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With the plain text descriptions of design patterns, developers could better learn and understand the definitions and usage scenarios of design patterns. To facilitate the automatic usage of these descriptions, e.g., recommending design patterns by free-text queries, design patterns and natural languages should be adequately associated. Existing studies usually use texts in design pattern books as the representations of design patterns to calculate similarities with the queries. However, this way is problematic. Lots of information of design patterns may be absent from design pattern books and many words would be out of vocabulary due to the content limitation of these books. To overcome these issues, a more comprehensive method should be constructed to estimate the relatedness between design patterns and natural language words. Motivated by Word2Vec, in this study, we propose DPWord2Vec that embeds design patterns and natural language words into vectors simultaneously. We first build a corpus containing more than 400 thousand documents extracted from design pattern books, Wikipedia, and Stack Overflow. Next, we redefine the concept of context window to associate design patterns with words. Then, the design pattern and word vector representations are learnt by leveraging an advanced word embedding method. The learnt design pattern and word vectors can be universally used in textual description based design pattern tasks. An evaluation shows that DPWord2Vec outperforms the baseline algorithms by 17.1%-96.5% in measuring the similarities between design patterns and words in terms of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Moreover, we adopt DPWord2Vec on two typical design pattern tasks. In the design pattern tag recommendation task, the DPWord2Vec based method outperforms two state-of-the-art algorithms by 6.6% and 32.7% respectively when considering Recall@10. In the design pattern selection task, DPWord2Vec improves the existing methods by 6.5%-70.7% in terms of MRR.

Software design patterns are well-known solutions for solving commonly occurring problems in software design. Detecting design patterns used in the code can help to understand the structure and behavior of the software, evaluate the quality of the software, and trace important design decisions. To develop and maintain a software system, we need sufficient knowledge of design decisions and software implementation processes. However, the acquisition of knowledge related to design patterns used in complex software systems is a challenging, time-consuming, and costly task. Therefore, using a suitable method to detect the design patterns used in the code reduces software development and maintenance costs. In this paper, we proposed a new method based on conceptual signatures to improve the accuracy of design pattern detection. So we used the conceptual signatures based on the purpose of patterns to detect the patterns’ instances that conform to the standard structure of patterns, and cover more instances of patterns’ variants and implementation versions of the patterns and improve the accuracy of pattern detection. The proposed method is a specific process in two main phases. In the first phase, the conceptual signature and detection formula for each pattern is determined manually. Then in the second phase, each pattern in the code is detected in a semi-automatic process using the conceptual signature and pattern detection formula. To implement the proposed method, we focused on GoF design patterns and their variants. We evaluated the accuracy of our proposed method on five open-source projects, namely, Junit v3.7, JHotDraw v5.1, QuickUML 2001, JRefactory v2.6.24, and MapperXML v1.9.7. Also, we performed our experiments on a set of source codes containing the instances of GoF design patterns’ variants for a comprehensive and fair evaluation. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed method has improved the accuracy of design pattern detection in the code.

An approach to adding concurrency to an existing undergraduate course should integrate driving problems used in analogies, worked examples, and assignments; amplify the subject/topics of the existing course; and ensure that the addition does not have a negative impact on (a) conceptual focus, and (b) student learning, struggle, and engagement. When concurrency is added to a course covering object-based programming, five related design principles for meeting these, sometimes conflicting, requirements are: (a) analogies, worked examples, and assignments are all implementations of simulations of moving physical objects, (b) the user-interface components of the simulations are created automatically or implemented manually using the MVC design pattern, (c) assignment implementations are layered to follow the logical dependence among concepts, (d) the concurrency aspects of the functional components of the simulations are implemented using reusable loop and design patterns, and (e) students can experiment with concurrency extensions to implementations of worked examples and assignments. We followed these principles in multiple course offerings that added concurrency to two different courses on object-based programming. Our data-based evaluation of these offerings, using new inferencing algorithms, analyzed the number of posts and contributions to class discussion forums; the number of entries in class participation diaries; the number of times an automated test is run before it passes; and the percentage of attempts to implement different aspects of concurrency that yield no success. The results show that adding thread execution and creation, synchronization, and coordination has little or no significant effect on measures of engagement, learning, and struggle.

The Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) is a modular and hierarchical Modeling and Simulation (M&S) formalism based on systems theory that provides a general methodology for the construction of reusable models. Well-defined M&S structures have a positive impact when building simulation models because they can be applied systematically. However, even when DEVS can be used to model routing situations, the structures that emerge from this kind of problem are significant due to the handling of the flow of events. Often, the modeler ends with a lot of simulation models that refer to variants of the same component. The goal of this paper is to analyze the routing process domain from a conceptual modeling perspective through the use of a new DEVS extension called Routed DEVS (RDEVS). The RDEVS formalism is conceptually defined as a subclass of DEVS that manages a set of identified events inside a model network where each node combines a behavioral description with a routing policy. In particular, we study the modeling effort required to solve the M&S of routing problems scenarios employing a comparison between RDEVS modeling solutions and DEVS modeling strategies. Such a comparison is based on measures that promote the capture of the behavioral complexity of the final models. The results obtained highlight the modeling benefits of the RDEVS formalism as a constructor of routing processes. The proposed solution reduces the modeling effort involved in DEVS by specifying the event routing process directly in the RDEVS models using design patterns. The novel contribution is an advance in the understanding of how DEVS as a system modeling formalism supports best practices of software engineering in general and conceptual modeling in particular. The reusability and flexibility of the final simulation models, along with designs with low coupling and high cohesion, are the main benefits of the proposal that improve the M&S task applying a conceptual modeling perspective.

Video games frequently feature 'open world' environments, designed to motivate exploration. Level design patterns are implemented to invoke curiosity and to guide player behavior. However, evidence of the efficacy of such patterns has remained theoretical. This study presents an empirical study of how level design patterns impact curiosity-driven exploration in a 3D open-world video game. 254 participants played a game in an empirical study using a between-subjects factorial design, testing 4 variables: presence or absence of patterns, goal or open-ended, nature and alien aesthetic, and assured or unassured compensation. Data collection consisted of in-game metrics and emotion word prompts as well as post-game questionnaires. Results show that design patterns invoke heightened exploration, but this effect is influenced by the presence of an explicit goal or monetary compensation. There appear to be many motivations behind exploratory behavior in games, with patterns raising expectations in players. A disposition for curiosity (i.e. 'trait curiosity') was not found to influence exploration. We interpret and discuss the impact of the conditions, individual patterns, and player motivations.

[EN] Corporate reports containing non-financial information are the main tool that organisations can use to communicate information concerning their sustainability performance to their stakeholders. The use of graphic media to transmit this information is increasingly present in most of these reports, since people recognise and understand this information more quickly than information represented by text. However, there is not a consensus in the use of icons, colours or forms, etc. for that purpose. The objective of this study is to analyse the way in which organisations are currently communicating sustainability information graphically, in order to identify the existence of common design patterns. To do so, the graphic information included in 80 corporate reports was analysed. A total of 997 icons were identified, grouped in 8 environmental indicators, 19 social indicators, 1 economic indicator and 4 stakeholders. In addition to the concept represented graphically, aspects such as the form of composition, border shape or colour, among others, were analysed. It was found that there is a clear lack of standardisation when communicating the sustainability performance graphically, and also a clear need for a family of icons that allow a direct and unequivocal association of the icon and the corresponding sustainability indicator. This would facilitate the effective and efficient communication of sustainable information through corporate reports., The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Project DPI2017-89451-R) for funding this study.

This work discusses different approaches for the cooperation between humans as a supervisor and multiple unmanned vehicles (UVs). We evaluated the most promising approach experimentally with expert pilots of the German Air Force. The co-agency of humans and highly automated unmanned systems (i.e., human autonomy teaming, HAT) is described by the use of a design and description language for HAT design patterns. This design language is used to differentiate control modes for tasking, teaming, and swarming of UVs. The different control modes are then combined in a planner agent (PA) design pattern that further enables the UV guidance on scalable delegation levels from a single individual up to a team. The desired system behavior and interaction concept of the PA for these scalable delegation levels is then transferred to the domain of manned-unmanned teaming in fighter aircraft missions. To demonstrate the applicability of the system, we implemented the concept into our fast-jet simulator of the Institute of Flight Systems (IFS) and conducted an experimental campaign with expert pilots. The results of the experiment showed (1) task delegation with the PA design pattern is faster and reduces the error potential; (2) scalable delegation levels enable a pilot and situation-specific task delegation; (3) the delegation of teams is faster and reduces the error potential; however, in some situations, deeper access through the scalable delegation levels is needed; (4) the concept is intuitive and the transparency and trust in UVs and swarms were very high; and (5) the pilots could imagine operating such systems in the future. Overall speaking the presented PA design pattern is suited for the guidance of UVs and the scalable delegation levels are beneficial.

Biophilic design is a well-known design philosophy based on human-nature relationships. However, it has not been explored extensively in the Malaysian context and most of the previous studies were based on plants which were not suitable for tropical climate. This paper analyses the application of biophilic design and the usage of local edible and medicinal plants in Baba-Nyonya heritage shophouses’ courtyards in George Town UNESCO World Heritage Site, Penang, Malaysia. The aim of this research is to enhance the human quality of life through biophilic design with local knowledge application in the urban setting. Qualitative method strategies were applied to collect the data: photographic survey, plant inventory and building observation. Three heritage shophouses that had been adaptively reused into contemporary cafes were selected for this study. Significant results showed that Biophilic Design Pattern under the ‘visual connection with nature (P1)’ has been achieved through the application of edible and medicinal plants. Unfortunately, the local knowledge for applying edible and medicinal plants for achieving biophilic design compliance is weak. In the future, a further study is needed to identify the species of local edible and medicinal plants which can be applied in the Baba-Nyonya heritage shophouses courtyards.

IoT systems are required to manage themselves to changes regarding their internal and external contexts. So, adaptability is a very important aspect in IoT software systems. The MAPE (Monitoring, Analysis, Planning, Execution) control loop model, inspired from the autonomic nervous system, has been identified as a crucial element for realizing self-adaptation in software systems. In fact, software design patterns provide architects and developers with reusable software elements helping them to master building complex software systems including several interconnected components. Complex self-adaptive systems require several architectural patterns in their design which leads to the need of architectural pattern composition. In this paper, we focus in modeling adaptability in IoT systems through a set of MAPE design patterns for decentralized control in self-adaptive systems and we propose an approach for composing them using a UML profile. Then, we propose formalizing the composition process using the Event-B method. In addition, we propose verifying adaptation properties based on the resulting formal specification. We illustrate our approach by modeling structural and behavioral features of the hybrid pattern resulting from the composition of two MAPE patterns and applied to the fall-detection ambient assisting living system for elderly people.

Title: Application of Biophilic Design in Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children of Bekasi City Based on data from the National Commission for Women and Children in 2019, Bekasi City occupies the second position in the number of cases of violence against women and children after Jakarta. The response that has been done by the Bekasi City Government is to establish the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) which provides services and psychological recovery for victims. Regarding psychological recovery, researchers agreed that nature plays a major role in the human psychological recovery process. So the design concept of this building is restoration through nature by incorporating natural features in the form of green space into the building. In designing the method applied is through the Biophilic Design approach with 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design as a guide in designing. The results of the research are the application of biophilic design patterns to the landscape, exterior, and interior buildings.

Design patterns are generic solutions to common programming problems. Design patterns represent a typical example of design reuse. However, implementing design patterns can lead to several problems, such as programming overhead and traceability. Existing research introduced several approaches to alleviate the implementation issues of design patterns. Nevertheless, existing approaches pose different implementation restrictions and require programmers to be aware of how design patterns should be implemented. Such approaches make the source code more prone to faults and defects. In addition, existing design pattern implementation approaches limit programmers to apply specific scenarios of design patterns (e.g. class-level), while other approaches require scattering implementation code snippets throughout the program. Such restrictions negatively impact understanding, tracing, or reusing design patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to support the implementation of software design patterns as an extensible Java compiler. Our approach allows developers to use concise, easy-to-use language constructs to apply design patterns in their code. In addition, our approach allows the application of design patterns in different scenarios. We illustrate our approach using three commonly used design patterns, namely Singleton, Observer and Decorator. We show, through illustrative examples, how our design pattern constructs can significantly simplify implementing design patterns in a flexible, reusable and traceable manner. Moreover, our design pattern constructs allow class-level and instance-level implementations of design patterns.

Increased access to mobile devices motivates the need to design communicative visualizations that are responsive to varying screen sizes. However, relatively little design guidance or tooling is currently available to authors. We contribute a detailed characterization of responsive visualization strategies in communication-oriented visualizations, identifying 76 total strategies by analyzing 378 pairs of large screen (LS) and small screen (SS) visualizations from online articles and reports. Our analysis distinguishes between the Targets of responsive visualization, referring to what elements of a design are changed and Actions representing how targets are changed. We identify key trade-offs related to authors' need to maintain graphical density, referring to the amount of information per pixel, while also maintaining the "message" or intended takeaways for users of a visualization. We discuss implications of our findings for future visualization tool design to support responsive transformation of visualization designs, including requirements for automated recommenders for communication-oriented responsive visualizations.

Manufacturing industries are aiming to reduce weight of the products at uncompromised structural performance. Topology optimization is a reliable technique to achieve the improved topologies at minimum material utilization. Nature is known as best manufacturer to bring complex structures with the existed materials. The present research is aimed to identify the constructal design patterns that existed in nature through topology optimization. Structures with different boundary conditions are modeled and optimized using Solid Isotropic Material Penalization (SIMP) method through ANSYS software under structural and thermal loading conditions. The performed case studies revealed that the optimized topologies are very close to the nature inspired patterns.

Creating computing systems able to address our ever-increasing needs, especially as we reach the end of CMOS transistor scaling, will require truly novel methods of computing. However, the traditional logic abstractions and the digital design patterns we understand so well have coevolved with the hardware technology that has embodied them. As we look past CMOS, there is no reason to think that those same abstractions best serve to encapsulate the computational potential inherent to emerging devices. We posit that a new and radically more efficient foundation for computing lies at the intersection of superconductor electronics and delay-coded computation. Building on recent work in race logic, we show that superconducting circuits can naturally compute directly over temporal relationships between pulse arrivals; that the computational relationships between those pulse arrivals can be formalized through a functional extension to a temporal predicate logic used in the verification community; and that the resulting architectures can operate asynchronously and describe real and useful computations. We verify our hypothesis through a combination of detailed analog circuit models and layout designs, a formal analysis of our abstractions, and an evaluation of several superconducting temporal accelerators.

Автоматизированная система управления процессами оценки соответствия основных видов продукции (АСУ ОВП), используемой в системе нефтепроводного транспорта, создана с целью оптимизации оперативных процессов в указанной области. Она позволяет повысить координацию деятельности подразделений, участвующих в оценке соответствия, усовершенствовать порядок рассмотрения технической и эксплуатационной документации, реализовать функции управления и координации при проведении экспертизы, испытаний и инспекционного контроля. При этом постоянное совершенствование процессов оценки соответствия требует незамедлительного отражения возникающих изменений в АСУ ОВП. Авторами представлен опыт применения паттернов проектирования баз данных и клиентского приложения АСУ ОВП. Базы данных АСУ ОВП насчитывают сотни таблиц, в которые вносятся и в которых обновляются десятки тысяч записей в месяц. В качестве среды разработки для АСУ ОВП была выбрана Visual Studio.NET. Основной язык программирования - C#, сочетающий лучшие характеристики императивной и декларативной парадигм программирования. Совмещение разных парадигм повлияло на классическое представление паттернов, вследствие чего в статье приводятся примеры реализации паттернов с учетом современных технологий. Рассмотренные паттерны способствуют повышению эффективности разработки и качества функционирования информационных систем, используемых для автоматизации процессов оценки соответствия продукции. Оптимизированная под конкретные бизнес-процессы информационная система с правильной архитектурой позволит без труда вносить изменения в ходе проведения оценки соответствия и будет оставаться полезной на протяжении длительного времени. The automated control system for conformity assessment processes of the main types of products (ACS MTP) used in the pipeline transportation system is designed to optimize operational processes in this area - it allows to increase coordination of activities of subdivisions involved in assessment, to improve the procedure for the review of technical and operational documentation, to implement management and coordination functions during examination, testing and inspection control. At the same time, the continuous improvement of conformity assessment processes requires the immediate reflection of emerging changes in the ACS MTP. The authors present the experience of applying the database design patterns and the client application of the ACS MTP. The ACS MTP databases contain hundreds of tables in which tens of thousands of records are entered and updated per month. Visual Studio.NET was chosen as the programming environment for the ACS MTP. The main programming language is C#, which combines the best features of imperative and declarative programming paradigms. The combination of different paradigms influenced the classical representation of patterns, as a result of which the article provides examples of the implementation of patterns taking into account the influence of modern technologies. The considered patterns allow increasing the efficiency of development and quality of the operation of information systems used for the automation of conformity assessment processes of products. Information system optimized for specific business processes with the correct architecture will allow you to easily make changes during the conformity assessment and will remain useful for a long time.

The rapid development of the global cultural and creative industry has provided a new stage for the development and innovation of Chinese traditional culture. Cultural creativity has broken the rigid design and production mode of traditional products from the perspective of market and has become the key to improve the economic benefits and competitiveness of traditional products. From the perspective of cultural and creative product design and product development, artificial intelligence technology has been fully utilized at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to compare the traditional design patterns used in product design and understand the new design patterns assisted by artificial intelligence so as to achieve the purpose of process simplification and design innovation more quickly. In this article, traditional graphic patterns and local cultural connotations of the experimental area are taken as the main research points. Through a large number of field investigations and first-hand photo materials, the regional cultural characteristics and local traditional graphic language are analyzed in detail and then summarized. Finally, the examples of development research are summarized and reflected. It is hoped that through the further excavation of the traditional patterns of the region and the exploration of the level of regional culture regeneration, the development of local economy, culture, and tourism can be driven, and a cultural brand that can go out of Anhui province and into the whole country can be built. At the present stage of product research and development, the key is to introduce artificial intelligence means as necessary support and try to infiltrate artificial intelligence measures in the research and development of new products in each link.

The inexorable penetration of software into practically every facet of modern society calls for sophisticated architectural styles, including ones that can support architectures with dynamically shifting structures, which are required to cope with the dynamics of their applications. With the advent of modern Internet-based systems operating in real time, these types of systems are becoming more widespread. Unfortunately, to date there has been insufficient theoretical work on suitable architectural design patterns for such systems. This work describes two such patterns: the dynamic part pattern and the dynamic role pattern, both of which have been proven in earlier-generation dynamic real-time systems. In addition to describing the form and semantics of these design patterns, this work proposes a notational form suitable for specifying them in component-and-connector-style architecture description languages in a clear and unambiguous manner. The practical application of the two patterns is illustrated using a running example.

Time plays a major role in the specification of Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) behavior with concurrency, timeliness, asynchrony, and resource limits as their main characteristics. In addition to timeliness , the specification of CPS needs to assess and unambiguously define its behavior with respect to the other Quality-of-Information (QoI) properties: (1) Correctness, (2) Completeness, (3) Consistency, and (4) Accuracy. Very often, CPS need to handle these QoI properties, and any combination thereof, multiple times when performing computation and communication processes. However, a model-driven and systematic approach to specify CPS behavior that jointly considers combined QoI aspects is possible but missing in existing methodologies. As the first contribution of this work, we provide an extension to an established model of computation (MoC) based on “Functions driven by Finite State Machine” (FunState) to enable a model-driven composition mechanism to create CPS behavior specifications from reusable components. Second, we present a novel set of design patterns to illustrate the modeling of QoI-aware CPS specifications that can be applied in several state-of-the-art Electronic System Level (ESL) methodologies. The time semantics of the MoC are formalized using the tagged-signal-model, and the presented model-driven approach enables the composition of multiple design patterns. The main benefits of the presented model-driven approach and design patterns to create CPS specifications are as follows: (a) reduce modeling effort, errors, and time through the reuse of known recipes to re-incurring tasks and allow to automatically generate repetitive control flows based on extended Finite State Machines; (b) increase system robustness and facilitate the creation of holistic QoI management allowing to unambiguously define system behavior for scenarios with single/multiple QoI requirement violations in different models of computation; (c) dynamically validate timing behavior of system implementations to enable a multi-objective optimization of nonfunctional properties that influence CPS timing. We demonstrate the aforementioned benefits through the modeling and evaluation of an infrastructure-assisted automated driving case study using Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) communications to distribute QoI critical road environment information.

Mobile applications are an essential element in pervasive and ubiquitous computing, and they face many challenges during their generation process from the analysis of user needs to the design of specific mobile interfaces and their development in several technological platforms. Moreover, the rise of Ambient Intelligent and context-aware environments also introduces multiple interaction aspects to be considered when using mobile devices in this kind of scenarios. The present work seeks to examine the role of design patterns and ontology models in order to help with the generation of mobile applications, which can be adapted at runtime to the various user needs, different context scenarios, interactive design modes, or technology requirements. In this way, an ontology-based framework is introduced to represent, design, and support the adaptation of user interfaces in mobile applications by using design patterns according to these user needs or preferences and the context around them. This framework provides developers with a client-server architecture that enables the access to an expert knowledge base of user, context, and pattern information together with a set of inference rules, which allow the dynamic selection of interface design patterns and the runtime adaptation of the user interface features. These ontology models and inference rules are key components of the proposed framework, and their implementation has helped to produce an example of mobile application supporting user interface adaptation processes for disabled people, which can be required in Ambient Intelligent environments. Three examples of user scenarios have been considered to assess the framework potential, and usability dimensions have been tested by a limited set of users through the produced mobile application, making the usefulness of generated adaptive user interfaces apparent.

In this article, I argue for an inclusive view of engineering design, and posit designing along with making, operating, maintaining, and disposing as key descriptors of humankind’s relationship with artifacts. Engineering design contributes to the definition of artifact characteristics to achieve desired artifact behavior, and includes outcomes ranging from the routine to the highly innovative. I argue for a worldview of engineering design that places greater emphasis on the routine, and suggest three directions that may guide us towards developing a better understanding of this based on a study of literature from design, management, and the history and philosophy of technology. First, we should explore the elements and practices used in different design situations, and the impact of differences in contextual factors. Second, design exploits the reuse and development of design patterns; understanding and exploiting such patterns is an important skill. I make the case that we might focus on distinctions—such as the one between exploiting old certainties and exploring new possibilities—to articulate our understanding of the differences between design activities with different degrees of novelty. Based on these arguments, I make suggestions regarding the relationship between design, science, and management, and for possible application of the arguments in wider design fields.

Design pattern detection can provide useful insights to support software comprehension. Accurate and complete detection of pattern instances are extremely important to enable software usability improvements. However, existing design pattern detection approaches and tools suffer from the following problems: incomplete description of design pattern instances, inaccurate behavioral constraint checking, and inability to support novel design patterns. This paper presents a general framework to detect design patterns while solving these issues by combining static and dynamic analysis techniques. The framework has been instantiated for typical behavioral and creational patterns, such as the observer pattern, state pattern, strategy pattern, and singleton pattern to demonstrate the applicability. Based on the open-source process mining toolkit ProM, we have developed an integrated tool that supports the whole detection process for these patterns. We applied and evaluated the framework using software execution data containing around 1,000,000 method calls generated from eight synthetic software systems and three open-source software systems. The evaluation results show that our approach can guarantee a higher precision and recall than existing approaches and can distinguish state and strategy patterns that are indistinguishable by the state-of-the-art.

Over the period of meticulous scaling IC’s are crucially waiting for a platform which is planar. The most important and actual restriction is nothing, but delay of interconnect is almost approximate to that of devices. To achieve the demands of system performance, new interconnecting materials along with experimental architectures need to be developed. A new integration approach is developed which is nothing but 3D integration technology because this technology is most advantageous and famously used in comparisons to other technologies. Also 3-D technology has a capacity to ensemble with CMOS application because it can easily connect many devices in layers and can be stacked vertically with interconnecting wires having higher thickness among the layers. In this TSV’s plays an important job, which can enable 3-D IC platform. Noise coupling from TSV-to-TSV and TSV-to-Substrate is estimated inside the heterogeneous integration. A vertical TSV pattern is developed to decrease the area per TSV, capacitive coupling and make constructive inductance compared to other design patterns. By developing the vertical TSV patterns in 3D IC the functionality became easier with lesser TSV’s.

The two problems of measuring the semantic similarity (MSS) between two sentences and generating a similar sentence (GSS) for a given one are particularly challenging. Since these two problems naturally have logical connections, this article proposes algorithms to deal with them together. The main contributions of this article are in four aspects. 1) We propose a new algorithm called the syntactic and semantic long short-term memory (SSLSTM) for computing sentence similarity. The sentence model used by SSLSTM computes a representation vector of a given sentence by merging the results of separately running two LSTM networks, one with the given sentence and the other with a related sentence that is generated based on the semantic features of the words and syntactic features of the given sentence. The semantic similarity score of two sentences is calculated based on the distance between the two representations vectors. 2) A new GAN framework is proposed called the sentence similarity generative adversarial network (SSGAN). A GSS algorithm and an MSS algorithm are incorporated as modules in the generator and discriminator of SSGAN. A unique design of SSGAN is that, with one input triple to the GAN, the generator will produce three additional items, and the discriminator will process them. Three versions of SSGAN are proposed: the classic SSGAN (C-SSGAN), the hybrid SSGAN (H-SSGAN), and the black-box SSGAN (B-SSGAN). 3) Two new paradigms of GAN emerge from the design patterns of the black-box SSGAN and hybrid SSGAN, called the black-box GAN (B-GAN) and the hybrid GAN (H-GAN), respectively, which have the potentials to be generally applied to other NLP problems. 4) A series of experiments of different settings are designed to test the effects of B-SSGAN, and the results show that B-SSGAN has considerable boosting effects on both the chosen MSS and GSS algorithms. Several experiments are executed to compare SSLSTM with some representative and state-of-the-art MSS algorithms. The results show that SSLSTM has advantages in terms of the amount of error and the overall performance. There are new design features in these experiments. The performances of a GSS algorithm are measured by using an MSS algorithm. Multiple performance measures are considered to describe the algorithms’ performance holistically, including the efficiency of achieved performance relative to training time, which indicates that a CNN-based algorithm (SSCNN) is the most training-efficient in the comparison.

A Microservice Architecture enables the development of distributed systems using a set of highly cohesive, independent, and collaborative services, ready for current cloud computing demands. Each microservice can be implemented in different technologies, sharing common communication channels, which results in heterogeneous distributed systems that exhibit high scalability, maintainability, performance, and interoperability. Currently, there are many options to build microservices; some of them led by patterns that establish common structures to solve recurrent problems. Nevertheless, as microservices are an emerging trend, the relationship between quality attributes, metrics, and patterns is not clearly defined, which is a concern from a software engineering point of view, since such understanding is fundamental to correctly design systems using this architecture. This paper aims to extend the knowledge on the design of microservices-based systems by presenting a multivocal systematic literature review for microservices related patterns, tying them together with quality attributes and metrics, as can be found in academic and industry research.

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has had a far-reaching impact on data privacy for cloud providers. GDPR influences access to, storage, and transmission of personal data, requiring these operations to be verified by cloud users through explicit consent prior to execution. GDPR rules implemented for such operations can be ambiguous and often open to interpretation, making manual verification a time consuming and error prone process for cloud providers. An encoding of GDPR rules is described, with each operation carried out using these rules recorded into a Blockchain for auditing purposes. This work shows how some GDPR rules can appear as opcodes in smart contracts to verify the operations of providers on user data in an automatic way. An abstract model is designed to demonstrate how cloud providers can access and deploy such contracts through a Blockchain-based virtual machine. A case study is used to demonstrate how this approach can be used in practice. The case study uses several design patterns and smart contracts to verify provider operations, including read, write, execution and transfer on user data. Validation is undertaken by deploying the smart contracts in a Blockchain test network to investigate the execution costs of GDPR compliance checking.

Efforts to realize the potential of learning analytics (LA) to contribute to improving student learning and learning design have brought important advances. A review of successful cases of learning analytics applications reveals that 1) there is a tight coupling between the learning outcome (LO) goals, task sequence design, and the learning analytics and feedback in each case, and 2) the learning analytics to be deployed and the feedback to be provided to learners and/or teachers are integral to the learning design (LD) rather than constructed after the LD is completed. Learning design frameworks in the literature have focused on generic learning task taxonomies and are unable to scaffold LA-integrated LD practice. This paper proposes a multilevel framework for LA-integrated LD, which provides a hierarchically nested multilevel structure for the design of LD and LA elements based on 60 STEM curriculum units collected from authentic classrooms. The framework includes a design process model in the form of a Learning Design Triangle and the concept of Learning Analytics integrated Curriculum Component Design Patterns (LA-CCDP). Operationalization of the framework is illustrated using one STEM curriculum unit. This framework can be adopted for professional learning and technology development to support LA-integrated LD practices.

This chapter presents programming topics such as processing regular expressions, implementing state machines, building our own libraries, the file system, system clock and time measurement, ranges and functional programming, expression parsing, syntax trees, and the composite and interpreter design patterns, all complete with code examples. It investigates an interrupt‐like component to handle various actions that are invoked in response to different external events. The chapter looks at the syntax of the functional operator and its calls. It summarizes: basics of the C++ regex library and regular expressions, regex_search functions for regular expression searches and regex_match for matches, reading and processing XML files, and state machines and UML state diagram. Time measurement is one of the most intrinsic features of every microprocessor system. Precisetiming is necessary for all digital circuits, as well as for task scheduling by an OS.

3D weaving is an emerging technology for manufacturing multilayer woven textiles. In this work, we present Weavecraft: an interactive, simulation-based design tool for 3D weaving. Unlike existing textile software that uses 2D representations for design patterns, we propose a novel weave block representation that helps the user to understand 3D woven structures and to create complex multi-layered patterns. With Weavecraft, users can create blocks either from scratch or by loading traditional weaves, compose the blocks into large structures, and edit the pattern at various scales. Furthermore, users can verify the design with a physically based simulator, which predicts and visualizes the geometric structure of the woven material and reveals potential defects at an interactive rate. We demonstrate a range of results created with our tool, from simple two-layer cloth and well known 3D structures to a more sophisticated design of a 3D woven shoe, and we evaluate the effectiveness of our system via a formative user study.

While the continuous flow of events seems to be a given, we still cannot either perceive or design space which is organized and has the capacity to reorganize itself in order to cope with major changes. In this framework, the research aims to establish a codefor space, as a semantic system that monitors its sociospatial metabolism while at the same time being directly connected to its material reality. In this framework, the research attempts to establish a design methodologyaiming at a generative system for architecture and the city. The material agency of this productive process is described as a bifold process which constantly informs itself, including a "convergent phase of selection"and a "divergent phase of design" (Spuybroek 2008: 189). The first one focuses on the code's organization, introducing Christopher Alexander's 253 Design Patterns (Alexander et al. 1977) as its elementary units in order to postulate on its topological structure as a network of relations between interacting, active parts. In the next phase, while theorizing the code's structure, Design Patterns are substituted by their A-signifying signs counterparts, mechanisms able to stabilize or destabilize the assemblage and thus allow for its contingency to remain immanent.

Focusing on Facebook pages from public broadcasters in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, this paper looks at ways in which written quotations and snippets of news are reused and shared in social media posts. Drawing on recent theorization of digital quotations as recontextualized discourse, the study deals with a specific genre of digital news: quote cards. The qualitative analysis identifies common design patterns, examines the functions of quote cards and shows how text and image are remixed and integrated into multimodal offerings, providing affordances for news-sharing practices and responses into political discourses.

Due to the widespread proliferation of today’s Internet of Things (IoT), a system designer needs the IoT system and software design patterns to assist in designing scalable and replicable solutions. Patterns are encapsulations of reusable common problems and solutions under specific contexts. Many IoT patterns have been published, such as IoT design patterns and IoT architecture patterns to document the successes (and failures) in IoT systems and software development. However, because these patterns are not well classified, their adoption does not live up to their potential. To understand the reasons, we conducted a systematic literature review. From the 32 identified papers, 143 IoT architecture and design patterns were extracted. We analyzed these patterns according to several characteristics and outlined directions for improvements when publishing and adopting IoT patterns. Of the extracted patterns, 57% are non-IoT patterns, suggesting that IoT systems and software are often designed via conventional architecture and design patterns that are not specific to IoT design. Although most IoT design patterns are applicable to any domain, IoT architecture patterns tend to be domain specific, implying that the unique nature of IoT adoption in specific domains appears at the architecture level. As more domains adopt IoT, the number of domain-specific IoT design patterns should increase. In terms of quality attributes, many IoT patterns address compatibility, security, and maintainability.

In common design pattern collections, e.g., design pattern books, design patterns are documented with templates that consist of multiple attributes, such as intent, structure, and sample code. To adapt to modern developers, the depictions of design patterns, especially some specific attributes, should advance with the current programming technologies, for example, “known uses”, which exemplifies the use scenarios of design patterns in practice, and “related patterns”, which describes the relatedness between a design pattern and the others within a context. However, it is not easy to update the contents of these attributes manually due to the diversity of the programming technologies. To address this problem, in this work, we conducted a case study to mine design pattern use scenarios and related design pattern pairs from Stack Overflow posts to enrich the two attributes. We first extracted the question posts relevant to each design pattern by identifying the design pattern tags. Then, the topics of the posts were discovered by applying topic modeling techniques. Finally, by analyzing the topics specified for each design pattern, we detected 195 design pattern use scenarios and 70 related design pattern pairs, involving 61 design patterns totally. These findings are associated with a variety of popular software frameworks and programming techniques. They could complement the existing design pattern collections and help developers better acknowledge the usage and relatedness of design patterns in today’s programming practice.

Due to the conceptual discrepancy between legal contract terms and code, understanding and creating smart contracts without errors can be difficult. This article proposes smart contract design patterns and their automated application through (the use of) a domain-specific language and code generation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an integrative framework for handling the security and usability conflicts during the system development lifecycle. The framework has been formulated while considering key concerns raised after conducting a series of interviews with practitioners from the industry. The framework is aimed at assisting system designers and developers in making reasonably accurate choices when it comes to the trade-offs between security and usability. The outcomes of using the framework are documented as design patterns, which are disseminated among the community of system designers and developers for use in other but similar contexts. Design/methodology/approach A design science research approach was used to develop the integrative framework for usable security. Interviews were conducted for identification of the key concerns; however, the framework was validated during a workshop. Moreover, to validate the patterns’ template and the usable security pattern identified after instantiating the framework, a survey instrument was used. Findings It is important to consider the usability aspect in the development of security systems; otherwise, the systems, despite being secure against attacks, would be susceptible to user mistakes leading to compromises. It is worthwhile to handle usable security concerns right from the start of system development life cycle. Design patterns can help the developers in assessing the usability of their security options. Practical implications Practical implications The framework would assist the designers and developers in handling the security and usability conflicts right from the start of the system development life cycle. The patterns documented after using the framework would help not only the designers and developers working in the industry but also freelancers. Originality/value The authors present a novel framework to handle the security and usability conflicts during the system development life cycle. The development process of the framework was driven by the concerns raised after a series of interviews with the practitioners from industry. The framework presented in this paper was validated during a workshop in which it was exposed for review and comments by the participants from the industry. To demonstrate the use of patterns in general and the framework in particular, a case study featuring smart grids from the domain of cyber-physical systems is presented, which (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) features the first work relevant to usable security in the domain of cyber-physical systems.

Virtual reality (VR) has re-emerged as a low-cost, highly accessible consumer product, and training on simulators is rapidly becoming standard in many industrial sectors. However, the available systems are either focusing on gaming context, featuring limited capabilities or they support only content creation of virtual environments without any rapid prototyping and modification. In this project, we propose a code-free, visual scripting platform to replicate gamified training scenarios through rapid prototyping and VR software design patterns. We implemented and compared two authoring tools: a) visual scripting and b) VR editor for the rapid reconstruction of VR training scenarios. Our visual scripting module is capable of generating training applications utilizing a node-based scripting system, whereas the VR editor gives user/developer the ability to customize and populate new VR training scenarios directly from the virtual environment. We also introduce action prototypes, a new software design pattern suitable to replicate behavioral tasks for VR experiences. In addition, we present the training scenegraph architecture as the main model to represent training scenarios on a modular, dynamic and highly adaptive acyclic graph based on a structured educational curriculum. Finally, a user-based evaluation of the proposed solution indicated that users—regardless of their programming expertise—can effectively use the tools to create and modify training scenarios in VR.