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This study analyses EU and Lithuanian documents on countering disinformation/fake news to present the plurality of the Union’s approaches to ensuring resilience. Currently, there are three approaches to the problem in the EU. The first one, used by the European Commission, is the recognition of citizens’ right to information as well as of the need to promote critical thinking and information literacy. This approach fits into the adaptive paradigm of action in the information space and the concept of autopoietic resilience. The second approach, taken by the European External Action Service, is to expose fake news and the media spreading it. In combining adaptive and paternalistic paradigms of action in the information space, this approach employs a more static interpretation of resilience. Lithuania has adopted a third approach, which is dominated by the paternalistic paradigm and homeostatic resilience. This approach consists of the state isolating citizens from certain information. Thus, the popular use of the term ‘resilience’ in the EU disguises the plurality of approaches to both disinformation and resilience itself. Theoretically, this study draws on the concept of resilience and paradigms for countering disinformation/fake news. Methodologically, it relies on critical discourse analysis. The article suggests several possible causes of intra-EU differences in countering disinformation/fake news/propaganda and interpreting resilience

The diagnosed patients treated at an osseous tuberculosis hospital are analyzed. In the reporting period, the diagnosis of osseous tuberculosis has not been verified. Late detection of osseous tuberculosis, as its prehospital hyperdiagnosis is one of the main reasons of a grave condition in this group of patients. The paper characterizes plastic reparative versus palliative decompressive operations for tuberculous spondylitis with spinal-cord abnormalities and shows that radical surgery has a higher efficiency (89%) in the treatment of an inflammatory process and in the regression of neurological complications. In generalized forms of osteoarticular lesions if there is an indication for surgical treatment, long-term drug therapy for tuberculosis of the lung and other organs is not warranted.

Using the on-line holographic interferometry, changes in the refraction index of illuminated solutions containing the Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 reaction centers isolated from membranes by detergents of ionic and nonionic nature were registered. Factors affecting the refraction index of these solutions were analyzed. It was shown that the photoinduced changes in this parameter are due to structural changes in the molecular complex of reaction centers. The results of measurements of the kinetics of absorption spectra at lambda = 865 nm for two detergent types are presented, which coincide qualitatively with the results of holographic measurements. The change in the volume of the molecular complex of reaction centers was estimated to be 0.1 divided by 1%.

The ability of influenza A viruses to replicate to high titer in the allantoic sac of the chicken embryo has been mapped to the matrix protein gene (RNA 7). Because influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus grows poorly in this host but contains a matrix protein gene with a sequence similar to sequences from viruses that grow well in eggs, we derived a single gene reassortant containing only the M gene from A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in a background of the other 7 RNA segments from A/Philippines/2/82 (H3N2) (a low yielding virus, hy-). This reassortant replicated 10 times better than the A/WSN parent itself, indicating that the high yielding (hy+) phenotype of the A/WSN/33 M gene may be suppressed by one of the other genes of A/WSN/33. Comparison of M gene sequences between hy+ (including A/WSN/33) and hy- strains allowed us to correlate specific amino acid positions in M1 and M2 proteins with the growth properties of influenza viruses.