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Background Major depression is characterized by an impaired ability to evaluate and modify emotional responses as well as attention deficits, however the neural origins of these features are unresolved. The aim of the study was to investigate activation and functional connectivity changes during recognition and voluntary attentional regulation of emotion in 34 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to 35 controls. Methods We employed an fMRI task in which participants assessed the valence or the shape of emotional stimuli. Then we analysed BOLD responses and functional connectivity using psycho-physiological interaction during the two conditions. Results Patients showed more incorrect responses across both trial types. Recognition trials recruited areas belonging to the ventral system, which is involved in the generation and automatic processing of emotion. Shift of attention away from the emotional content activated areas belonging to the dorsal emotion regulation system. Patients showed hyper-connectivity between and within the default mode and task positive networks. While shifting attention away from emotion, patients had a reduced response of the anterior insula and increased connectivity across areas involved in emotion generation and regulation. Connectivity between the amygdala and visual areas was also altered in patients compared to controls during evaluation of negative and positive pictures, which might be related to biased valence processing. Finally, during regulation of negative trials and recognition of positive trials patients showed decreased coupling in areas involved in attention allocation and emotional regulation. Limitations Most of the patients were medicated, although potential effects of treatment were investigated. Conclusions Overall, our findings are compatible with abnormal functional coupling in MDD of regions involved in perception, recognition and attention allocation, especially during regulation of negative images and valence evaluation of positive images.

Volumetric abnormalities of the hippocampus and frontal cortex are of major interest in the study of borderline personality disorder (BPD). To our knowledge, no study has examined volumetric abnormalities in the hippocampal subregions (head, body, and tail). Our aims were to investigate hippocampal volumetric abnormalities as well as abnormalities in the gray and white matter of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and anterior cingulate cortex in BPD in a sample of BPD patients compared to healthy controls. Using manual volumetry as well as optimized voxel based morphometry (VBM) we assessed the volumetric differences in a sample of females with BPD (n=20), compared to healthy female controls (n=21) (HC). The analyses revealed reductions in the left hippocampal head, body, and tail, and the right hippocampal tail. Hippocampal changes were confirmed also using VBM and additional volumetric reductions were found in the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the BPD group. Our study reaffirms the existence of hippocampal volumetric, prefrontal and caudate abnormalities in BPD and lends support to the stress-related explanation of these reductions, whilst also bringing new data to the topic in terms of the abnormalities found in the subregions.