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This article aims to use passive flow control to analyze the transportation of heat, mass, and charged particles toward a 3D plate. The current problem offers a novel exploration of the flexible domain of non-Newtonian materials, which are well known for their wide range of applications in the engineering and industrial domains. The current study explores the complex dynamics of heat and mass transfer in a fluid that flows over an elongating sheet. The motion of the nanofluid on the surface is caused by the stretching of the 3D plate. The suspension of mixtures of tetra-hybrid nanoparticles can enhance thermal performance and cooling mechanism. Moreover, the 3D model includes modeling of multiple important parameters, such as heat source, thermal radiation, and Hall and Ion slip effects, in Cartesian coordinates for a three-dimensional stretched plate. This comprehensive analysis of various effects offers a new perspective to the field. Partial differential equations represent the emergent phenomena in the problem formulation process. It was estimated that an enhancement of charged particles and motion regarding nanoparticles is enhanced versus an enhancement of charged particles. With the greater power law index, suction, and Weissenberg number, the acceleration of nanoparticles is enhanced.

This investigation takes into account the flow of a hybrid copper–molybdenum disulfide (Cu–MoS2)\left({\rm{Cu}}{\rm{\mbox{--}}}{{\rm{MoS}}}_{2})/water nanofluid across a plane flat surface that has been nonlinearly extended in lateral directions. Suitable boundary conditions are used to characterize the nonlinear variants in the velocity and temperature profile of the sheet. The innovative aspect of this work is to examine the impact of thermal conductivity on temperature and entropy across an extended surface using hybrid nanofluids. We obtain numerical techniques of modified boundary layer ordinary differential equations using the effective and reliable optimal homotopy analysis technique (OHAM). A graphic depiction of the influence of several parameters is shown. In this case, the hybrid model takes into account 0.010.01 of copper (Cu)\left({\rm{Cu}}) and 0.010.01 of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2){({\rm{MoS}}}_{2}) nanoparticles within base fluid water. The second principle of thermodynamics is used to compute the irreversibility factor. The performance of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid was compared for pivotal velocity, temperature profile, and entropy formation. The estimated skin friction and Nusselt number are the significant physical parameters. It can be observed that when the values of the stretching rate ratio and power index law increase, the skin friction increases, but it can have the opposite behavior compared to the Nusselt number.

This article presents a higher-order circular intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting method for predicting the stock change index, which is shown to be an improvement over traditional time series forecasting methods. The method is based on the principles of circular intuitionistic fuzzy set theory. It uses both positive and negative membership values and a circular radius to handle uncertainty and imprecision in the data. The circularity of the time series is also taken into consideration, leading to more accurate and robust forecasts. The higher-order forecasting capability of this method provides more comprehensive predictions compared to previous methods. One of the key challenges we face when using the amount featured as a case study in our article to project the future value of ratings is the influence of the stock market index. Through rigorous experiments and comparison with traditional time series forecasting methods, the results of the study demonstrate that the proposed higher-order circular intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting method is a superior approach for predicting the stock change index.

The emergences of silicon-based photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides and two-dimensional (2D) PhC line-defect optical cavities have revolutionized the field of integrated photonics. In this paper, we design and fabricate a high-quality (high-Q) 2D silicon-based PhC optical cavity with integrated waveguides. We employ the 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to simulate the cavity, considering two different thicknesses: 0.5 μm and 0.25 μm. By optimizing the line-defect and air-slot widths for the integrated PhC waveguides, we are able to achieve remarkable Q-factors for the PhC optical cavity. With a silicon thickness of 0.5 μm, the high-Q achieves an impressively high value of 8.01 × 106, while at a silicon thickness of 0.25 μm, it achieves 1.91 × 107. This research highlights the importance of design optimization and fabrication techniques in achieving high-Q optical devices using PhC and silicon-based structures.

Researching the problems with blockchain regulation is crucial.In view of this, CHA (cross-chain based hierarchical architecture) was proposed to address the problems in blockchain regulatory, and a “chain of custody-business chain” cross-chain collaboration chain-based regulatory model was designed.The decentralized of information system regulatory was improved by building a decentralized governance chain, which realized regulatory by separating the strategy layer from the regulatory layer and the business layer, and achieved separation of regulatory behavior and regulatory technology, thus ensuring the versatility of the blockchain regulatory structure.Finally, the distributed feasibility of the regulatory framework is demonstrated through a formal analysis method, and then the technical feasibility of the scheme in terms of cross-chain regulatory reliability, general feasibility and scalability applicable to different regulatory services are proved.

In this paper, to fully understand the influence of nanofabrication error issues on the lithium-niobate-based device, the systematic simulations and optimizations of lithium-niobate-based photonic crystal (PhC) optomechanical cavity considering the material dispersion and inclination angle of PhC air hole are investigated in details. The structural parameter influences on the PhC band gap, the line defected waveguide transmission characteristics, the optical resonant wavelength of the PhC microcavity, and the mechanical resonant frequency are all discussed. The effects of the simulation methods on the PhC band gap are investigated as well. And finally, the opto-mechanical coupling rate of the lithium-niobate-based PhC optomechanical cavity structure is calculated. Such obtained results can help researchers to precisely design the required optomechanical cavity for specific applications.

The mathematical modeling of hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer with entropy generation toward parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) inside the solar-powered ship (SPS) is performed. The mathematical model used non-Newtonian Oldroyd-B model amidst a constant inclined magnetic field influence is being considered. The mathematical model is then reduced by adopting appropriate similarity transformation into a higher-order nonlinear differential equations system. The reduced model is computed using the well-known technique called the Keller Box scheme. Physical parameters effectiveness, for instance, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, hybrid nanoparticles, and Joule heating, is displayed in graphs. The silver-ethylene glycol (Ag-EG) characteristic performance outperformed the silver-magnetite-ethylene glycol (Ag-Fe3O4/EG). The maximum efficiency of Ag-EG is about 26.3%, while the minimum is at least 5.6%.

The aim of this work was to study the enhancement of thermal transportation in Carreau Yasuda liquid passed over a vertical surface in the presence of magnetic dipole. A mixture of tri-hybrid nanoparticles (Al2O3,MoS3, TiO3){\text{(Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}\text{,}\hspace{.25em}{\text{MoS}}_{3}{\text{, TiO}}_{3}\text{)} is inserted into the Carreau Yasuda liquid. The transport phenomenon of heat is derived in the presence of heat source/sink contribution. The concept boundary layer theory is engaged to derive the mathematical expression for momentum and energy in the form of coupled partial differential equations. The derivations are transformed into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of suitable similarity transformation. These converted ODEs have been handled numerically via finite element method. The grid-independent analysis is established for 300 elements. The impact of numerous involved parameters on temperature and velocity solution is plotted and their contribution is recorded. Temperature profile is inclined versus the higher values of heat generation and viscous dissipation numbers while thermal layers are also increasing the behavior. A vital role of magnetic dipole is examined to raise the production of thermal layers but declination is noticed in flow profile.

Several industrial applications include the use of nanoparticles in base fluids to improve the thermal performance of numerous mechanisms. The current inspection covers the investigation of trihybrid nanoparticles mixed in the cross-fluid model part of a rotating stretched surface in the presence of a heat source/sink, radiation effect, and nonlinear/linear convection. A trihybrid fluid is a unique type of fluid that surpasses hybrid nanofluids, conventional fluids, and nanofluids. Moreover, acetone and engine oil interchange energy in comparison to other liquids. Trihybrid fluids are now widely used in facilities such as electrical chillers, biotechnology, power pumps, the automotive industry, and air cleaners. The flow presenting model equations are derived in a rotating frame to study the momentum and thermal transportation in a nanofluid. The modeled problem was simplified by considering the boundary layer principle, which resulted in the formation of complex coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The derived PDEs were converted into the corresponding nonlinear ODEs using suitable similarity transformations. Then, the converted ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were solved numerically via a strong and authentic procedure called finite element procedure from the current inspection; it is recoded that finite element method is a powerful method to handle complex problems arising in modeling of several mechanisms.

This research is conducted to investigate heat and mass transport past over a stretched surface having pores in a pseudo-plastic model. To study porosity effect, Darcy Forchheimer relation is used. Thermal and mass transport expressions are derived by engaging the double diffusion theories as extensively used by researchers proposed by Cattaneo and Christov. Furthermore, the thermal performance is studied by mixing the tri-hybrid nanoparticles in a pseudo-plastic material. The phenomenon of boundary layer is used to derive the complex model. The correlation for tri-hybrid nanoparticles is used to convert the model partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations (ODE) along with appropriate similarity transformation. The transfigured ODEs are coupled nonlinear in nature, and the exact solution is not possible. To approximate the solution numerically, finite element scheme (FES) is used and code is developed in MAPLE 18.0 for the graphical results, grid independent survey, and tabular results. The obtained results are compared with the published findings that confirm the accuracy and authenticity of the solution and engaged scheme. From the performed analysis, it is concluded that FES can be applied to complex engineering problems. Furthermore, it is monitored that nanoparticles are essential to boost the thermal performance and higher estimation of Schmidt number control the mass diffusion.

In this article, thin film flow of non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic fluid is investigated on a vertical wall through homotopy-based scheme along with fractional calculus. Three cases were examined after considering (i) partial fractional differential equation (PFDE) by altering first-order derivative to fractional derivative in the interval (0, 1), (ii) PFDE by altering second-order derivative to fractional derivative in the interval (1, 2), and (iii) fully FDE by altering first-order derivative to fractional derivative in (0, 1) and second-order derivative to fractional derivative in (1, 2). Different physical quantities such as the velocity profile and volume flux were computed and analyzed. Validity of obtained results was checked by finding residuals. Moreover, consequence of different parameters on the velocity were also explored in fractional space.

Crack growth is a major cause of failure in structures that are made using cement and concrete. Healing of these cracks can increase the life span of structures. In the present study micro-organism based self-healing of structures is studied. A commonly occurring micro-organism bacterium called Bacillus Subtilis, is used in the manufacturing of cement mortar blocks as a self-healing agent for cement mortar blocks, with the use of Calcium Lactate as feed for bacteria. In the first step, colonies of Bacillus Subtilis were grown and added with calcium lactate to produce a solution. The solution was then kept for one week to observe the metabolic product of Bacillus Subtilis. It was found that the bacterial product was composed of CaCO3 and thus the bacteria is suitable to be used as self-healing agent. Self-healing cement mortar blocks were made by adding Bacteria and Calcium Lactate with usual ingredients of cement mortar, i.e. cement, sand and water. It was found that the bacteria were also effective in converting Calcium Lactate to Calcium Carbonate, when mixed in cement mortar blocks. It was observed that the pores of cement mortar blocks were filled by Calcium Carbonate and that cracks get healed by the deposition of Calcium Carbonate in the cracks. Cement mortar blocks, with and without healing agent, were made to compare the effect of curing time. The samples were tested after seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days to compare the effect of healing agent. All the samples with the healing agent showed a higher compressive strength in comparison with the samples that were made without healing agent. Different percentages of Calcium Lactate, ranging from 1-7% were also used to find the best composition for future use. It was found that the compressive strength was increasing up to 5% while above 5% the increase was marginal thus it is proposed that Calcium Lactate should be used in between 5-7 % to reduce the cost of self-healing cement in construction industry.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) exhibits several desirable characteristics, but it still lacks osteoinduction, which is a necessary requirement for a bone scaffold. HA-based composites with different amounts of Bioglass® (BG) were prepared using spark plasma sintering (SPS). Careful selection of the SPS parameters avoided undesirable reactions between the calcium phosphate (CaP) and bioglass (BG present in the form of powder and fibres), as confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images of the composite scaffolds revealed a fibre like appearance of the glassy region. The in vitro bioactivity and biodegradation analyses were performed by immersing the composites in simulated body fluid (SBF) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), respectively. The ability to obtain only the CaP phase and glassy phase with desirable bioactive and biodegradation behaviour, indicated that these SPS scaffolds can be employed as bone scaffolds for clinical trials, after further in vivo analyses.

Cement mortar, which is one of the most useful materials for construction applications, can deteriorate its performance by developing cracks. In order to cope with this issue, the materials’ scientist came forward with a unique biogeochemical phenomenon in which cement mortar can selfheal its crack autonomously using calcium carbonate precipitating bacteria and their feed. In this research, it was intended to study the separate and combined effect of Bacillus Subtilis (bacteria) and Calcium Lactate (feed) on the properties of conventional mortar. Cement mortars were made using conventional method and cast in the form of cylinders. Four types of samples were taken. Sample-N contains only cement and sand, Sample-B was made by addition of bacteria Bacillus Subtilis with sand and cement, Sample-C contains Calcium Lactate which is usually used as feed for Bacteria while the last sample ‘BC’ have both Bacteria as well as Calcium Lactate. The samples were observed up to 44 days for their surface characteristics and compressive strength. The Sample-N and B did not show any remarkable change in their surface appearance with respect to curing time. Sample-C and BC did show the precipitation of CaCO3 but the Sample-C precipitation was stopped soon while for Sample-BC, the precipitation was continued for a longer time. The Sample-BC showed the highest compressive strength (approximately 17.57 MPa), followed by Sample-N (approximately 13.32 MPa), Sample-B (approximately 11.04 MPa) while Sample-C displayed lowest strength (approximately 2.75 MPa). This gives an idea that Calcium Lactate which acts as feed for bacteria has the negative effect on the strength if not consumed and converted into CaCO3.

This study reports the thermal analysis and species transport to manifest non-Newtonian materials flowing over linear stretch sheets. The heat transfer phenomenon is presented by the Cattaneo–Christov definition of heat flux. Mass transportation is modeled using traditional Fick’s second law. In addition, the contribution of Joule heating and radiation to thermal transmission is also considered. Thermo-diffusion and diffusion-thermo are significant contributions involved in thermal transmission and species. The physical depiction of the scenario under consideration is modeled through the boundary layer approach. Similar analysis has been made to convert the PDE model system into the respective ODE. Then, the transformed physical expressions are calculated for momentum, thermal, and species transport within the boundary layer. The reported study is a novel contribution due to the combined comportment of thermal relaxation time, radiation, Joule heating, and thermo-diffusion, which are not yet explored. Several engineering systems are based on their applications and utilization.

This article addresses the effects of thermal radiation, stratification, and Joule heating for the flow of magnetohydrodynamics Sutterby nanofluid past over a stretching cylinder. The transport phenomenon of heat and mass are modeled under temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficients, respectively. Moreover, traditional Fourier and Fick’s laws have been implemented in thermal and mass transport expressions. The governing model that consists of a set of coupled partial differential equations is converted into system of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations via suitable similarity transformations. The resulting set of expressions is analytically treated through an optimal homotopy scheme. The effects of different dimensionless flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are illustrated through graphs. The patterns of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are examined via bar charts. The major outcome of the proposed study is that variable thermal conductivity decays the temperature and radiation raises the temperature of the system. Stratification parameters show the reverse behavior for temperature and concentration boundary layers. Shear rate-dependent rheology in view of Sutterby liquid has the ability to reduce the flow of fluid. Therefore, the ability of flow in rheology of Sutterby liquid becomes reduced. Consequently, layer of momentum boundary has increased with respect to parameter of Sutterby liquid.

Aim: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis, but compositions of microorganisms have been inconsistent in previous studies due to the different types of specimens. We investigated the microbiomes and resistomes of CRC patients with colonic biopsy tissue and intestinal lavage fluid (IVF).Methods: Paired samples (biopsy tissue and IVF) were collected from 20 patients with CRC, and their gut microbiomes and resistomes were measured by shotgun metagenomics. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Bioinformatics (KneadData, Kraken2, and FMAP) and statistical analysis were done using the R (v4.0.2) software.Results: Bacterial diversity in IVF was higher than in tissue samples, and bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were 2,757 in IVF vs. 197 in tissue. β-diversity showed distinct clusters in paired samples. The predominant bacteria in IVF were phylum Proteobacteria, while the predominant bacteria of tissue were phylum Actinobacteria. Twenty-seven representative bacteria were selected to form six bacterial clusters, which showed only Firmicutes Cluster 1, and the Bacteroidetes Cluster 1 were significantly more abundant in the IVF group than those in the tissue group (p < 0.05). The Firmicutes Cluster 2, Bacteroidetes Cluster 2, Pathogen Cluster, and Prevotella Cluster were not significantly different between IVF and tissue (p > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that some bacteria could have effects on metabolic and inflammatory parameters of CRC patients. A total of 1,295 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected in the gut microbiomes, which conferred multidrug resistance, as well as resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and more. Co-occurrence patterns revealed by the network showed mainly ARG-carrying bacteria to be similar between IVF and tissue, but leading bacteria located in the hub differed between IVF and tissue.Conclusion: Heterogeneity of microbiota is particularly evident when studied with IVF and tissue samples, but bacterial clusters that have close relationships with CRC carcinogenesis are not significantly different, using IVF as an alternative to tissue for gut microbiome, and resistome assessment may be a feasible method.

We present a novel technique to distinguish between an original image and its histogram equalized version. Histogram equalization and superpixel segmentation such as SLIC (simple linear iterative clustering) are very popular image processing tools. Based on these two concepts, we introduce a method for finding whether an image (grayscale) is histogram equalized or not. Because sometimes we see images that look visually similar but they are actually processed or changed by some image enhancement process such as histogram equalization. We can merely infer whether the image is dark, bright or has a small dynamic range. Moreover, we also compare the result of SLIC superpixels with three other superpixel segmentation algorithms namely, quick shift, watersheds, and Felzenszwalb’s segmentation algorithm

Introduction: Despite the advancements in the field, there is a lack of data when it comes to co-infections in poultry. Therefore, this study was designed to address this issue. Material and Methods: Broiler birds were experimentally infected with E. coli (O78) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain, alone or in combination. The experimental groups were negative control. Results: The infected birds showed most severe clinical signs in E. coli+LPAI group along with a significant decrease in weight and enhanced macroscopic and microscopic pathological lesions. The survival rate was 60%, 84%, and 100% in birds inoculated with E. coli+LPAI, E. coli, and LPAI virus alone, respectively. The results showed that experimental co-infection with E. coli and H9N2 strain of LPAI virus increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate, and gross lesions. The HI titre against LPAI virus infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titre of LPAI group, which may indicate that E. coli may promote propagation of H9N2 LPAI virus by alteration of immune response. Conclusion: The present study revealed that co-infection with E. coli and H9N2 LPAI virus caused more serious synergistic pathogenic effects and indicates the role of both pathogens as complicating factors in poultry infections.

This study focuses on the impact of managerial competencies upon employee performance within the context of managing technology incubators and science parks in Iran, Western Asia. Set during the pandemic in Iran, it contributes to management studies by exploring the mediating role of entrepreneurship and social capital. Data were collected by survey and analyzed using Amos software. Findings show that, firstly, managerial attention to macro issues (including systems approach, strategic management, participatory management, and resource management) has considerable impact on organizational performance. Secondly, that social capital plays a prominent role in improving the performance of the organization. Third, that disruption in intra-organizational relationships reduces the quality and efficiency of the organization, and has the effect of weakening the organization in times of crisis or in the face of forced unprecedented changes that are out of control, including the pandemic. This research serves as a reminder to alert managers of the importance of employee participation and creativity in teamwork. [The publication year (2022) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct publication year is 2023.]

Watershed water environment governance has always been a research hotspot in the field of transboundary governance. Based on evolutionary game theory, the regional governments of East Dongting Lake, West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake were taken as participants to construct a tripartite game model, and the game evolution strategies under unconstrained and constrained conditions were explored respectively, so as to analyze the influencing factors of the construction of synergistic mechanism of water environment governance in Dongting Lake Basin. The results show that: (1) Under the unconstrained condition, the stable strategy of the evolutionary game is “two parties govern, one party does not govern”. However, without intervention of external restraint measures for a long time, the players keep learning and improving according to the game results, and the final synergy mechanism cannot be achieved. (2) Under constraint conditions, the composition of synergistic mechanism mainly depends on the size of ecological compensation and punishment given by the superior government and the duration of constraint by the superior government.

Introduction: Leptospirosis affects a wide range of mammals, humans, and even a few poikilothermic animal species. In Pakistan, serological studies of equine leptospirosis have reported a prevalence of over 40%, but no study has ever been conducted towards molecular detection of Leptospira in horses. Material and Methods: Blood samples from 128 horses were screened using ELISA and 41 positive samples were examined for the presence of leptospiral DNA using specific primers for 16S rRNA gene. Results: Out of 41 tested samples, 20 samples were found to be PCR-positive, revealing a fragment of 306 bp after gel electrophoresis. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples revealed circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Pakistani horses. No evidence of circulation of intermediate species was found in this study. Conclusion: This study reports the first molecular evidence of equine leptospirosis in Pakistan and lays ground for further research in this area. It also confirms the efficiency of 16S rRNA for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis.

Common carp Cyprinus carpio was introduced from Thailand to Pakistan in 1964 for the purpose of aquaculture. Due to its high tolerance to temperature and turbidity, and prolific pond breeding habit, it was established promptly in most of natural inland waters, including rivers, lakes, streams, canals, wetlands and even village ponds of the country. Although common carp became one of the most abundant cyprinid species in inland waters and important food fish in Pakistan, its impact is not well documented. Fish farming of common carp has been carried out in Pakistan since 1970; initially it grew slowly but now it is playing an important role in the economy of the country by employing more than 400,000 people. Nowadays, farming of freshwater carps is present throughout Pakistan, especially in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. There is a huge potential in common carp farming and it could help increase the livelihood of people and gross domestic product (GDP) of the country as well. Still, there is a need to improve the fish farming practice to meet the world-class demands that could only be possible by the keen interest of policy makers and stake holders with better management.

Ascites is the pathological accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity. The most common cancers associated with ascites are adenocarcinomas of the ovary, breast, colon, stomach and pancreas. Symptoms include abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, dyspnea, lower extremity edema, weight gain and reduced mobility. There are many potential causes of ascites in cancer patients, including peritoneal carcinomatosis, malignant obstruction of draining lymphatics, portal vein thrombosis, elevated portal venous pressure from cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, nephrotic syndrome and peritoneal infections. Depending on the clinical presentation and expected survival, a diagnostic evaluation is usually indicated as it will impact both prognosis and the treatment approach. Key tests include serum albumin and protein and a simultaneous diagnostic paracentesis, checking ascitic fluid, WBCs, albumin, protein and cytology. Median survival after diagnosis of malignant ascites is in the range of 1 to 4 months; survival is apt to be longer for ovarian and breast cancers if systemic anti-cancer treatments are available.