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Multivariate relationships and variability of initial and post-harvest soil parameters in the North and South Transects of Bengaluru during 2017 and 2018 are assessed. North (South) Transect soils indicated initial pH of 5.9 (7.1), EC of 0.17 (0.16) dS m−1, N of 376.9 (415.3) kg/ha, P2O5 of 83.18 (64.31) kg/ha, K2O of 169.7 (247.3) kg/ha, Fe of 11.78 (10.86) ppm, Zn of 1.59 (1.13) ppm, Cu of 0.71 (0.6) ppm, Mn of 8.24 (7.74) ppm and B of 0.24 (0.21) ppm; compared to post-harvest pH of 6.1 (6.8), EC of 0.26 (0.19) dS m−1, N of 352.5 (383.4) kg/ha, P2O5 of 68.05 (54.14) kg/ha, K2O of 153.5 (222.1) kg/ha, Fe of 9.91 (8.75) ppm, Zn of 1.35 (0.93) ppm, Cu of 0.58 (0.53) ppm, Mn of 6.88 (6.72) ppm and B of 0.20 (0.19) ppm. Four PCs of post-harvest parameters explained a maximum variance of 59.85% in the North compared to 69.94% in the South Transects. Soil pH (−0.623), Fe (0.648), Zn (−0.603) on PC-1; Cu (0.628) on PC-2; EC (0.613) on PC-3; and B (−0.657) on PC-4 were significant in North, while pH (−0.715), Fe (0.891), Zn (−0.624), Mn (0.835) on PC-1; EC (0.771), N (0.618) on PC-2; K2O (0.718), B (0.774) on PC-3; P2O5 (0.673), Cu (0.647) on PC-4 were significant in South Transect. It may be recommended that the package of practices of crops should be modified by considering variability, relationships, loadings, and buildup of soil fertility parameters under semi-arid Alfisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of okra's importance to food security in developing countries, its production is limited by low soil nutrient and health status. A screenhouse study examined soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield under complementary application of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizer in an Ultisol. The treatments comprised 5 kg soil each amended with 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t poultry manure compost (SPM) ha−1, urea at 56 kg N ha−1, urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t biochar ha−1, 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMB), urea (28 kg N ha−1) + 5 t ha−1 (2:1, PM: biochar) (SPMBF2). The treatments, replicated thrice, were arranged in a completely randomized design. There were two sets of plants terminated at 50% flowering (dry matter yield (DMY) and nutrient uptake) and at 10 wk post-planting for growth and yield determination. Results revealed that soil chemical properties, okra growth and yield increased responsively to the organic amendments. The SPM, followed by SPMB and SPMBF, enhanced soil pH (0.18–0.19 unit), total N (79–100%), organic carbon (75–100%), available P (55–58%) and exchangeable cations over the control and others (p < 0.05). These treatments also increased the plant's agronomic parameters: plant height (10–19%), number of leaves, leave area (21–31%), stem girth (33–51%), DMY (59–67%), and tissue Ca, Mg and K. The SPMBF2 – treated soil had the highest fruit yield (45 g pot−1). Conclusively, sole and complementary applications of biochar and compost improved soil chemical properties, and okra growth and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices necessitates innovative solutions for soil fertilization. This study aimed to assess the viability of using limestone mining co-products from the Irati and Corumbataí Formations as multi-nutrient sources for Glycine max cultivation. The experiment utilized a double factorial design (7 × 2) with five replications, randomly arranged and placed in pots within a greenhouse. The factors examined were the type of co-product (sedimentary rocks from the Irati Formation: rhythmite and bituminous shale; and the Corumbataí Formation: clayey siltstone) and the soil type (Haplic Arenosol and Rhodic Ferralsol). Soil ion content was assessed at 21 and 140 days after treatment application. Each pot housed four G. max plants, with leaf harvest occurring after 42 days of growth. Macronutrient content, leaf production, and soil ion availability were determined thereafter. Overall, co-product application led to increased soil pH and availability of essential ions, including K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, P, S-SO42−, and Si. At 140 days, rhythmite was notably effective in increasing pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in Haplic Arenosol, with respective increases of 22%, 224%, and 696%. Bituminous shale, on the other hand, significantly increased S-SO42− content by 67% and 426% in Rhodic Ferralsol and Haplic Arenosol, respectively. Moreover, the application of co-products resulted in enhanced accumulation of K, Ca, Mg, and S in G. max plants, alongside increased leaf production. In conclusion, the utilization of mining co-products positively influenced soil and plant chemical attributes, particularly enhancing leaf production in G. max. These findings highlight the potential of co-products as environmentally friendly solutions for soil fertilization, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. This research highlights a significant step towards sustainable agriculture by recycling mining waste into valuable soil amendments, which can improve crop yields and reduce the environmental impact of both mining and agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize, being a nutritious and multipurpose crop requires proper nutrition (N, P, and K) and standardization of sowing time to enhance productivity and profitability under changing climate scenario. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during monsoon season of 2021 and 2022 at agricultural farm, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, in split plot design with four fertilizer levels (125, 100, 75, and 50% recommended dose of fertilizers; RDF) in main plots and four sowing dates (15 and 30 of June and July) in subplots, replicated thrice. Maize sown on 30 June and fertilized with 125% RDF ensured higher growth attributes throughout crop growth. Besides, comparatively greater yield attributes as well as grain yield (8.22 t ha−1), stover yield (11.86 t ha−1), and harvest index (40.9%) were observed from that treatment combination, and it also recorded higher quality protein and nutrient uptakes but less residual soil fertility. Maize grown on 30 July under application of 50% RDF was the poorest yielder. Further, production economics and energy analysis showed similar trend and indicated that maize grown on 30 June under application of 125% RDF recorded maximum gross return (₹168275 ha−1), net return (₹109565 ha−1), and benefit-cost ratio (2.87) as well as energy output (269084 MJ ha−1) and net energy gain (250750.3 MJ ha−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of petroleum-based fuels poses a significant environmental problem due to the risks associated with accidental spills. Among the treatments available, phytoremediation is increasingly accepted as an effective and low-cost solution. This study aimed to evaluate the degradation of the aromatic fraction of biodiesel B10 and the soil fertility analysis in artificially contaminated soils treated with phytoremediation. The experimental design consisted of a 3x3 factorial, with three types of soil treatment: control, autoclaved, and planted with C. ensiformis L, and three levels of B10 biodiesel contamination: 0, 1, and 2%, to simulate spills of 30,000 and 60,000 L ha−1. The soil was analyzed at three depths: 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm. The results indicated that aromatic compound degradation after phytoremediation was superior to 92,76% and 88,65% for 1% and 2% B10 soil contamination, respectively. The fuel contamination affected soil fertility, reducing the availability of phosphorus and zinc while increasing the Total Organic Carbon (TOC), pH, and the availability of manganese and iron for plants. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Numerous studies have been carried out on the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with diesel. However, the potential impact of biodiesel-diesel blends on soil fertility has not been fully explored, leading to a critical knowledge gap. This work investigates the novel effects of biodiesel-diesel blends on phytoremediation and soil fertility, allowing us to expand our understanding of the effectiveness of this approach to remediate contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the effects of vermicomposting on various soil properties, particularly emphasizing the dielectric characteristics of soil. Vermicomposting is known to significantly enhance soil fertility and improve its physical aspects such as aeration, porosity and water retention. In this analysis, a modified probe arrangement has been employed to determine how varying levels of vermicompost influence the soil's dielectric properties within the radio and microwave spectrum (10 MHz-14 GHz). A modified Dak-12 open-ended coaxial probe, paired with a vector network analyzer, was utilized for this purpose to overcome the drawbacks of standard arrangement. The results show that vermicompost strongly affects the soil's physical attributes (pH, bulk density, porosity) and also its chemical properties, along with its dielectric behavior. The study further explored the role of different factors such as the concentration of vermicompost, frequency and temperature on soil's dielectric response. To accurately and swiftly gauge these effects, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been employed to predict the dielectric properties (ε' and ε") of the soil. The high precision of these models, with R2 values of 0.9729 for ε' and 0.9487 for ε", underscores their effectiveness in evaluating the impact of vermicompost on various soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On low-lying soils with a high clay content and poor water conductivity, excess water regularly appears after almost every rainy winter causing soil degradation, which leads to yield failures and/or losses. To outlet the harmful excess surface, waters needs appropriate ameliorative and agrotechnical operations. Among them, scraping represents a suitable intervention into soil structure involving the complete conversion of the micro-topography of the land. The humus content of the soil is a determining factor in terms of soil fertility; therefore, it must be preserved even when drastic tillage operations are carried out on a plot. Our research aimed to assess the effect of scraping on the humus content of the soil on three plots with a heavy textured Vertisol endangered by excess waters. Scraping was used on these plots to create a homogeneous topography and surface with a slight slope to get rid of excess water when it appears. It was established that scraping did not cause humus loss on a plot scale, and it resulted in an evener organic matter distribution, hence a potentially more homogenous yield within the ameliorated plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sub‐mountainous tea gardens of the Dooars region of West Bengal, which contribute approximately 25% of the national tea yield, are constantly fighting with diminishing soil fertility. Inorganic alternatives like chemical fertilizers can provide easier yet short‐term solutions, as their prolonged and indiscriminate usage leaches the soil, devouring its productivity, increasing the soil's heavy metal contents, and subsequently accumulating those heavy metals in leaves. A plausible substitution in this scenario could be the use of organic alternatives like composting or biofertilizer. Although references to such alternative means are found in the literature, a holistic approach targeting plant growth promotion along with mitigating soil metal toxicity is lacking. Keeping this background in mind, this pilot study was designed to optimize the dosage of novel biofertilizers (using resident and alien flora) that can reduce heavy metal loads and residual toxicity in soil, thereby improving overall soil health and tea production. Two potential metallophilic plant growth‐promoting strains of Bacillus sp. (previously reported) were selected and applied to potted tea plants of two different varieties of tea: TV9 and TV25. Among the two modes of treatment tested: solid treatment (compost amended with bacterial culture) and liquid treatment (cell pellets mixed in water suspension), the water suspension‐based direct application of resident soil bacteria showed the highest physiological growth with reduced metal toxicity. Based on physiological data and physico‐chemical data collected, it was observed that direct application of bacteria showed better results in both plant and soil health improvement in comparison to regular compost amended with beneficial microflora. Therefore, this small‐scale pilot study aimed to optimize the dosage and mode of application of novel biofertilizers for improved soil and plant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce dependency on synthetic fertilizers in response to the escalating costs of fertilizers and environmental limitations, it is imperative to enhance crop productivity and soil fertility sustainably. This research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm of Abdul Wali Khan University in Mardan, Pakistan, with the objective of investigating the effects of biochar on the qualitative attributes of mung beans. The randomize complete block design (RCBD) was used for the experiment having four replication. The treatments comprised of four levels of biochar i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha−1. Our results revealed that increasing biochar content caused an increase in yield components as well as attribute composition. The nodule density (17.8), pods plant−1 (27.3), grains pods−1 (11.4) and biological yield (6497 kg ha−1) produced best results under the application of 30 t ha−1 of biochar. Moreover, grain yield (1550 kg ha−1), grain nitrogen content (25.2 g kg−1) and straw nitrogen content (15.3 g kg−1) also resulted best under 30 t ha−1 biochar. While, 1000 grain weight (64 g) was recorded highest weight under 20 t ha−1. The quality attributes showed that the oil content (41.1%), as well as the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents (13.7%), were found to be the best under the application of 30 t ha−1. While, protein (23.37%) and linoleic acid (23.128%) content were the highest at 10 t ha−1of biochar. Moreover, the palmitic acid (6.1025%) and stearic acid (2.64%) content resulted higher under 20 t ha−1 of biochar. All the attributes showed positive response to either small level of biochar or a large level, but their response showed that biochar can be a factor that improves both yield and quality. The study therefore suggests that biochar should be applied to the soil to improve its fertility in regards of nutrient and increased organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context specific studies on the factors influencing the adoption of organic matter management (OMM) practices on smallholder farms could be crucial for soil fertility improvement. This study aimed to understand the factors influencing the adoption of OMM practices by smallholder farmers. A hybridized theoretical framework was used to map the farmers' adoption process. This framework states: the adoption process of OMM practices can be facilitated if an individual's characteristics and the institutional-related factors can support it; information about the OMM practices and the required inputs are available, and he/she can apply the required technology with ease. Data collection involved observations on 100 smallholder farms, interviews with 10 smallholder farmers and 18 experts, as well as two focus group discussions with 10 farmers each. The results indicated that a composite of technical, social, cultural, and economic-driven factors influence farmer adoption of OMM strategies. These factors included the farmer characteristics of age, education status, gender, culture, and knowledge about the use and application of an OMM practice; availability of labor and inputs; availability of appropriate equipment; the existence of supportive policy framework and social support. The factors cut across the adoption components of the hybridized theoretical framework: nature of technology, farmer characteristics, and input-related, information transfer-related and institutional-related adoption factors. The study findings can inform decision-makers to make investment decisions. Future studies should assess the feasibility of the hybridized theoretical framework before experts can apply it in devising strategies for the adoption of OMM practices on smallholder farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of agrochemical survey of soils of the Dolyna territorial community of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The agro-productive grouping of all soils of the district was carried out. There are five agroproductive soil groups within the district: sod-podzolic soils on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; sod-podzolic and podzolic-sod surface-gleyed medium-loamy soils; deep non-gleyed and gleyed medium-loamy sod soils and their podzolized variants on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; brown-podzolic, sod-brown-podzolic, brown mountain-forest podzolized gleyed and surface-gleyed non-eroded and slightly eroded heavy loamy and light clayey soils; sod gleyed soils; sod-brown and meadow-brown gleyed soils on alluvial and deluvial deposits, medium-loamy stony soils. These soils exhibit acidic pH, are moderately deficient in available phosphorus, and have medium levels of potassium. They are potentially fertile but require liming and the application of organic-mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The influence of organic amendments on the interplay among soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and their stoichiometry (EES) and nutrient availabilities, key indicators of resource limitations for soil microbes, is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate how manure compost (hereafter "manure") and its biochar derivative affect EEAs, EES and soil fertility. Materials and methods: We studied EEAs (BG, β-glucosidase; CBH, cellobiohydrolase; LAP, Leucine aminopeptidase; NAG, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase and AP, acid phosphatase), EES and soil fertility two years post-application of manure and biochar in central Alberta, Canada. Results and discussion: Applying manure and its biochar did not affect soil permanganate oxidable carbon (C), total phosphorus (P), and available P and nitroegn (N). Manure application increased NAG activity by 13.9% (75.9 nmol h−1 g−1 soil) relative to the control (66.6 nmol h−1 g−1 soil), whereas biochar application increased LAP activity by 22.1% (64.6 nmol h−1 g−1 soil) compared to the manure treatment (52.9 nmol h−1 g−1 soil), suggesting that manure addition caused microbial C limitation, while biochar addition led to microbial N limitation. However, both manure and biochar treatments did not affect soil NAG, CBH and AP, and enzymatic C:N, C:P, and N:P stoichiometry. Manure and biochar and their interactions with the soil ultimately affect soil physicochemical properties. Conclusions: Manure and its biochar differentially altered some soil N-cycling EEAs and C and N limitations two years after their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginal land has low nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Addressing nutrient deficiencies on marginal land requires a strategic approach. Biological fertilizers like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance nutrient availability through symbiotic interactions. In addition, organic fertilizers such as compost could provide organic matter and improve soil structure to increase plant growth and productivity. Combining these three fertilizers with the addition of low doses of NPK fertilizer can increase the growth and productivity of maize crops on sub-marginal land. This study aims to determine the effect of AMF, consortium of PGPR, and a low dose of NPK on the growth and productivity of maize and soil nutrients on sub-marginal land by measuring plant growth up to 8 WAP (week after planting) (parameters: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomatal density) and productivity (parameters: cob length, cob weight with husk, fresh weight, dry weight) and levels of N, P, and K elements at 8 WAP in the soil after planting. All treatments showed an increase in the level of N and K elements, while the P element showed a decrease compared to the control (soil without treatment). Moreover, each parameter did not show a significant difference, but the P2 (Compost + PGPR consortium + AMF + 50% of NPK) treatment showed the best growth and productivity. Overall, the data showed the utilization of PGPR and AMF combination was able to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer by 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Aerobic fermentation always suffers from nitrogen loss and low humification degree. The objective of this study was to investigate the promotion of phosphate buffer on organic matter degradation and precursor polymerization into humus (HS) in aerobic fermentation, and to analyze the key roles played by different precursors. In order to achieve this, sludge aerobic fermentation tests were conducted on control (CK), phosphate buffer addition treatment (KP) and potassium chloride addition treatment (K). RESULTS: The HS content of KP treatment exhibited a notable increase compared to the CK and K treatments, with a maximum increase of 38.29%. In addition, phosphate addition improved the nitrogen retention capacity and the complexity of the HS structure. Phosphate buffer enhanced both the polyphenol and Maillard humification pathways by promoting the condensation of precursors (polysaccharides, reducing sugars, polyphenols, amino acids and proteins). Among these precursors, reducing sugars, amino acids and proteins were identified as the key driving precursors of phosphate. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphate, as an exogenous additive to the fermentation system, reduces nitrogen loss while promoting precursor polymerization to form HS, which benefits the improvement of soil fertility and crop growth upon organic fertilizer application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAlgae also positively affect these microorganisms and soil fertility. The composition of potential bioproducts from algae can vary depending on the type of algae cell. The inoculation of seeds/soils with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms is therefore a promising method to improve food production without causing environmental pollution. For this purpose, increasing doses of algae extract (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1%) and different phosphorus (P) sources were added to clay loam soil at the 0 and 130 mg kg−1 doses. As a result, the effect of algal extract applied in increasing doses on some growth parameters of bean plants was found to be statistically significant for both P sources. The lowest yield components were also obtained in the control treatment (-algae extract; -P). As the applied algae extract doses increased, the yield components for mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) and dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) applications increased. On the other hand, the values obtained from plants treated with MAP as a source of phosphorus were higher than those obtained with CaHPO4. Increasing the level of algae extract across MAP-treated plants resulted in higher values in the plant’s upper parts but lower values in the root. Compared to other treatments, plants treated with CaHPO4 showed higher values when algaeextract was applied at concentrations of 0.8% and 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Low recovery of conventional fertilizers remains a significant bottleneck for maize production globally. In particular, with phosphate fertilization, zinc (Zn) is prone to precipitation in soil, reducing recovery of both phosphorus (P) and Zn by maize. RESULTS: The present study was designed to investigate the synergistic effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and P on maize crop growth, yield, and nutrient uptake under ZnO seed coating and foliar application in a randomized complete block design. However, plants were subjected to two ZnO NPs levels (0.5 and 12 kg ha−1) amended with two P levels (45 and 90 kg ha−1). ZnO NPs, especially in the form of foliar application, with a P dose of 90 Kg ha−1 significantly (P < 0.05) improved maize crop growth, yield, and nutrient uptake compared with control. In comparison with the control group, plants grown in these conditions absorbed higher levels of Zn and P. Zn uptake rose to 16.34 g ha−1, 137.88 g ha−1, and 166.89 g ha−1 in roots, grains, and stover respectively, and P uptake increased to 0.80 mg kg−1, 10.066 mg kg−1, and 12.17 mg kg−1 respectively. Additionally, seed emergence rate, plant height, and cob length increased by up to 2%, 1177 cm2, and 3.3 cm respectively compared with control. Furthermore, Zn use efficiency was increased up to 38.55% in ZnO NPs foliar application. CONCLUSIONS: Application of ZnO NPs at 0.5 kg ha−1 in the form of foliar application with 90 kg ha−1 P dose produced a more pronounced increment in the parameters studied than ZnO NPs seed coating did. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is one of the most significant vegetable crops; however, western Ethiopian agricultural land soils are limited by acidic soil, and garlic yield and profit margins continue to be low. The objective of the current experiment was to determine whether the economic viability of garlic production in Gimbi, Western Ethiopia, could be supported by the simultaneous application of biochar, lime, and inorganic fertilizer. The experiment comprised 14 treatments laid out in a RCBD with 3 replicates. The use of combined coffee husk biochar (CHB), soil test‐based value lime (STV), and inorganic fertilizer (NPSB) rates at comb4 and comb11, respectively, resulted in the maximum net benefit costs of 955,461.25 ETB ha−1 in farm 1 and 1,086,776.22 ETB ha−1 in farm 2, whereas costs were incurred with total variable costs of 21,317.75 ETB ha−1 and 16,038.78 ETB ha−1, respectively. The treatments with the highest marginal rates of return in farms 1 and 2 were those that included CHB, STV, and NPSB at comb4 (marginal rate of return = 266,932.80%) and comb12 (marginal rate of return = 29,558.12%), respectively. The difference in economic benefit may have originated from the soil buffer capacity response to ameliorant rates, as the soils of farms 1 and 2 were strongly acidic and very strongly acidic soils. This variation influences plant nutrient uptake, biomass yield, and yield components by enhancing the fertility characteristics of the soil. Therefore, the combined CHB, STV, and NPSB rates at comb4 per hectare in strongly acidic soils and comb12 per hectare in very strongly acidic soils could result in the highest economic return rate for the production of garlic and improve soil fertility. Since only two locations were studied, multilocation research is needed to give a firm recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed crop production systems of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.) were assessed in two field studies for ecosystem services. At flowering stage, long duration genotype Arka Shubra was significantly superior in biomass accumulation (14.61 t ha−1), while 100% recommended NPK + 15 t FYM ha−1 registered significantly higher biomass production (11.74 t ha−1). Biomass availability at harvest was higher in long duration genotypes (7.48–7.75 t ha−1) and the average biomass availability of 6.45 t ha−1 at harvest gives scope for including velvet bean as component crop in cropping systems/fallows. The average soil carbon stocks were estimated at 22.8 t ha−1 at the end of 2 yrs and 12.4 t ha−1 at the end of one crop season. Soil nutrient availability was optimum except for soil test P in pre-, standing and post crop growth periods. Highly significant relations (R2 = 0.949) were observed between nodule number and available N at harvest. The N availability was more in long duration genotypes (209–215 kg N ha−1) over pre-experimental status. Nutrient addition improved the available N status by 40–185 kg ha−1 over pre-experimental status and control. The nutrient uptake was 4–10% higher in Arka Shubra over other long duration genotypes and 100–200% higher over medium/short duration genotypes at flowering. The recyclable biomass and uptake of NPK are more in long duration genotypes implying huge nutrient recycling potential of the system. Overall, seed crop systems of velvet bean are efficient in resource use and energy use (>2.5 EUE) and ideal components for sustainable land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striking the right nutrient balance is essential for sustainable farming and ecosystem health. In this regard, field experiments were conducted in three phases viz., fertility gradient experiment, main experiment and validation experiment through a soil test crop response approach to develop and validate fertilizer prescription equations for sweet corn in comparison with general recommended dose and soil fertility rating approach. The soil data, fresh cob yield, and NPK uptake were used for establishing four important basic parameters, viz., nutrient requirement (kg t-1), contribution of nutrients from fertilizers, soil, and organic manure. The results revealed that nutrients required to produce one tonne of fresh cob yield (NR) were 5.85 kg, 0.87 kg and 4.31kg for N, P and K, respectively under the STCR NPK alone approach and 6.07 kg, 0.92 kg and 4.33 kg for N, P and K, respectively under STCR NPK+FYM approach. In the validation experiment, STCR NPK+FYM approach for the targeted yield of 25 t ha−1 recorded higher fresh cob yield (23.38 t ha−1) and dry stover yield (35.07 t ha−1) which were significantly higher compared to general recommended dose and soil fertility rating approach. The developed STCR equations for the aforesaid crop are valid as the percent deviation of cob yield from the targeted yield was within ±10%. Similarly, highest nutrient use efficiency was achieved with the STCR approach, specifically when targeting a lower yield through an NPK+FYM mode. Thus, implementation of the STCR approach of fertilizer prescription, with or without FYM, at targeted yields of 25 and 22 t ha−1, not only surpassed the effects of the other fertilizer recommendation approach in terms of cob yields, but also increased NPK uptake, improved nutrient use efficiency and greater economic returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrated Soil-Crop System Management (ISSM) and provide technical support for sustainable high yield and efficiency in regional agriculture. Methods: The study compared the effects of no fertilization (Control), conventional farmer practices (FP), high-yield management (HY), and ISSM on maize yield and plant nutrient uptake. Measurements included grain yield, plant biomass, plant nutrient absorption, and soil nutrient content across different management strategies. Results: Over the 12-year experimental period, a significant decline in grain yield was observed under the Control treatment, with a slight decrease in the FP treatment. In contrast, consistent yield increases were noted for the HY and ISSM treatments. The ISSM approach significantly enhanced the average yield and plant uptake of P and K by 26%, 24%, and 32%, respectively, approaching 98%, 91%, and 85% of the levels achieved in the HY treatment. Furthermore, the average use efficiency of P and K fertilizers in the ISSM treatment exceeded those in the FP treatment by 18.7% and 1.2%, respectively, and those in the HY treatment by 17.4% and 24.8%, respectively. The adoption of ISSM led to a significant increase in total and available P and K content within the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers and enhanced the available P and K content across all aggregate size fractions within the 0-20 cm soil layer. Conclusion: ISSM is capable of achieving long-term high and stable yields for spring maize, enhancing the uptake and utilization of P and K in plants, and bolstering the soil's capacity to supply these nutrients, thereby fostering the sustainable development of the entire soil-crop system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils and its accumulation in plant organs have become a global issue due to its harmful effects on human health. The in-situ stabilizing technique, which involves using organic amendments, is commonly employed for removing Cd from agricultural soils. Thus, the current study investigated the effect of vermicompost (VC) on soil properties and plant physio-biochemical attributes, leaf ultrastructure analysis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and grain yields of two different fragrant rice cultivars, Xiangyaxiangzhan (XGZ) and Meixiangzhan-2 (MXZ-2), under Cdstress conditions. The results showed that Cd toxicity deteriorates soil quality, the plant's photosynthetic apparatus, and the plant's antioxidant defense mechanism. Moreover, under Cd stress, both cultivars produced significantly lower (p < 0.05) rice grain yields compared to non-Cd stress conditions. However, the VC application alleviated the Cd toxicity and improved soil qualitative traits, such as soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Similarly, VC amendments improved leaf physiological activity, photosynthetic apparatus function, antioxidant enzyme activities and its related gene expression under Cd stress These enhancements led to increased grain yields of both fragrant under Cd toxicity. The addition of VC mitigated the adverse effects of Cd on the leaf chloroplast structure by reducing Cd uptake and accumulation in tissues. This helped prevent Cd-induced peroxidation damage to leaf membrane lipids by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). On average across the growth stages, the Pos-Cd + VC3 treatment increased SOD, APX, CAT, and POD activities by122.2 and 112.5%, 118.6, and 120.6%, 44.6 and 40.6%, and 38.6 and 33.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, compared to the plants treated with Pos-Cd treated alone. Enhancements in leaf physiological activity and plant antioxidant enzyme activity strengthen the plant's antioxidant defense mechanism against Cd toxicity. In addition, correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between the leaf net photosynthetic rate and soil chemical attributes, suggesting that improved soil fertility enhances leaf physiological activity and boosts rice grain yields. Of the treatments, Pos-Cd + VC3 proved to be the most effective treatment in terms of enhancing soil health and achieving high fragrant rice yields. Thus, the outcomes of this study show that the addition of VC in Cd-contaminated soils could be useful for sustainable rice production and safe utilization of Cdpolluted soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide organic amendments have received much attention to improve soil fertility and crop productivity. Partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer through organic manure is a promising approach to decrease chemical fertilizer input while stabilizing or increasing crop yield. Field experiments were conducted in Hubei and Hunan provinces to assess the impact of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer through organic manure on cotton yield and soil properties during 2016 and 2017. The experimental plots (50 m2) were arranged in a randomized block design, with six treatments, and three replicates for each treatment. Our results revealed that the yield of 100% chemical fertilizer treatments was significantly higher than no fertilizer treatment in 2016, and the yield of organic fertilizer substitution treatments was higher than 100% chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer in 2017 in Hubei province. In Hunan province, the yield of replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer treatment was higher than those of 100% organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatment over 2 years. Application of 100% organic fertilizer was found to be more beneficial in terms of improving soil fertility in Hubei provinces during both years. The substitution of chemical fertilizer by 50% organic fertilizer was effective to improve soil fertility and exerted a significant effect on soil available phosphorus, potassium in Hunan provinces during both years. Collectively, these results indicate that replace 100% chemical fertilizer through organic fertilizer in Hubei province and substitution of 50% chemical fertilizer in Hunan province could increase the cotton yield, improve soil fertility and reduce inorganic fertilizers, which have a potential impact on sustainable production of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus (P) are generally based on the soil content of plant available P and the amount of P exported by the harvested crop. In countries of the former Soviet Union (SU), a widespread method is the Machigin extraction. The relationships between soil P contents extracted with this and other European methods are not well established. Here, we compare the Machigin soil P extraction method with the Calcium Ammonium Lactate P(CAL) procedure that is commonly used in Central Europe. Both methods were tested with 94 soil samples originating from Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, and Germany. Overall, the P amount extracted with the CAL method was 2.8 times higher than that extracted with the Machigin method. However, using results from all analyzed individual soil samples, the relation between P(CAL) and P(Machigin) showed large scatter and an R2 of only 0.364. Differing relations between P(CAL) and P(Machigin) were observed for soils with pH >7 and <7. However, these are overshadowed by differences between the three geographic groups of the soil samples. The estimated soil P fertility classes for the Machigin extraction were mostly higher than for the German (CAL) procedure, resulting in lower fertilizer recommendations for the Machigin method. To improve the accuracy of conversion between both methods, evaluation of laboratory proficiency tests (i.e. analysis of the same soil samples in different laboratories with the same methods) of the Machigin method should be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of local plant community characteristics is imperative for practical nature planning and management, and for understanding plant diversity and distribution drivers. Today, retrieving such data is only possible by fieldwork and is hence costly both in time and money. Here, we used nine bands from multispectral high-to-medium resolution (10–60 m) satellite data (Sentinel-2) and machine learning to predict local vegetation plot characteristics over a broad area (approx. 30,000 km2) in terms of plants' preferences for soil moisture, soil fertility, and pH, mirroring the levels of the corresponding actual soil factors. These factors are believed to be among the most important for local plant community composition. Our results showed that there are clear links between the Sentinel-2 data and plants' abiotic soil preferences, and using solely satellite data we achieved predictive powers between 26 and 59%, improving to around 70% when habitat information was included as a predictor. This shows that plants' abiotic soil preferences can be detected quite well from space, but also that retrieving soil characteristics using satellites is complicated and that perfect detection of soil conditions using remote sensing—if at all possible—needs further methodological and data development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities, climate change, and land-use alterations accelerated soil erosion in recent decades and imposed significant threats to soil fertility and stability worldwide. Understanding and quantifying the spatiotemporal variation of soil erosion risks is crucial for adopting the best management practices for surface soils conservation. Here, we present a novel high-resolution (30 m) soil erosion framework based on the G2 erosion model by integrating satellite and reanalysis datasets and Machine Learning (ML) models to assess soil erosion risks and hazards spatiotemporally. The proposed method reflects the impacts of climate change in 1 h time resolutions and land use in 30 m scales on soil erosion risks for almost 4 decades (between 1985 and 2017). The soil erosion hazardous maps were generated/evaluated using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA), utilizing long-term annual soil erosion estimations/projections to aid policymakers in developing management strategies to protect lands against extreme erosion. The proposed framework is evaluated in the Sultanate of Oman, which lacks soil erosion estimation/assessment studies due to data scarcity. Results indicate that soil erosion has increasing perilous trends in high altitudes of the Sultanate of Oman that may cause substantial risks to soil health and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residues and their derived biochar are frequently used for their potential to improve grain yield, soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the effects of root are often overlooked, and the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK) combined with root or its biochar on microbial community structure need further study. This study used 13C-labeled maize root, its biochar and soil with different fertilization for 8 years as materials and substrates. A 112-day incubation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of microbial community on the C processing. During incubation, the root-C (54.9%) mineralized significantly more than biochar-C (12.8%), while NPK addition significantly increased the root-C mineralization. Adding biochar alone did not significantly change the microbial community. Compared to the biochar treatment (BC), the root treatment (R) notably increased the contents of total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), 13C-PLFA and the proportion of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, but reduced the proportion of actinomycetes. The root mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-fungi, while biochar mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-actinomycetes. Notably, NPK addition significantly increased the contribution of biochar-C to PLFA-C pool, while decreasing the contribution of root-C. In summary, due to microbial adaptation to the lack of bioavailable C in biochar-amended soil, biochar can act as a buffer against the significant disturbance caused by NPK to microbial communities and native soil organic carbon (SOC), which contributes to the steady enhancement in soil C storage. Highlights: The addition of biochar alone for 8 consecutive years did not change the composition of the microbial community structure, but the total PLFA content increased significantly compared to the control. NPK addition reduced the proportion of microbial assimilation of root-C, while increasing the proportion of microbial assimilation of biochar-C. The effect of NPK on microbial biomass is short-lived, but the effect on microbial community structure is long-lasting. Biochar has a stronger buffering effect on the drastic changes in microbial communities and native SOC caused by NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable intensification schemes such as integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) are a proposed strategy to close yield gaps, increase soil fertility, and achieve food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Biogeochemical models such as DayCent can assess their potential at larger scales, but these models need to be calibrated to new environments and rigorously tested for accuracy. Here, we present a Bayesian calibration of DayCent, using data from four long-term field experiments in Kenya in a leave-one-site-out cross-validation approach. The experimental treatments consisted of the addition of low- to high-quality organic resources, with and without mineral nitrogen fertilizer. We assessed the potential of DayCent to accurately simulate the key elements of sustainable intensification, including (1) yield, (2) the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), and (3) the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of CO 2 and N 2 O combined. Compared to the initial parameters, the cross-validation showed improved DayCent simulations of maize grain yield (with the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF) increasing from 0.36 to 0.50) and of SOC stock changes (with EF increasing from 0.36 to 0.55). The simulations of maize yield and those of SOC stock changes also improved by site (with site-specific EF ranging between 0.15 and 0.38 for maize yield and between - 0.9 and 0.58 for SOC stock changes). The four cross-validation-derived posterior parameter distributions (leaving out one site each) were similar in all but one parameter. Together with the model performance for the different sites in cross-validation, this indicated the robustness of the DayCent model parameterization and its reliability for the conditions in Kenya. While DayCent poorly reproduced daily N 2 O emissions (with EF ranging between - 0.44 and - 0.03 by site), cumulative seasonal N 2 O emissions were simulated more accurately (EF ranging between 0.06 and 0.69 by site). The simulated yield-scaled GHG balance was highest in control treatments without N addition (between 0.8 and 1.8 kg CO 2 equivalent per kg grain yield across sites) and was about 30 % to 40 % lower in the treatment that combined the application of mineral N and of manure at a rate of 1.2 t C ha -1 yr -1. In conclusion, our results indicate that DayCent is well suited for estimating the impact of ISFM on maize yield and SOC changes. They also indicate that the trade-off between maize yield and GHG balance is stronger in low-fertility sites and that preventing SOC losses, while difficult to achieve through the addition of external organic resources, is a priority for the sustainable intensification of maize production in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined application of manure and mineral fertilizer represents an effective strategy for enhancing crop yield. However, the relationship between soil fertility and crop yield remains unclear in saline-alkaline soil. Here, a 9-year field experiment (2015–2023) was conducted to investigate the effects of manure application and crop rotations on crop yield and economic efficiency as well as potential associated mechanisms in the Hetao Irrigation District. The results showed that in the third cropping rotation cycle, combined application of manure and mineral fertilizers (NPKO) caused a 6.2%, 38.9%, 65.3%, and 132.2% increase in wheat, sunflower, wheat equivalent yield, and the economic income of sunflower, respectively. The average grain yield had a positive correlation with soil organic matter and nutrient supply. This suggested that the soil organic matter had a positive effect on the crop yield due to its impact on nutrient supply. Simultaneously, the sunflower seed setting rate increased by 65.2% under NPKO. The linear regression model revealed that each additional input of 20 Mg ha−1 of manure resulted in an increase of 3.56 kg ha−1 in crop phosphorus harvest and a 0.05 Kg ha−1 increase in wheat equivalent yield compared to NPK. In conclusion, our results highlighted that manure application promotes soil properties and improves crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to study the effect of freeze−thaw cycles on the content of available nitrogen in soils of different crops and obtain an in-depth understanding of changes in soil fertility and soil environment in cold regions, a laboratory simulation experiment was conducted with different freeze−thaw times, temperature differences, and periods. The changes in available nitrogen concentrations in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm layers of corn, vegetable, and paddy soils were measured by the alkaline-hydrolysis diffusion method. The results were as follows. (1) The freeze−thaw process had significant effects on the available nitrogen content in the three soils. Under the treatment with different numbers of freeze−thaw cycles, the available nitrogen content in the 0–15 cm layers of corn soil, vegetable soil, and paddy soil reached the maximum values at the 8th, 1st, and 3rd freeze−thaw cycle, at 156.92 mg/kg, 479.17 mg/kg and 181.75 mg/kg, respectively; the available nitrogen content decreased slowly after reaching the maximum value. (2) Under the freeze−thaw temperature-difference treatment, the available nitrogen concentration in the 0–15 cm layers of corn soil, vegetable soil, and paddy soil reached the maximum value at a temperature difference of 30 °C, at 147 mg/kg, 476 mg/kg and 172.5 mg/kg, respectively, and the available nitrogen content of the 15–30 cm soil layers changed slightly. (3) Under different freeze−thaw periods, the magnitudes of the changes in soil available nitrogen concentration in 0–15 cm of corn soil and paddy soil were, in descending order, short-term freezing and long-term melting > long-term freezing and long-term melting > short-term freezing and short-term melting > long-term freezing and short-term melting. The soil available nitrogen concentration at different depths in the vegetable soil reached the maximum value under the treatment with long-term freezing and short-term melting. (4) The available nitrogen content of paddy soil under the high-water-content condition was higher than that of paddy soil under the low-water-content condition, and the change in available nitrogen content was more obvious under the high-water-content condition under different freeze−thaw period treatments; the opposite was true for corn soil and vegetable soil. Simulation studies on rapid changes in soil nitrogen content during tests that simulate winter freeze−thaw conditions are important for understanding crop growth, the application of nitrogen fertilizer in spring, and the prevention of surface-water pollution from agricultural runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cation exchange capacity is a crucial metric for managing soil fertility and promoting agricultural sustainability. An alternative technique for the non-destructive assessment of important soil parameters is reflectance spectroscopy. The main focus of this paper is on how to analyze and predict the content of various soil cation exchange capacities (CEC) in arid conditions (Sohag governorate, Egypt) at a low cost using laboratory analysis of CEC, visible near-infrared and shortwave infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy, partial least-squares regression (PLSR), and Ordinary Kriging (OK). Utilizing reflectance spectroscopy with a spectral resolution of 10 nm and laboratory studies with a spectral range of 350 to 2500 nm, 104 surface soil samples were collected to a depth of 30 cm in the Sohag governorate, Egypt (which is part of the dry region of North Africa), in order to accomplish this goal. The association between the spectroradiometer and CEC averaged values was modeled using PLSR in order to map the predicted value using Ordinary Kriging (OK). Thirty-one soil samples were selected for validation. The predictive validity of the cross-validated models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), residual prediction deviation (RPD), and ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ). The results indicate that ten transformation methods yielded calibration models that met the study's requirements, with R2 > 0.6, RPQ > 2.5, and RIQP > 4.05. For evaluating CEC in Vis-NIR spectra, the most efficient transformation and calibration model was the reciprocal of Log R transformation (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 0.40, RPD = 6.99, and RIQP = 9.22). This implies that combining the reciprocal of Log R with PLSR yields the optimal model for predicting CEC values. The CEC values were best fitted by four models: spherical, exponential, Gaussian, and circular. The methodology used here does offer a "quick", inexpensive tool that can be broadly and quickly used, and it can be readily implemented again in comparable conditions in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The application of mineral fertilizers deteriorates soil properties and affects crop yield and nutritional properties. However, plant growthpromoting microorganisms (PGPM-Serendipita indica, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)) have great potential to reduce fertilizers and improve soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrient uptake and mitigate the environmental effect of mineral fertilizers. Material and methods: Hence, a field experiment was conducted involving nine treatments to evaluate the effects of PGPM along with 50% or 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers on plant growth, soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and onion productivity. Results and discussion: Results indicated that 100% RDF combined with S. indica or PSB led to improved plant growth, and higher nutrient concentrations in both leaves and bulbs of onions compared to RDF alone. Moreover, the application of 100% RDF with S. indica increased total dry matter yield by 11.5% and 7.6% in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively, compared to 100% RDF alone. This treatment also resulted in the highest nutrient uptake, with N uptake increasing by 6.9%-29.9%, P by 13.7%-21.7%, K by 20.0%-23.7%, and S by 18.1%-23.4%. Additionally, the combination of 100% RDF with S. indica inoculation led to a notable increase in bulb yield, with increments of 16.2% and 13.9% observed in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, respectively, compared to 100% RDF alone. Similarly, the application of 100% RDF along with PSB inoculation resulted in an increase in bulb yield by 7.2% and 9.4% in the respective years. However, VAM did not exhibit satisfactory performance or improvements in the onion crop. Conclusion: Overall, the study suggests that combining 100% RDF with S. indica or PSB can enhance onion productivity and nutrient use efficiency. The present study may open a new avenue of PGPM application in enhancing onion yield and improving the bulb quality as well as soil health. However, field trials across different regions and soil types are necessary to validate these findings for practical adoption by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines farmers’ perceptions of agrochemical use in maize production and their harmful environmental effects. A convergent parallel mixed design was used to collect quantitative data from 254 respondents via structured interviews and qualitative data through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The findings revealed that among those who were using agrochemicals, 98.9%, 59.2% and 49.7% used inorganic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility, pesticides to control pests and herbicides to kill weeds, respectively. Those who did not use agrochemicals were limited by many factors, including adverse effects of agrochemicals on the environment and lack of access to and the high cost of agrochemicals. Also, more than half of the respondents (51.2%) had limited knowledge about the harmful effects of agrochemicals on the environment. The perceived harmful effects of agrochemicals on the environment included being harmful to domestic animals and non-targeted insects and causing air pollution. The study provides insights for the government on how it could design and enforce educational programmes that would increase farmers’ knowledge of the proper use of agrochemicals to protect the environment while maximizing maize production. This study contributes to the existing literature on how unawareness of farmers on the use of agrochemicals can adversely affect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sowing date and soil fertility are very important factors in the overwintering and production performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), yet there's a knowledge gap in knowledge on how late-seeded alfalfa responds to phosphorus (P) fertilization. A field study was conducted in Inner Mongolia from 2020 to 2022 using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of five sowing dates (31 July, 8, 16, and 24 August, and 1 September), while the subplots involved five P application rates (0, 40, 70, 100, and 130 kg P2O5 ha−1). Throughout the growing seasons, the overwintering rate, root traits, forage yield, and yield components were measured. The results revealed a consistent decrease in overwintering ability and productivity with the delayed sowing. This reduction in overwintering rate was mainly due to diminished root traits, while the decrease in forage yield was largely associated with a reduction in plants per square meter. However, P fertilizer application to late-seeded alfalfa demonstrated potential in enhancing the diameter of both the crown and taproot, thus strengthening the root system and improving the overwintering rate, the rate of increase ranges from 11.6 to 49%. This adjustment could also improve the shoots per square meter and mass per shoot, increasing by 9.4–31.3% and 15.0–27.1% respectively in 2 years, which can offset the decline in forage yield caused by late sowing and might even increase the forage yield. Regression and path analysis indicated that alfalfa forage yield is primarily affected by mass per shoot rather than shoots per square meter. This study recommended that the sowing of alfalfa in similar regions of Inner Mongolia should not be later than mid-August. Moreover, applying P fertilizer (P2O5) at 70.6–85.9 kg ha−1 can enhance the forage yield and persistence of late-seeded alfalfa. Therefore, appropriate late sowing combined with the application of P fertilizer can be used as an efficient cultivation strategy for alfalfa cultivation after a short-season crop harvest in arid and cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the effect of different approaches of nutrient application on soil fertility and soil quality under maize-wheat cropping system. Nine treatment combinations were compared namely, Recommended Doses of Fertilizers (RDF), Soil Test Crop Response (STCR), and various combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers. This paper aims to develop Soil Quality Index (SQI) based on Minimum Data Set (MDS) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Different indicators were employed to formulate the SQI, derived from surface soil layer measurements (0–15 cm). Each MDS indicator was then converted into a dimensionless score using linear scoring function and then integrated into SQI. Results showed that the key soil quality indicators identified as MDS using PCA under maize-wheat cropping system were Water Holding Capacity, organic carbon, available N and dehydrogenase activity. These soil quality indicators were found to be best for monitoring soil health status. After rabi wheat 2019–2020, SQI varied from 1.22 to 2.21 across the treatments whereas, after rabi wheat 2020–2021, SQI varied from 1.13 to 2.23 across the treatments. Among different approaches of nutrient application, STCR-based use of fertilizers along with FYM (T4) helped in maintaining better soil physical, chemical and biological properties and ultimately sustaining soil quality, which was followed by the treatment receiving 75% STCR dose of N (inorganic mode) + full P and K (T5). Integration of organics with inorganic fertilizers maintained soil quality, environmental health and reduced greater dependency on chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pak choy and mustard greens are traditionally grown with many inorganic fertilisers, which can reduce soil fertility when applied frequently. The adoption of organic fertilisers offers a sustainable solution to this challenge. This study investigates the impact of liquid organic fertiliser (LOF) derived from goat urine, Moringa leaves, and banana stems on the growth and yield of pak choy and mustard greens. The research design employed a randomised complete block design with four treatments and ten replications. These treatments included a control group, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK, inorganic fertiliser), 100% LOF, and a 50% NPK + 50% LOF blend. The application of LOF, sourced from goat urine, Moringa leaves, and banana stems, demonstrated a significant influence on nearly all plant parameters. Notably, the 100% LOF treatment yielded the highest results for fresh leaf weight (26.46 g), fresh stalk weight (39.64 g), dry leaf weight (4.57 g), stem diameter (48.27 mm), Soil Plant Analysis Development value (SPAD, 40.73 units), plant height (31.59 cm), leaf width (8.45 cm), and leaf length (13.33 cm) for pak choy. Additionally, 100% LOF also produced the highest results for fresh leaf weight (21.34 g), dry root weight (0.31 g), stem diameter (21.53 mm), SPAD value (32.40 units), plant height (31.59 cm), leaf width (10.40 cm), and leaf length (15.65 cm) for mustard greens. This study demonstrates that a blend of goat urine, Moringa leaves, and banana stems can be used as a LOF that can replace inorganic NPK fertilisers in growing pak choy and mustard. It not only addresses issues with soil fertility but also contributes to environmentally friendly farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highland vegetable farming is the cultivation of vegetables in high-altitude regions to take advantage of the unique climatic conditions found at higher elevations, such as cooler temperatures, greater rainfall, and more fertile soil. In 2020, a successful pilot production of highland vegetables in Puerto Princesa City was conducted by local government in partnership with the Sitio Busngol Farmers Association (SBFA). Recently, the farmers are able to produce significant amount of bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, chines cabbage, onion leaves, and snap beans. A good indication that the location has a potential of producing an ample amount of the commodity to sustain the demand of the city and to decrease its dependency in Cordillera region. Thus, this study examined the determinants for increased efficiency of the farmers in producing highland vegetables by assessing their profile and farming practices in relation to the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for Fruits and Vegetable Farming – Code of Practice of the Philippines. Further, this study examined the relationship between their total harvest and farming practices. This study used descriptive correlational quantitative research design to attain the objectives and answer the research questions. A researcher-made questionnaire underwent content validation and reliability testing with an alpha coefficient of .917 (Excellent). Ten (10) member farmers of SBFA served as respondents of the study. Using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there is a strong positive relationship between the Total Harvest of the farmers and their farming practices in terms of Source of Irrigation Water and Management, PostHarvest Handling and Storage, and Transport and Marketing respectively as evidenced by their p-values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (Bacillus clausii) and Fe-modified biochar on soil fertility increases and mechanisms of carbon sequestration. Additionally, the impact on C-cycling-related enzyme activity and the bacterial community was also explored. The study results demonstrate that in comparison to the individual application of FeB and BC, the FeBBC treatment significantly relieves soil alkalization and enhances soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content and aggregate stability (particle size > 0.25 mm), thereby contributing to improved soil fertility and ecological function. Additionally, all biochar treatments exhibit higher soil organic carbon, thereby increasing organic carbon sequestration, particularly in the FeBBC treatment. Compared to a single ecological restoration method, FeBBC treatment can improve soil fertility and carbon sequestration, providing important reference values for urban green space soil ecological restoration projects. The soil of urban green spaces is severely degraded due to human activities during urbanization, and it is crucial to investigate effective measures that can restore the ecological functions of the soil. This study investigated the effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (Bacillus clausii) and Fe-modified biochar on soil fertility increases and mechanisms of carbon sequestration. Additionally, the effects on C-cycling-related enzyme activity and the bacterial community were also explored. Six treatments included no biochar or Bacillus clausii suspension added (CK), only Bacillus clausii suspension (BC), only biochar (B), only Fe-modified biochar (FeB), biochar combined with Bacillus clausii (BBC), and Fe-modified biochar combined with Bacillus clausii (FeBBC). Compared with other treatments, the FeBBC treatment significantly decreased soil pH, alleviated soil alkalization, and increased the alkali-hydro nitrogen content in the soil. Compared to the individual application of FeB and BC, the FeBBC treatment significantly improved aggregates' stability and positively improved soil fertility and ecological function. Additionally, compared to the individual application of FeB and BC, the soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents for the FeBBC-treated soil increased by 28.46~113.52%, 66.99~434.72%, and 7.34~10.04%, respectively. In the FeBBC treatment, FeB can improve soil physicochemical properties and provide bacterial attachment sites, increase the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities, and promote the uniform distribution of carbon-related bacteria in the soil. Compared to a single ecological restoration method, FeBBC treatment can improve soil fertility and carbon sequestration, providing important reference values for urban green space soil ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yields realized under rice-wheat rotation are generally low in the geographical regions prone to B deficiency and a sound B application schedule recommendation is required for the sustainable yields and enhanced soil fertility. The effect of different B application schedules involving different dosages and frequency of B application was investigated on yields and B nutrition of rice-wheat rotation and changes in the chemical fractions of B in soil in six years field study carried out on a sandy loam (Typic hapludoll). Based on the average grain yields of rice and wheat during the period of experimentation, application of 1.5 kg B as borax ha−1 to rice crop on alternate years was the profitable practice for mollisols as it gave an average yearly production of 5.51 t of rice grain and 4.28 t of wheat grain ha−1. The average concentration of B in flag leaves and grains of rice was much lower compared to wheat crop. The recommended schedule of B application to rice-wheat rotation resulted in a Benefit: Cost ratio of 11: 1 and also maintained the optimum level of B in soil. Most of the added B markedly increased specifically bound (0.05 M KH2PO4 extractable), ammonium oxalate (pH 3.3) extractable fractions followed by residual and organically bound fraction in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas slurry is increasingly adopted as a substitute for chemical fertilizer to improve soil fertility and control soil degradation. But little is known about its long-term effects on different soil layers. This study aims to test if biogas slurry substitution alters soil nutrients and aggregates differently in different layers and how the effects are influenced by straw return. A five-year field trial of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation was established to evaluate the effects of biogas slurry substitution [treatments: control without fertilizer (CK); chemical fertilizer (CF); 50% biogas slurry substitution (BSCF); 100% biogas slurry substitution (BS)] on two soil layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm) under equal N, P, and K fertilization in a Fluvisol. The result showed that compared with CK, fertilization was necessary to maintain soil available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) in the 0–20 cm layer. Also, fertilization had positive effects on soil EC, TN, and AP, especially in the topsoil. In terms of increasing the degree of water-stable macroaggregation, improving aggregate stability and reducing their crushing rates, CF was superior to biogas slurry substitution because of the greater accumulations of soil N, the most important physicochemical factor regulating soil macroaggregation and stability. The effects of biogas slurry substitution changed with soil layers. In surface soil, BD, water-stable macroaggregates, and aggregate stability significantly increased due to the positive regulatory effects of straw, AP, and EC; whereas in subsoil, they decreased. Inorganic fertilization with straw return functions well in soil structural degradation control and N fertility improvement, especially in the topsoil. Whereas in fields without straw return, biogas slurry substitution may be a feasible and economical choice to improve topsoil structure and also an excellent supplement to provide P and K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been growing interest in biopreparations that intensify the decomposition of crop residues. These preparations can promote nutrient cycling and soil fertility, ultimately supporting healthy plant growth and increasing agricultural productivity. However, the development and commercialization of biopreparations poses unique challenges. Producers of biopreparations struggle to develop highly effective preparations, which then face regulatory hurdles and must win market acceptance. This literature review provides up‐to‐date data on microbial preparations available commercially on the European market, along with information on current relevant regulations. Challenges for the development and commercialization of new biopreparations are also discussed. The development and commercialization of biopreparations require a comprehensive approach that addresses the complex interplay of microbial and environmental factors. The need for more specific regulations on biopreparations for decomposing crop residues, clearer instructions on their use, and further research on the overall impact of biopreparations on the soil metabolome and optimal conditions for their application were indicated. Moreover, manufacturers should prioritize the development of high‐quality products that meet the needs of farmers and address concerns about environmental impact and public acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although disturbance is considered a major driver of plant invasions across many systems, our understanding of the mechanisms by which disturbance mediates understorey invasions in natural forests is limited.We used a national natural forest inventory dataset spanning New Zealand's wide climatic and soil fertility gradients to disentangle disturbance‐mediated community characteristics driving abundance, species richness and functional composition of understorey plant invasions.Disturbance‐mediated declines in canopy tree abundance and increases in soil fertility and pH increased non‐native plant richness and cover relative to co‐occurring native plant assemblages. Cover of non‐native species also increased with proximity to anthropogenic land cover.Non‐native plant assemblages had higher community‐weighted mean (CWM) values for specific leaf area (SLA) but lower CWM values for height and woodiness relative to native assemblages irrespective of disturbance. However, greater nearby anthropogenic land cover drove increased woodiness in non‐native assemblages but decreased woodiness in co‐occurring native assemblages.Synthesis: Our study provides the first national‐scale evidence that canopy disturbance effects on soil properties increase both richness and abundance of non‐native plants in natural forest understories. We also revealed functional trait differences between native and non‐native assemblages (SLA in particular), which could alter fundamental forest ecosystem processes like litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Finally, landscape‐scale anthropogenic impacts may exacerbate forest invasions by increasing non‐native abundance and favouring woody invaders, which may achieve dominance in future forest communities over the longer‐term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical fertilizers can improve crop productivity, but irrational fertilization often results in low crop quality and yield, poor soil fertility, and severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted with a close focus on the cultivation of radish in high mountain regions, a widely cultivated root vegetable known for its nutritional value and economic importance. Here, a method of reducing chemical fertilizers combined with the application of organic fertilizers is proposed upon studying four different ratios of chemical and organic fertilizers, including control (375 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer) and combinations (T1: 12% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T2: 20% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T3: 28% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer). Their effects on radish quality, yield, and soil environment were investigated. Compared with the control group, T2 significantly increased radish yield by 12.92% and improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, sulforaphane soluble solids, and titratable acidity in the radish roots by 10.62%, 2.15%, 50.00%, 26.90%, and 43.90%, respectively. The soil nutrient content was increased by the T2 treatment, with a 7.69% and 14.29% increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, soil urease activity, sucrase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and catalase activity were significantly enhanced by the T2 treatment, showing an improvement of 11.13%, 44.30%, 26.41%, and 9.33% compared with the control, respectively (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was increased in the T2 treatment, potentially helping to maintain better soil health and long-term fertility. In summary, a promising fertilizer management strategy is herein unveiled through the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the application of organic fertilizer that not only improves radish yield and quality but also optimizes the soil environment, providing an effective means for sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt-affected soils are a prevalent issue globally, resulting in a severe degradation of soil sustainability and plant productivity, reducing the area of agricultural land, and affecting food security. Therefore, eco-solutions and remediation approaches are needed. The needed remediation for salt-affected soil can be addressed via engineering, physical, chemical, or biological techniques. Salt-tolerant crops are normally used for the remediation of slight and moderate saline soil conditions. However, no crops, including salt-tolerant crops, can be cultivated in areas with extreme salinity levels (ECe 8–16 dS/m). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vermicompost and organic amendment on the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops (Sesbania rostrata) in severely salt-affected soil under field conditions in order to improve saline soil and crop productivity. The design of the experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments and four replications: T1, severely salt-affected soil (control); T2, severely salt-affected soil + vermicompost at a ratio of 25:75; T3, severely salt-affected soil + vermicompost + rice husk biochar + coconut coir at a ratio of 25:25:25:25. The results found that using vermicompost and organic amendment improved the soil quality, increased the soil fertility (organic matter and plant nutrients N, P, and K), and reduced the soil salinity. Sesbania rostrate could not grow in severely salt-affected soil (T1) alone, but could grow in the treatments with vermicompost and organic amendments (T2 and T3). The percentage of Sesbania survival per plot was also high in the treatments with vermicompost and organic amendments (T2 and T3). The highest growth rate, flower production, biomass, and root morphology of Sesbania rostrata were found in T3, with severely salt-affected soil + vermicompost + rice husk biochar + coconut coir at a ratio of 25:25:25:25 with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Moreover, the Sesbania flowers treated with vermicompost and organic amendments have a higher nutritional value due to their minerals and vitamins than Sesbania flowers grown without using vermicompost and organic amendments. This study's findings suggest that incorporating vermicompost and organic amendments is a feasible and economical method for enhancing the quality of salt-affected soils in a sustainable manner. The results of this study demonstrate that utilizing vermicompost and organic amendments is a sustainable and economical strategy for enhancing the quality of salt-affected soils and improving yields in severely salt-affected areas, thereby increasing crop production and the nutritional value of the plants as well as helping to increase farmers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil of plants facilitate the cycling of nutrient elements in the rhizosphere and regulate soil fertility. By analyzing the microecological structure of rhizosphere soil surrounding wild celery, we can provide a basis for the bionic cultivation of wild celery. In this experiment, rhizosphere soil samples from various wild celery varieties in Jilin Province were used as test materials, and high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze and compare the rhizosphere bacterial community structures of these samples. After screening and removing chimeric sequences, a total of 1,020,108 high-quality sequences were obtained. Species classification results revealed that these bacteria encompassed 60 phyla, 183 classes, 431 orders, 702 families, and 1619 genera. There were certain differences in the composition and structure of bacterial communities among different rhizosphere soil samples. According to the richness indices, the performance order among samples was Tonghua water celery > Linjiang large-leaf celery > Linjiang old mountain celery > Tonghua large-leaf celery > Jiangyuan large-leaf celery > Tonghua old mountain celery > Linjiang water celery > artificially cultivated wild large-leaf celery > Huadian large-leaf celery > Huadian small-leaf celery > Dongfeng water celery > Jiangyuan old mountain celery. Among all bacterial communities, Pseudomonadota (37.79–22.48%) had the highest relative abundance across different regions, followed by Acidobacteriota (17.97–13.51%). RDA analysis indicated that soil pH, available phosphorus, available potassium, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the celery rhizosphere were the primary factors influencing changes in bacterial communities. Based on the experimental analysis, it was demonstrated that there were differences in rhizosphere soil bacterial community diversity and composition among Tonghua large-leaf celery, Linjiang large-leaf celery, Jiangyuan large-leaf celery, Huadian large-leaf celery, Tonghua old mountain celery, Linjiang old mountain celery, Jiangyuan old mountain celery, Tonghua water celery, Linjiang water celery, Dongfeng water celery, Huadian small-leaf celery, and artificially cultivated wild large-leaf celery in Jilin Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the effects of different additives on the improvement of newly cultivated farmland in mountainous areas can provide rational soil fertilization plans for regions lacking means of production. We conducted a paddy planting experiment in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province. Six treatments were set up, including sole chemical fertilizer (CK); fertilizer + bacteria agent (NB); chemical fertilizer + alginate bio-organic fertilizer (NO); fertilizer + fulvic acid biomass nutrient solution (NF); chemical fertilizer + acid soil conditioner (NC); fertilizer + silicon–calcium–magnesium–potassium fertilizer (NSi). We collected topsoil samples after paddy harvest, analyzed their physical, chemical, and biological properties, and selected indicators to construct a Total Data Set (TDS) and a Minimum Data Set (MDS). The Soil Quality Index (SQI) was used to evaluate the soil improvement effects after different fertilization regimes. The SQI calculated by the TDS and the MDS showed that the SQI after NF treatment was higher than that under other treatments. The SQI based on the TDS (SQITDS) and the SQI based on the MDS (SQIMDS) were significantly positively correlated with yield. The SQI calculated based on both the TDS and the MDS can objectively reflect the soil fertility quality. The paddy yield and total dry matter accumulation were the highest under the NF treatment, and the SQI was the largest. Thus, the effect of chemical fertilizer combined with fulvic acid biomass nutrient solution on soil fertility was the most significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) have been shown to be an ecofriendly alternative for promoting plant growth. However, the mechanisms by which SynCom inoculants drive plant growth promotion in rhizosphere soil are still not fully explored. Herein, we designed a three-strain consortium based on the biocompatibility among strains and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The consortium containing Bacillus safensis 5-49, Bacillus stratosphericus 5-54, and Bacillus halotolerans 6-30 possessed a synergistic effect on IAA production and biofilm formation. Genetic analysis suggested that IAA was synthesized through tryptophan-dependent pathways in the strains. The consortium outperformed the plant growth-promoting effect observed with single strains, showing an increase in walnut (Juglans regia) seedling dry weight by 92.3% over the non-inoculated plants after 60 days of cultivation. This effect was underpinned by the synergistic interactions of the consortium, which was evidenced by the significantly increased relative abundance of Bacillus and tryptophan metabolism-associated genes in the rhizosphere of consortium-inoculated plants. Meanwhile, the consortium increased the relative abundance of indigenous Pseudomonas in rhizosphere soil, providing a synergistic effect on improving soil enzyme activities and thus available nutrients. The available N, P, and K contents in the consortium-inoculated plant rhizosphere were 3.77–28.4% higher than those in non-inoculated samples. This work provided an efficient bacterial consortium and proposed the mode of action by which this consortium improved plant growth and soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen fertilizer is the most frequently used fertilizer in the cultivation of medicinal plants, and has a significant contribution to their yields and quality. Yet, there is biased and excessive N application in medicinal crops. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the recommended N application concentrations for diverse medicinal species and disentangle the intricate relationships between soil fertility, N application rate (NAR), and the quality/yield of medicinal crops. We first characterized 179 medicinal species and 7 classes of phytometabolites therein, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, alkaloids, etc., reported during the past three decades from the phylogenetic and spatial perspectives. The relationships between soil fertility, NAR, and medicinal crops were then subjected to statistical analyses. The pharmaco-phylogenetic and geographic distributions of NAR suggest that the impact of ecological/environmental factors on the N demand of medicinal plants was much greater than that of genetic endowments. We found that different medicinal species were distinct in N demand, which is related to soil fertility levels in different production areas. The NAR reported by China, 215.6 ± 18.6 kg/ha, was higher than that of other countries (152.2 ± 20.3 kg/ha; p = 0.023). Moderate N application generally increases the yield and phytometabolite content of medicinal crops, but excessive N application has the opposite effect. It is necessary to plan N concentration and formula fertilization on a case-by-case basis and with reference to empirical research. Our results provide baseline information and references for the rational application of N fertilizer in the precision agriculture of medicinal crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Chernozems are among the most fertile soils in the world, the study of their degradation is of great interest. However, the microstructure and composition of the soil organic matter (SOM) in eroded Chernozems have not yet been sufficiently studied. We studied the SOM and aggregate states of eroded Chernozems using the example of two catenas with arable Haplic Chernozems in the Kursk region of Russia. In the plow horizons (the part of the soil most susceptible to water erosion), we determined the mean-weighted aggregate diameter (MWD), structure and water stability coefficients (SC and WS; dry and wet sieving, respectively), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and SOM composition and content (qualitative and quantitative micromorphological analyses, respectively). It was shown that with an increase in the degree of erosion, the content of SOC decreased significantly, according to both chemical and micromorphological methods of evaluation. No significant relationships were found between the degree of erosion and the indicators of the structure (except for WS, which was significantly lower in non-eroded Chernozem than in slightly and moderately eroded soils). With the increasing degree of erosion, the humus state of these soils deteriorates at the microlevel, the intensity of humification decreases, the depth of the appearance of assimilated biogenic aggregates with finely dispersed calcite in the profile increases, the structure is destroyed, lumpy aggregates form, and the proportion of planar voids increases. The downslope transport of the soil solid phase under the impact of erosion is accompanied by the accumulation of the transformation products of carbohydrates in the Chernozems in the lower part of the catena. In the Chernozems located in the transit position of the slope, the composition of SOM is characterized by the predominance of lipids and nitrogen-containing compounds. Our unique results contribute to a deeper understanding of the formation of structure and water resistance in eroded soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]