 64 contra el virus RS y PI3 se detectaron en el 61.4 y 58.3% de los animales. El 76.4% de los animales tuvieron anticuerpos contra ambos virus. Los resultados indican que los virus RS y PI3 están ampliamente distribuidos en los bovinos de las tres comunidades., The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial (RS) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) viruses in cattle from three communities of the province of Espinar, Cusco, Perú. Blood samples were collected from 406 cattle older than 6 months of age of both sexes for the detection of antibodies against the RC and PI3 viruses by viral neutralization test. The 85.0 and 87.4 of animals presented antibodies against the RS and PI3 viruses, respectively, where animals with 13-24 and >24 months old were the most affected age groups. Antibody titres against both viruses had a range of 2 to >256, where antibody titres of 16-64 against RS and PI3 viruses were detected in 61.4 and 58.3% of the animals. Antibodies against both viruses were detected in 76.4% of the animals. The results revealed that the RS and PI3 viruses are widely distributed in the cattle population of the three communities.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de los virus Respiratorio Sincitial (RS) y Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) en bovinos de tres comunidades de la provincia de Espinar, Cusco. Se colectaron 406 muestras de sangre de bovinos mayores de 6 meses de edad, de ambos sexos, para la detección de anticuerpos contra los virus RC y PI3 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. El 85.0 y 87.4% de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra los virus RS y PI3, respectivamente, siendo mayor la frecuencia de animales positivos en los grupos etarios de 13 a 24 y >24 meses de edad. Los títulos de anticuerpos contra ambos virus tuvieron un rango de 2 a >256, donde títulos de anticuerpos de 16 a 64 contra el virus RS y PI3 se detectaron en el 61.4 y 58.3% de los animales. El 76.4% de los animales tuvieron anticuerpos contra ambos virus. Los resultados indican que los virus RS y PI3 están ampliamente distribuidos en los bovinos de las tres comunidades. The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial (RS) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) viruses in cattle from three communities of the province of Espinar, Cusco, Perú. Blood samples were collected from 406 cattle older than 6 months of age of both sexes for the detection of antibodies against the RC and PI3 viruses by viral neutralization test. The 85.0 and 87.4 of animals presented antibodies against the RS and PI3 viruses, respectively, where animals with 13-24 and >24 months old were the most affected age groups. Antibody titres against both viruses had a range of 2 to >256, where antibody titres of 16-64 against RS and PI3 viruses were detected in 61.4 and 58.3% of the animals. Antibodies against both viruses were detected in 76.4% of the animals. The results revealed that the RS and PI3 viruses are widely distributed in the cattle population of the three communities.

Background: Depression is common among women, specially during breeding. Aim: To characterize post-partum depression in a group of women attending a primary health care clinic and its relationship to quality of life. Material and methods: The sample included women meeting criteria for Major Depression, with a child of up to 11 months old. Exclusion criteria included the presence of psychosis, history of mania, alcohol abuse, illegal drug use, high suicide risk, and receiving mental health care in the last three months. Structured interviews used were the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire (SF-36) and questions about incapacity and health care use. Results: The sample included 159 women with a median age of 27 years (range: 16-43 years). Thirty three percent were married, 30.8% lived in common law marriage, 9.4% were divorced, and 26.4% were single. Most (89.3%) were housewives, 31% were students, and 6.9% were employed. The average score on the EPDS was 17 points (S.D. 4.2). The average SF-36 somatic score was 42.7 points (S.D. 8.2), and the emotional score was 30.3 (D.S. 0.3). The relation between the average score on the EPDS and the somatic and emotional scores was statistically significant (p=0.000-0.006). Conclusions: Most women were mildly to moderately depressed. Their depression was associated with a marked impairment of activities of daily living. These findings add to the evidence suggesting that depression is associated with marked disability cultures, even when the depression is mild to moderate

Background: Bioavailability of a particular drug can vary according to the formulation used. Therefore, studies of comparative bioavailability of different formulations of a same drug are worthwhile. Aim: To compare the bioavailability of two risperidone formulations available in the Chilean market. Material and methods: The bioavailability of a local risperidone formulation (Spiron®) was compared with the original formulation of the drug (Risperdal®) in 12 healthy volunteers, aged 19±1 years. A single dose of 3 mg was given orally, using a randomized double blind protocol in two periods. Fifteen blood samples were obtained at regular intervals, until 24 h after drug administration. Risperidone plasma levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a computer program that is independent of compartmental analysis. Results: The area under the curve of plasma concentration versus time, from 0 to infinite (ABC0-∞) and from 0 to 24 h (ABC0-24), early exposure (ABC from 0 to maximal time) and maximal plasma concentrations were significantly lower for Spiron®. Half life time and time to achieve the maximal concentration were similar for the two formulations. Conclusions: According to bioequivalence tests suggested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States (90% confidence interval for the difference of log transformed mean pharmacokinetic parameters), the formulations Risperdal® and Spiron®, cannot be considered interchangeable (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 527-34).

Se realizo un estudio comparativo de biodisponibilidad, para evaluar la bioequivalencia entre dos formulaciones de claritromicina en suspension de 250 mg/5 mL, una nacional (Pre-ClarO), y el innovador del mercado (KlaricidO). En ambos casos, se administro una dosis de 500 mg. Se utilizo un ensayo microbiologico para determinar las concentraciones plasmaticas del antimicrobiano. El ensayo esta basado en la correlacion entre la inhibicion del crecimiento bacteriano y la concentracion plasmatica de claritromicina. Un total de 12 voluntarios, jovenes sanos, participaron y completaron el protocolo del estudio, el cual fue aprobado por el Comite de Etica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile. Los parametros farmacocineticos de concentracion plasmatica maxima (Cmax), tiempo de vida media (t1/2), area bajo la curva concentraciones plasmaticas versus tiempo, desde cero a infinito (ABC0-¥) y la constante de velocidad de absorcion (Kabs), no mostraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre los productos utilizados. De acuerdo a los criterios recomendados por la FDA y sobre la base de nuestros resultados, se concluye que las formulaciones en suspension pediatrica de 250 mg/5 mL Pre-Clar® y Klaricid® son bioequivalentes asumiendose que tendran igual eficacia clinica.

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Se realizó un estudio comparativo de biodisponibilidad, para evaluar la bioequivalencia entre dos formulaciones de claritromicina en suspensión de 250 mg/5 mL, una nacional (Pre-Clar®), y el innovador del mercado (Klaricid®). En ambos casos, se administró una dosis de 500 mg. Se utilizó un ensayo microbiológico para determinar las concentraciones plasmáticas del antimicrobiano. El ensayo está basado en la correlación entre la inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano y la concentración plasmática de claritromicina. Un total de 12 voluntarios, jóvenes sanos, participaron y completaron el protocolo del estudio, el cual fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile. Los parámetros farmacocinéticos de concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx), tiempo de vida media (t1/2), área bajo la curva concentraciones plasmáticas versus tiempo, desde cero a infinito (ABC0-¥) y la constante de velocidad de absorción (Kabs), no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los productos utilizados. De acuerdo a los criterios recomendados por la FDA y sobre la base de nuestros resultados, se concluye que las formulaciones en suspensión pediátrica de 250 mg/5 mL Pre-Clar® y Klaricid® son bioequivalentes asumiéndose que tendrán igual eficacia clínica.

Objective. To describe the variability and appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions in community-acquired acute respiratory infections (ARI) during childhood in Spain. Methods. A descriptive, multicenter study of variability in clinical practice was conducted by evaluating a prospective series of pediatric patients attending the emergency rooms of 11 Spanish hospitals and diagnosed with community-acquired ARI. The appropriateness of the antibiotic prescriptions was assessed by comparing our clinical practice with consensus guidelines developed for this study. Results. We collected data from 6,249 ARI emergencies studied on 30 separate days. Antibiotics were prescribed in 58.7% of the ARI (bronchiolitis, 11.5%; bronchitis, 40.2%; pharyngotonsillitis, 80.9%; nonspecified ARI, 34.8%; pneumonia, 92.4%; otitis, 93.4%; sinusitis, 92.6%). The most commonly used antibiotics were amoxicillin/ clavulanate (33.2%), amoxicillin (30.2%), cefuroxime axetil (8.5%) and azithromycin (6%). According to the consensus guidelines developed for this study, therapy was considered to be appropriate in 63.1% of the ARI (first choice, 52.1%; alternative choice, 11.0%) and inappropriate in 36.9%. The percentages of inappropriate prescription according to ARI groups were: bronchiolitis, 11.5%; bronchitis, 31.5%; pharyngotonsillitis, 54.8%; nonspecified ARI, 34.7%; pneumonia, 13.9%; otitis, 25.6%; and sinusitis, 22.2%. Conclusions. There is excessive use of antibiotics in acute respiratory infections that are presumably viral in origin. An important number of ARI of potentially bacterial origin are treated with antibiotics that are not sufficiently efficacious or that have a broader spectrum than necessary.