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Indonesia’s legal system is dynamically developing. Courts and constitutional judges often make legal discoveries to fill in the absence of law or to update existing laws. They do so to suit the most current needs. This condition should be an anomaly in Indonesia’s existing legal system as it applies to the civil law legal system. This research aims to track the roots of Indonesia’s legal system and to discover its development. Indonesia generally applied the civil law system. The practice where judges find and form laws in court is a convergence of the Common Law justice system. This system influences the legal system in Indonesia. In addition, Indonesian laws and regulations also adopted several legal concepts that are commonly found in the Anglo-Saxon legal system or the Common Law, such as Class Action, Citizen Lawsuits, and other concepts.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to analyze the judicial considerations of the dissenting opinion of Constitutional Court judge member Akil Mochtar on Constitutional Court No. 1/PUU-VIII/2010 Against the Judicial Review of Law No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Courts. Methodology: This normative research was based on literary sources. It aimed to discuss the problems that have been formulated to then obtain the expected results. To maximize discussion, this study uses a statute approach and other concepts obtained from literary sources. Results: The dissenting opinion conveyed by judge member Akil Mochtar only discussed the law as a written rule in the application of the law. Meanwhile, the Constitutional Court attempted to find substance in the Constitutional Court's decision. People's need for justice encourages constitutional judges as law enforcers to make various breakthroughs considering that the Constitutional Court's decisions are final and binding and have a general influence on the legal system. Observing the age range of children in Law No. 3 of 1997, which is between 8 and 18 years, legal provisions indirectly consider children in that age range to be able to commit criminal acts so that they can be sentenced like adults. In human development, a person of 8 years is still said to be immature (minderjarig) or still unable to be responsible. They have imperfect knowledge of the causes and consequences of their actions committed. Mistakes and wrongdoing should be considered child delinquency rather than a crime. Applications of this study: This paper can be applied by the Constitutional Court to make betterment to laws that are proposed for review by attempting to find the legal substance. Novelty/ Originality of this study: No previous researchers have studied the dissenting opinion in this decision Keywords: Constitutional Court, Juvenile Court, dissenting opinion, judicial review, legal reasoning. ABSTRAK Tujuan: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertimbangan yuridis atas dissenting opinion anggota hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi Akil Mochtar tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 1/PUU-VIII/2010 Terhadap Uji Materi Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Anak . Metodologi: Penelitian normatif ini didasarkan pada sumber literatur. Hal ini bertujuan untuk membahas masalah yang telah dirumuskan untuk kemudian memperoleh hasil yang diharapkan. Untuk memaksimalkan pembahasan, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan konsep lain yang diperoleh dari sumber normative. Hasil: Dissenting opinion yang disampaikan oleh anggota hakim Akil Mochtar hanya membahas undang-undang sebagai aturan tertulis dalam penerapan undang-undang. Sementara itu, Mahkamah Konstitusi berupaya mencari substansi dalam putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tersebut. Kebutuhan masyarakat akan keadilan mendorong hakim konstitusi sebagai penegak hukum melakukan berbagai terobosan mengingat putusan MK bersifat final dan mengikat serta berpengaruh secara umum terhadap sistem hukum. Mencermati rentang usia anak dalam UU No. 3 Tahun 1997, yaitu antara 8 hingga 18 tahun, ketentuan hukum secara tidak langsung menganggap anak dalam rentang usia tersebut dapat melakukan tindak pidana sehingga dapat dipidana seperti orang dewasa. Dalam perkembangan manusia, seseorang yang berumur 8 tahun masih dikatakan belum dewasa atau masih belum mampu bertanggung jawab. Mereka memiliki pengetahuan yang tidak sempurna tentang sebab dan akibat dari tindakan yang mereka lakukan. Kesalahan harus dianggap sebagai kenakalan anak daripada kejahatan. Kegunaan: Kajian ini dapat digunakan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk melakukan perbaikan terhadap undang-undang yang diajukan untuk diuji dengan mencoba menemukan substansi hukumnya. Kebaruan/ Orisinalitas: Belum ada penelitian sebelumnya yang mempelajari dissenting opinion dalam putusan ini Kata Kunci: Mahkamah Konstitusi, Pengadilan Anak, Dissenting Opinion, Peninjauan Kembali, Penalaran Hukum

That this research aims to find out to what extent the community and stakeholders play a role in eradicating corrupt behavior in order to prevent criminal acts of corruption through non-penal measures. Development as a planned effort for the people's welfare, it has been endeavored as efficiently and as possible as effectively as possible with funds and limited capabilities. However, is in active development held, news emerged about rampant corruption cases, which done with the modus operandi increasingly sophisticated, Corruption and abuse of office is an administrative disease can be eradicated as long as we have strong commitment to handle it.The research method in this case uses the empirical research method by displaying supporting primary and secondary data. The results of the research arecorruption, constitutes abuse and misappropriation, which is committed by state administrators of money or state facilities, this is where the role of the prosecutor can be optimized to carry out administrative action, in the form of prevention that can be optimized to eradicate corruption which is expected to produce more tangible results.

From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban group ruled over Afghanistan before the 2001 World Trade Center bombing in the USA. Then, this group was overthrown by a military invasion that actually served the interests of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO members. After the absence of strong evidence of the involvement of the Taliban in the 2001 WTC bombing, the United States and its allies began to receive internal and international pressure to immediately withdraw from Afghanistan. This invasion led to the death of many American soldiers. Many survivors suffered from mental disorders. Apart from that, the Afghanistan invasion that went on for 20 years greatly burdened the budget, as its financing reached 31 thousand trillion rupiahs. This study used the normative research method. Results showed that the Taliban's return to power does not violate international law. But in terms of human rights, its return will decrease the human rights index of Afghan citizens. This condition is commonplace in authoritarian countries. This is due to the Taliban’s political attitudes that lack respect for women's rights in the modern era. It also lacks concern for civil rights in a modern democratic state

Various efforts were taken by creating a healthy environment for the community. Related to this, Indonesia already has Law No. 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management. Until now, waste management in Indonesia is still using the old paradigm: collect-transport-dispose. In Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, the management of household waste is still not optimal, especially with the lack of public understanding and awareness about the impact of waste that is not managed properly and correctly. There are still many people who throw household waste carelessly at certain points around the edge of the road and this creates an unfavorable view and smells that interfere with breathing in the surrounding environment. Thus, this problem must provide a response from various parties not only by the government and citizens (public), the private sector but also between governments (Kupang City Government and NTT Provincial Government). This can be seen in the lack of synergy between the government's movements and policies in dealing with waste in Kupang City. Handling the waste problem is closely related to environmental problems. If the environmental conditions are clean and healthy, the community will have an impact on public health and environmental pollution. If the community is healthy, the health budget will also be reduced. In this regard, based on Law Number 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, concrete steps to be applied in the implementation of waste management must start from the ministry to the RT level and change people's behavior by throwing garbage not in random places. must be removed. In addition, waste management must be carried out jointly by the government, the community and the private sector by helping to prepare waste transportation facilities because the waste transportation facilities belonging to the government of Kupang City are also limited in number to transport waste in various parts of Kupang City where the amount of waste is very large. The role of the private sector is to help the government by preparing garbage bins or helping to educate the public about the importance of maintaining cleanliness.

Technological advances in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 have a significant impact on the development of social life patterns. In addition, information and communication technology which is developing very rapidly also has a negative impact. Among them is the misuse of internet media as a means of revenge porn, which often occurs within the scope of society. The purpose of this research is to find out how the legal efforts taken by a country in providing legal protection to women who are victims of revenge pornography. The approach method used in this study is a descriptive normative juridical approach, using a statutory approach (State Approach). The data collection method used by the author is to use library research collection methods (library research). The data in this paper are sourced from revelation data and secondary data using qualitative analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is known that actions related to revenge porn can be seen from the production of intimate content which is carried out by recording without permission, hacking intimate content, manipulating content regarding resemblance to someone. So it can be concluded that efforts to provide protection to women victims of revenge porn have been regulated in Law no. 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law no. 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography, but this protection is still considered ineffective and there is not full protection regarding the losses received by the victim.

Human rights are basic rights that are inherent in every human being that cannot be reduced at all. This right can only be taken away through legitimate state institutions and with legitimate legal reasons as well, but the increasingly globalized economic flow, and an increasingly advanced social order and leads to industrialization in all fields, creating many new crime models with an increasing trend, one of them is the crime of human trafficking. They are not only adults who are vulnerable to this crime, but it turns out that children are the most vulnerable to this crime, so that their human rights are threatened in all aspects. This study uses a normative juridical method with only the study of laws and literature. The result of the research is that the laws and regulations protecting the human rights of children from human trafficking crimes are inadequate and tend not to be in sync with one another so that they have not been maximized in realizing protection for child victims of human trafficking

Rape is part of sexual crime in which its evidencing process is rather complicated if the victims do not directly report the case, or if the law-enforcing apparatus are not quick in handling it. Visum et repertum is a medical-aspect report from the doctor after a written demand from the law-enforcing apparatus of authority for the sake of the case investigation and examination in court. Thus, from this definition, visum et repertum can only be proposed by the law enforcers or the authorities such as the police department, the lawyers, or the judges in court to the special doctors who are in charge of that field. The lawyers and the judges may ask for the visum through the police department. This research uses a normative doctrinal method. The research results show that the evidencing process of rape as a criminal act of sexual crime has some different difficulties compared to other general criminal acts. This is because there needs to be visum et repertum which will uncover the perpetrator and the time of occurrence, which will ease the process of searching for and finding the perpetrator. The obstacle of visum et repertum is that its evidencing process is the same as a letter of evidence in the aspect of power.

This research aims to describe the forensic examination in the handling of the sexual crime which happened to an Indonesian migrant worker in Taiwan. It is well known that the level of human rights protection in Taiwan is quite good compared that of the other destination countries for migrant workers. Yet, is the good level of human rights protection balanced also with medical treatment or medical forensic examination of the Indonesian migrant worker sexual crime victim who worked in that country. This research uses a nondoctrinal method. This is because the law is not only a normative theory.Yet, it also views the sociological aspects which happen in the society. The research results show that Taiwan is a country with a worrying rate of sexual crime. Yet, it has underwent good procedures in forensic examination,including in visum et repertum and other examinations for sexual assaults which happened to migrant worker victims. The visum et repertum preliminary examination which applies in Taiwan is done through a special unit which is provided for sexual assault victims. The results are acknowledged as evidences of sexual crime. It will be directly coordinated with the Taiwan special unit of justice for sexual crime.

The Constitutional Court responded to the existence of a debt collector who had been very unsettling by the Constitutional Court by issuing Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 dated January 6, 2020. Based on the request for a judicial review of Law 42/1999 submitted by husband and wife Apriliani Dewi and Suri Agung Prabowo . Apriliani is a fiduciary who experiences direct losses as a result of creditors' withdrawal of the object of fiduciary security in the form of a car. Both applicants are declared to have legal standing in submitting a request for a judicial review. The Constitutional Court granted it with Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. In this decision, the execution mechanism for the fiduciary guarantee object was changed by the Constitutional Court as long as it was not provided voluntarily by the debtor. Previously, the Fiduciary Law allowed creditors to execute the object of fiduciary collateral themselves, but now to carry out the execution, creditors must submit an application to the District Court. However, the implementation of direct execution by the creditor without going through the District Court can be done if the debtor admits that there is a default or default in his agreement with the creditor.

Le dévéloppement de la technologie a forcé le monde de se transformer. Il a changé l’état d’esprit de la société et les modèles d’application de la loi. On ne peut pas nier que le developpement de technologie a influencé les modèles d’application de la loi. Le monde d’application de loi ne peut pas être stagnant. On doit se rappeller que la loi est toujours dynamique. Donc, il faut que l’application de loi impliquer la technologie à l’ère de la société 5.0. C’est absolut. En plus d’être humaniste, le droit doit suivre les envies de la société qui marchent naturellement. Ils souhaitent que l’application de loi soit vite, à droite, et efficace. Alors, on doit convertir l’application de loi dans le système de technologie qui est intergrée avec la base de données. Il peut reduire des actions criminelles et des crimes des officiels qui n’utilisent pas le pouvoir bien. Il peut sauver le budget d’état qui est gonflé pour donner les salaires aux officiels qui ne sont pas efficace en faisant des liens et des fonctions. Cette recherce utilise l’approche normative. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que c’est possible de changer la fonction des officiers chargés de l’application des lois avec le système de technologie intergrée avec la base d’intelligence artificielle. Cette intelligence utilise le grand système de base de données (big data). De plus, on ne peut pas l’éviter parce que c’est une exigence de l’époque.

This article intends to analyze the use of the jury system in the criminal justice system of Indonesia, jury is a form of lay participation or the participation of lay that community of professional non-law in the the role of judges is absolute in the criminal justice process, in the legal system of modern states today dichotomy between legal systems tradition of common law or civil law is fading and towards the tendency make changes conceptually to the criminal justice system, so that the judicial process drab dominated the role of judges is great where law and justice seems to be the monopoly of a judge, the role of judges research using law approach, conceptual, and comparative law. The results of this study is that morality is the essence of a sense of justice in society, morality can not be separated from the law, because morality is is what is considered correct by the general public, so the public will view the law as something that has no authority and can not be trusted, when morality is left in any decision of the judge in criminal judicial institutions that exist, because the inclusion of jury in the criminal justice system to prosecute local is the living law in automatically entered in every decision, every decision so it is possible to better meet the sense of justice in society.Keyword: jury, society, the criminal justice systemAbstrakArtikel ini bermaksud menganalisis mengenai penggunaan sistem peradilan jurypada sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia, jury adalah wujud dari lay participation atau partisipasi awam yaitu masyarakat dari professional non hukum didalam peradilan, untuk memberikan putusan yang lebih memenuhi rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat, untuk menghindari peran hakim yang absolut dalam proses peradilan pidana, dalam sistem hukum negara-negara modern saat ini dikotomi antara sistem hukum tradisi common law atau civil law semakin memudar dan menuju kecenderungan untuk mencampurkan kedua sistem hukum tersebut demi menemukan keadilan substantif dalam proses peradilan. Indonesia tidak pernah melakukan perubahan secara konseptual pada sistem peradilan pidananya, sehingga proses peradilan yang menjemukan yang didominasi peran hakim yang besar dimana hukum dan keadilan seolah-olah aspek hukumnya dalam mengadili, Penelitian hukum ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan hukum. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa moralitas adalah esensi dari rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat, moralitas tidak bisa dipisahkan dari hukum, sebab moralitas adalah adalah apa yang dianggap benar oleh masyarakat secara umum, sehingga masyarakat akan memandang hukum sebagai sesuatu yang tidak memiliki wibawa dan tidak dapat dipercaya, saat moralitas ditinggalkan didalam setiap putusan hakim didalam peradilan pidana. Memasukkanjury didalam sistem peradilan mampu meningkatkan tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap hukum dan institusi peradilan yang ada, sebab dengan dimasukkannya jury didalam sistem peradilan pidana untuk mengadili dalam aspek the living law secara otomatis masuk didalam setiap putusan, sehingga dimungkinkan setiap putusan lebih dapat memenuhi rasa keadilan didalam masyarakat.Kata kunci: jury, masyarakat, sistem peradilan pidana

This article intends to analyze the use of the jury system in the criminal justice system of Indonesia, jury is a form of lay participation or the participation of lay that community of professional non-law in the judiciary, to make decisions which provide a more fulfilling sense of justice in society, in order to avoid the role of judges is absolute in the criminal justice process, in the legal system of modern states today dichotomy between legal systems tradition of common law or civil law is fading and towards the tendency to mix both the legal system in order to find substantive justice in the judicial process. Indonesia never make changes conceptually to the criminal justice system, so that the judicial process drab dominated the role of judges is great where law and justice seems to be the monopoly of a judge, the role of judges becomes absolute in determining aspects of the facts (fact finding) and the legal aspect in judge, legal research using law approach, conceptual, and comparative law. The results of this study is that morality is the essence of a sense of justice in society, morality can not be separated from the law, because morality is is what is considered correct by the general public, so the public will view the law as something that has no authority and can not be trusted, when morality is left in any decision of the judge in criminal justice. Entering jury in the justice system is able to raise the level of public confidence in the legal and judicial institutions that exist, because the inclusion of jury in the criminal justice system to prosecute in the aspect of fact (fact finding) addition will ease the task of the judge also made aspects of morality local is the living law in automatically entered in every decision, every decision so it is possible to better meet the sense of justice in society.