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Amjaad Muhammad Ar Reshaid,1 Yasser Abdulathim Alshawakir,2 Mohammed A Almuayrifi,2 Omar Salem Al-Attas,1 Ahmed S BaHammam,3,4 Reem Abdullah Al Khalifah4– 6 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Experimental Surgery and Animal Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 3The University Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6University Diabetes Centre, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Reem Abdullah Al Khalifah, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, P.O Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia, Tel +0118066750, Email reem_ah@yahoo.comObjective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of light–dark cycle alteration and soft drink consumption on the acceleration of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development among non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model.Methods: We exposed female NOD and C57BL/6 mice from the age of 5 weeks to either adlib soft drink consumption and/or T20 light–dark cycle alteration until the development of diabetes, or the mice reached the age of 30 weeks. Each group consisted of 7– 15 mice. We monitored weight, length, blood glucose level, and insulin autoantibody (IAA) levels weekly.Results: Out of 75 NOD and 22 C57BL/6 mice, 41 NOD mice developed diabetes, and 6 mice died between 7 and 8 weeks of age. The mean time to development of T1DM among NOD control mice was 20 weeks. The time to development of T1DM was accelerated by two weeks in the NOD mice exposed to light–dark cycle alteration, hazard ratio of 2.65,95th CI (0.70, 10.04) p = 0.15). The other groups developed T1DM, similar to the control group.Conclusion: There was a trend toward earlier development of T1DM among NOD mice exposed to light–dark cycle alteration, but this difference was not statistically significant. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings using larger sample sizes and different animal species.Keywords: type 1 diabetes mellitus, soft drink, sugar, light-dark cycle alteration, NOD/ShiLtJ

With rising demand for soft drinks (SDs) in low-income countries, studies examining mental disorders in relation to SDs are rather scarce. Therefore, we aimed to explore this association in a sample of Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was carried out within the framework of the multi-centric LIPOKAP project, with 1970 Iranian healthy adults. Dietary intake and symptoms of depression and anxiety were collected using validated, Persian versions of a food frequency questionnaire and a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. Artificial juices were considered fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) included fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages and carbonated colas, and soft drinks included SSB and drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners. The mean age of the participants was 39.8 ± 13.9 years. Compared to lower intake, higher intake of SDs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.69; P = 0.041), SSBs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.67; P = 0.045) and artificial juice (OR = 1.63, 95 % CI: 1.24, 2.13; P < 0.001) was associated with higher risk of depression in adjusted model. These associations were sex-specific and more evident in males. No significant association was found between any of the drinks and anxiety risk except for artificial juice in men which was directly associated with anxiety risk (OR = 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.06, 2.61; P = 0.028). This study found a positive association between SDs, SSBs and artificial juice and depression, but not anxiety. These associations varied between men and women. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our results and reveal the causal relationship. • There is a significant association between soft drinks and risk of depression. • Artificial juice intake is linked to higher risk of anxiety. • The relationship of soft drinks with depression may be sex-specific and more evident in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China has been consistently increasing, particularly among the younger generation. The excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with hyperuricemia. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Chinese young adults regarding sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the correlation with hyperuricemia. Methods This cross-sectional investigation was conducted from June 28th, 2023, to July 21st, 2023, and enrolled Chinese young adults. Demographics and KAP were evaluated using a questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.787). Factors influencing KAP scores were analyzed using multivariable analyses. Results A total of 1288 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The median knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 16 (12,19)/22, 22 (20,24)/30, and 27.5 (23,31.75)/40. The multivariable analysis showed that bachelor’s/associate education (OR = 1.912, 95%CI: 1.128–3.239), white collar/employee (OR = 0.147, 95%CI: 0.105–0.206), educator (OR = 0.300, 95%CI: 0.174–0.518), healthcare worker (OR = 0.277, 95%CI: 0.188–0.407), not suffering from hyperuricemia (OR = 0.386, 95%CI: 0.253–0.590), and not having gout (OR = 0.456, 95%CI: 0.282–0.736) were independently associated with knowledge. Age 26–30 (OR = 1.470, 95%CI: 1.052–2.052), age 31–35 (OR = 1.489, 95%CI: 1.097–2.022), age 36–40 (OR = 0.328, 95%CI: 1.010–1.746), age 41–44 (OR = 1.548, 95%CI: 1.091–2.198), and not having hyperuricemia (OR = 0.512, 95%CI: 0.345–0.760) were independently associated with attitude. White collar/employee (OR = 0.386, 95%CI: 0.285–0.521), educator (OR = 0.534, 95%CI: 0.317–0.899), healthcare worker (OR = 0.341, 95%CI: 0.236–0.493), having siblings (OR = 0.725, 95%CI: 0.573–0.917), and not suffering from hyperuricemia (OR = 0.442, 95%CI: 0.296–0.659), were independently associated with practice. Conclusion Chinese young adults display moderate KAP toward sugar-sweetened beverages. Notably, an association was observed between hyperuricemia and each KAP dimension.

Background: The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China has been consistently increasing, particularly among the younger generation. The excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with hyperuricemia. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Chinese young adults regarding sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the correlation with hyperuricemia. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was conducted from June 28th, 2023, to July 21st, 2023, and enrolled Chinese young adults. Demographics and KAP were evaluated using a questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.787). Factors influencing KAP scores were analyzed using multivariable analyses. Results: A total of 1288 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The median knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 16 (12,19)/22, 22 (20,24)/30, and 27.5 (23,31.75)/40. The multivariable analysis showed that bachelor's/associate education (OR = 1.912, 95%CI: 1.128–3.239), white collar/employee (OR = 0.147, 95%CI: 0.105–0.206), educator (OR = 0.300, 95%CI: 0.174–0.518), healthcare worker (OR = 0.277, 95%CI: 0.188–0.407), not suffering from hyperuricemia (OR = 0.386, 95%CI: 0.253–0.590), and not having gout (OR = 0.456, 95%CI: 0.282–0.736) were independently associated with knowledge. Age 26–30 (OR = 1.470, 95%CI: 1.052–2.052), age 31–35 (OR = 1.489, 95%CI: 1.097–2.022), age 36–40 (OR = 0.328, 95%CI: 1.010–1.746), age 41–44 (OR = 1.548, 95%CI: 1.091–2.198), and not having hyperuricemia (OR = 0.512, 95%CI: 0.345–0.760) were independently associated with attitude. White collar/employee (OR = 0.386, 95%CI: 0.285–0.521), educator (OR = 0.534, 95%CI: 0.317–0.899), healthcare worker (OR = 0.341, 95%CI: 0.236–0.493), having siblings (OR = 0.725, 95%CI: 0.573–0.917), and not suffering from hyperuricemia (OR = 0.442, 95%CI: 0.296–0.659), were independently associated with practice. Conclusion: Chinese young adults display moderate KAP toward sugar-sweetened beverages. Notably, an association was observed between hyperuricemia and each KAP dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Saudi Arabia (SA) ranked first in soft drink consumption in the Middle East. A decrease in consumption was recorded after a selective 50% increased taxation policy in 2018. This study aimed to assess soft drinks consumption patterns among Saudi Arabian adults and examine the association between different attitudes and patterns post-taxation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 1,935 Saudi adults aged 20–60 residing in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed online surveys using a validated questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption patterns, and attitudes toward soft drinks. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) tests were used to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption frequency/quantity, and change in consumption patterns owing to selective taxation. Additionally, t-tests, Spearman’s coefficient, and hierarchical multiple linear regression were used to measure differences in attitudes and linear relationships. Results: Overall, 7.5% of the participants reported daily soft drink consumption, with 51.8% of these consuming less than one can per day and 41.2% consuming one can per day. Most (66.2%) reported no change in consumption post-taxation. Attitudes toward soft drink consumption varied significantly, with most agreeing on its health risks but also enjoying the drinks. Multiple regression analysis identified age, education, income, consumption frequency/quantity, and impact of taxation as significant predictors of overall attitudes toward soft drinks. Conclusions: After taxation, 20% of participants reduced soft drink consumption, underscoring the importance of addressing taxation and intrinsic motivations to foster lasting changes in attitudes and behaviors towards soft drinks.

Soft drink overconsumption is a growing public health concern. The present research investigated whether priming nudges could decrease soft drink choices from a vending machine. We compared the effect of six vending machine wraps (Mount Franklin ™ logo, Coca-Cola™ logo, picture of water, picture of soft drink, blue, red) on beverage choice against a black (control) computerised vending machine display. In two studies, young adult participants (17 – 25 years) were recruited from [removed for blind review] (Study 1, n = 142, Study 2, n = 232). Participants were randomly allocated to choose a beverage from one of the wrap conditions. They also rated how much the beverage was liked and how often it was consumed (Study 1), or rated the refreshing value, healthiness, taste, and energy of each beverage in the vending machine (Study 2). We predicted that wraps referencing water would produce healthier choices and those referencing soft drink would result in unhealthier choices. Contrary to these predictions, the type of vending machine wrap did not significantly influence beverage choice in Study 1. However, viewing the black vending machine wrap resulted in significantly more caffeine-based selections in Study 2. Other significant predictors of the choice of beverage were how often the beverages were consumed and how much they were liked (Study 1), as well as their perceptions of the taste, healthiness and refreshing value (Study 2). The finding that the black vending machine produced more caffeine-based beverage choices demonstrates, in principle, that color-based priming nudges could influence beverage choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test whether traffic light labels and an increased range of healthy beverages, individually and in combination, can increase healthy beverage choices from vending machines. Design: Two studies (n 558, 420) tested whether the provision of traffic light labels (green, amber and red) and an increased range of healthy beverages (from 20 % to 50 % green options), individually and in combination, could increase healthy beverage choices from a digital vending machine display. The studies used a between-subjects experimental design, and a hypothetical beverage choice, a limitation when considering real-world applicability. Setting: Both studies utilised an online Qualtrics survey that featured a digital vending machine display. Participants: Both studies (n 558, 420) consisted of university students from Flinders University and individuals from a survey recruitment service. Results: Featuring traffic lights did not significantly influence beverage choices (P = 0·074), while increasing the healthy range (P = 0·003, OR = 3·27), and the combination of both, did significantly increase healthier beverage choices (P < 0·001, OR = 4·83). Conclusions: The results suggest that the traffic light system and increased healthy range are not maximally effective when used on their own, and benefit greatly when combined, to increase healthy beverage choices. It was suggested that the provision of traffic light labels supplied the necessary nutritional information, and the increased healthy range offered greater opportunity to act in accordance with that information. In so doing, the present findings offer a promising pathway for reducing unhealthy beverage consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotid atherosclerosis indicates an increased risk for cardiac-cerebral vascular disease. Given the pattern of consumption in China, sugar-sweetened beverage is the main type of soft drink consumed. As soft drinks contain a high amount of fructose, they may be a risk factor of carotid atherosclerosis. A prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the association between soft drink consumption and the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis in a Chinese adult population. A total of 3828 participants (men: 2007 and women: 1821) were included. Carotid atherosclerosis was measured by using ultrasonography and was defined by increased carotid intima-media thickness and/or carotid plaques. Soft drink consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the association of soft drink consumption categories with the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis. During a mean follow-up of 3.20 years, 1009 individuals of the 3828 eligible participants developed carotid atherosclerosis. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we compared the higher levels to the lowest level of soft drink consumption in women, and we estimated the multivariable hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of incident carotid atherosclerosis to be 1.09 (0.80, 1.50), and 1.56 (1.14, 2.13) (P for trend <0.05). However, there was no significant association between soft drink consumption and the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis in men or total population. The result indicated that soft drink consumption was associated with a higher incidence of carotid atherosclerosis in women. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry. UMIN000027174. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000031137. • The study indicated that soft drinks consumption was associated with a higher risk of carotid atherosclerosis in women. • The present study was the first cohort study to show that high soft drink consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese women. • Reducing soft drinks consumption may be beneficial to prevent the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: To test whether traffic light labels and an increased range of healthy beverages, individually and in combination, can increase healthy beverage choices from vending machines. Design: Two studies (n 558, 420) tested whether the provision of traffic light labels (green, amber and red) and an increased range of healthy beverages (from 20 % to 50 % green options), individually and in combination, could increase healthy beverage choices from a digital vending machine display. The studies used a between-subjects experimental design, and a hypothetical beverage choice, a limitation when considering real-world applicability. Setting: Both studies utilised an online Qualtrics survey that featured a digital vending machine display. Participants: Both studies (n 558, 420) consisted of university students from Flinders University and individuals from a survey recruitment service. Results: Featuring traffic lights did not significantly influence beverage choices (P = 0·074), while increasing the healthy range (P = 0·003, OR = 3·27), and the combination of both, did significantly increase healthier beverage choices (P < 0·001, OR = 4·83). Conclusions: The results suggest that the traffic light system and increased healthy range are not maximally effective when used on their own, and benefit greatly when combined, to increase healthy beverage choices. It was suggested that the provision of traffic light labels supplied the necessary nutritional information, and the increased healthy range offered greater opportunity to act in accordance with that information. In so doing, the present findings offer a promising pathway for reducing unhealthy beverage consumption.

Abstract Background Existing evidence suggests that the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among adolescents remains a public health concern and that socioeconomic differences in intake exist. Tackling these challenges requires identifying the factors associated with SSB intake and the mediators of socioeconomic differences in SSB intake among adolescents. Thus, this study aimed to explore (i) factors at different levels of the ecological model associated with the intake of carbonated soft drinks with added sugar (hereafter called soft drinks), (ii) mediators of the association between parental education and the intake of soft drinks(iii) whether neighbourhood income moderates the indirect effect of parental education on adolescents’ soft drink intake through potential mediators. Methods Data from 826 7th graders in Oslo, Norway, who participated in the TACKLE cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 were used. The association between factors at the individual, interpersonal and neighbourhood food environment levels and the intake of soft drinks among adolescents was assessed, as well as the mediating roles of these factors for the differences in intake by parental education, using multiple logistic regression and mediation analysis, respectively. Moderated mediation analyses were used to explore whether an indirect effect of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake through potential mediators varies across neighbourhood income areas. Results Higher perceived accessibility of SSB at home, increased parental modelling for SSB intake, and increased frequency of food/drink purchased from the neighbourhood store were associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in intake by parental education. Neighbourhood food environment factors were neither statistically significantly associated with adolescents’ higher intake of soft drinks nor explained the differences in intake by parental education. Moderated mediation analysis showed that the mediating effect of perceived accessibility of SSB at home on the association between parental education and adolescent soft drink intake was stronger among those living in low neighbourhood income. Conclusions Our study identified modifiable factors at the intrapersonal level (perceived accessibility of SSB at home and frequency of food/drink purchased from neighbourhood shops) and interpersonal levels (parental modelling for SSB intake) associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in the intake by parental education. The modifiable factors identified in this study could be targeted in public health initiatives among adolescents aimed at reducing the intake of soft drinks and the related differences by parental education.

IntroductionThe consumption of soft and energy drinks poses a significant risk for non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. Studies in Saudi Arabia have reported elevated consumption of soft/energy drinks, but nation-wide data is not available. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence of soft and energy drinks consumption and its associated factors among a representative sample of Saudi adults.MethodsThe present research is a secondary data analysis of the 2021 Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS). Current analysis used data on socio-demographics, anthropometrics, physical activity, and soft and energy drink consumption. The frequency of soft and energy drinks consumption is assessed on a weekly basis.ResultsOf the 5,194 Saudi adults, 3,928 were analyzed. Overall, 67% consumed soft drinks weekly, while 30% consumed energy drinks weekly. In multiple logistic regression, consumption of either soft drinks or energy drinks was associated with males, a younger age, lower income, and lower physical activity. Individuals with overweight or obesity were less likely to consume energy drinks [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.71, 0.99) and 0.73 (0.60, 0.90), respectively] than those with healthy weight. However, education level was not associated with either soft or energy drink consumption. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions designed to reduce soft and energy drinks consumption in Saudi adults.

Background: Existing evidence suggests that the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among adolescents remains a public health concern and that socioeconomic differences in intake exist. Tackling these challenges requires identifying the factors associated with SSB intake and the mediators of socioeconomic differences in SSB intake among adolescents. Thus, this study aimed to explore (i) factors at different levels of the ecological model associated with the intake of carbonated soft drinks with added sugar (hereafter called soft drinks), (ii) mediators of the association between parental education and the intake of soft drinks(iii) whether neighbourhood income moderates the indirect effect of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake through potential mediators. Methods: Data from 826 7th graders in Oslo, Norway, who participated in the TACKLE cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 were used. The association between factors at the individual, interpersonal and neighbourhood food environment levels and the intake of soft drinks among adolescents was assessed, as well as the mediating roles of these factors for the differences in intake by parental education, using multiple logistic regression and mediation analysis, respectively. Moderated mediation analyses were used to explore whether an indirect effect of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake through potential mediators varies across neighbourhood income areas. Results: Higher perceived accessibility of SSB at home, increased parental modelling for SSB intake, and increased frequency of food/drink purchased from the neighbourhood store were associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in intake by parental education. Neighbourhood food environment factors were neither statistically significantly associated with adolescents' higher intake of soft drinks nor explained the differences in intake by parental education. Moderated mediation analysis showed that the mediating effect of perceived accessibility of SSB at home on the association between parental education and adolescent soft drink intake was stronger among those living in low neighbourhood income. Conclusions: Our study identified modifiable factors at the intrapersonal level (perceived accessibility of SSB at home and frequency of food/drink purchased from neighbourhood shops) and interpersonal levels (parental modelling for SSB intake) associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in the intake by parental education. The modifiable factors identified in this study could be targeted in public health initiatives among adolescents aimed at reducing the intake of soft drinks and the related differences by parental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Differential metabolic risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in nonobese male adolescents were analyzed examining relationships between NAFLD and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome, including exercise and soft drink consumption, in male adolescents. Methods: In total, 134 male university students (nonobese, n = 78; obese, n = 56) who underwent the first‐year health checkup were divided into the NAFLD and non‐NAFLD groups based on abdominal ultrasonography (AUS) findings. Relationships between NAFLD and metabolic parameters, including body mass index (BMI) and AUS score, were examined in nonobese students. Results: Metabolic factors associated with hypertension, abdominal fat, liver damage, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance were significantly less common in nonobese students than in obese students. The aforementioned factors and soft drink consumption were significantly more common in the NAFLD group than in the non‐NAFLD group. The univariate and multivariate analyses of nonobese students showed that the triglyceride level (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.10, p = 0.001) was higher and soft drink consumption (OR, 36.8; 95% CI, 3.69–368, p < 0.001) was more common in the NAFLD group than the non‐NAFLD group. Conclusions: Triglyceride level and soft drink consumption could aid in the detection of NAFLD in nonobese male adolescents. Our findings could provide useful information related to NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in nonobese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural antimicrobials in the food industry is being proposed as an eco-friendly postharvest technology to preserve fruit-derived foods. In this context, this systematic review aims to describe and discuss the application of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds in the processing of fruit-derived foods by the PRISMA methodology. In a first step, the use of free natural antimicrobials was investigated as an approach to identify the main families of bioactive compounds employed as food preservatives and the current limitations of this dosage form. Then, the use of immobilized antimicrobials, in an innovative dosage form, was studied by distinguishing two main applications: addition to the food matrix as preservatives or use during processing as technological aids. Having identified the different examples of the immobilization of natural antimicrobial compounds on food-grade supports, the mechanisms of immobilization were studied in detail to provide synthesis and characterization guidelines for future developments. Finally, the contribution of this new technology to decarbonization and energy efficiency of the fruit-derived processing sector and circular economy is discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Examined associations between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), low/no-calorie beverages (LNCB), and fruit juice (FJ) consumption and all-cause mortality in Dutch adults. Methods: Data of 118,707 adults participating (mean age = 45 years; 60% was women) the Lifelines Cohort Study were prospectively analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Participants' vital status was followed-up until February 2022 via the National Personal Records Database. Associations between beverages of interest and all-cause mortality risk were investigated using restricted cubic spline and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses, including substitution analyses. Models were adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and other dietary factors. Results: During follow-up (median = 9.8 years), a total of 2852 (2.4%) deaths were documented. Median (IQR) of SSB, LNCB, and FJ consumption were 0.1 (0.0–0.6), 0.1 (0.0–0.6), and 0.2 (0.0–0.6) serving/day, respectively. Dose–response analyses showed linear associations between SSB, LNCB, and FJ consumption and mortality risk. For each additional serving of SSB and LNCB, HRs of all-cause mortality risk were 1.09 (95% CI 1.03–1.16) and 1.06 (95% CI 1.00–1.11). Replacing SSB with LNCB showed a nonsignificant association with a lower mortality risk, particularly in women (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.81–1.01). Finally, an inverse association between FJ and all-cause mortality was observed at moderate consumption with HR of 0.87 (95% CI 0.79–0.95) for > 0–2 servings/week and HR of 0.89 (95% CI 0.81–0.98) for > 2–< 7 servings/week when compared to no consumption. Conclusions: Our study showed adverse associations between SSB consumption and all-cause mortality. Replacing SSB with LNCB might be associated with lower mortality risk, particularly in women. Moderate intake of FJ was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological distress, associated lifestyle behaviors, and associated coping strategies among the students of healthcare profession. A total of 588 medical, dental, and nursing students studying in institutes of health sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India participated in this cross-sectional online survey during September–October, 2020. A semi-structured questionnaire, DASS-21questionnaire, and Brief COPE were used to collect relevant information. The proportion of students experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress was 26.2%, 27.7%, and 9.7%, respectively. Body mass index, presence of comorbidity, and soft drink consumption were significantly associated with psychological distress. Students experiencing psychological distress were applying emotion-focused coping behaviors (venting, acceptance, self-blame, substance use, religion) and avoidant coping behaviors (self-distraction, behavioral disengagement, denial). The prevalence of psychological distress among the students of health profession studying in KIIT University of Bhubaneswar during the period of Covid-19 pandemic is low and it can be further lowered by designing appropriate interventions incorporating healthy lifestyle behaviors and suitable coping strategies thereby ensuring sound mental health of these students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of energy drinks is harmful in childhood and adolescence, and its increasing popularity makes it a public health threat in this age group. Our study aimed to assess energy drink (ED) consumption and identify the context and determinants of its consumption at a Hungarian primary school. A mixed-method approach was used for the research, including a survey filled in by 157 10-15-year-old pupils and World Café workshops (WCWs) involving pupils, home-room teachers, and Parental Council representatives (N = 39). The Jamovi 2.2.5. The software was used to perform descriptive statistics and logistic regression, and a causal loop diagram was created based on the results of the WCWs. The survey results revealed that almost one-third of the pupils consumed EDs regularly, and most daily consumers drank high amounts (500ml). Most students considered ED consumption unhealthy, yet every fifth drank them. Buying breakfast on the way to school increased the odds of ED consumption almost threefold. According to the WCWs' findings, the determinants of ED consumption were embedded in two critical contextual sets; one was the need for energy and concentration boost and the Perception of high social acceptance of ED consumption. Our results suggest that interventions to reduce students' ED consumption need to include increased parents' involvement in controlling their children's screen time and encouraging them to provide breakfast at home for their children. There is also an urgent need to restrict the marketing of EDs and strictly regulate access to EDs for under-18s.

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two preventive clinical treatments on bovine enamel susceptibility after erosive challenge induced by a soft drink.Materials and Methods: Eighteen sound bovine incisors were used for this study. Three experimental groups were assigned as follows: Group 1 was the control group; Group 2 specimens received a CPP-ACPF paste treatment; and Group 3 specimens received a treatment with a product containing 1% nano-hydroxyapatite and 455 ppmF-. The specimens were submitted to erosive challenge using a common soft drink (Coca Cola). The erosive activity on the enamel was evaluated by measuring surface microhardness change (Vickers method), surface roughness alterations and surface loss (vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) method). The data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test at a level of statistical significance a = 0.05.Results: The tested treatments exhibited significantly lower decreases in surface microhardness compared to the control group after the erosive challenge (p < 0.05). The tested treatment groups did not show statistically significant lower increases in surface roughness compared to the control group (p > 0.05). In addition, the treatment groups exhibited statistically significant lower surface loss than the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Although the tested treatments reduced erosive activity, none of them provided complete protection against the development of enamel erosion, which means that they should be only used as a part of an individually tailored preventive programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft drinks are widely consumed worldwide; therefore, it is necessary to study their qualitative and quantitative analysis. For this purpose, we studied 18 brands of soft drinks purchased from the local market of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Carbon dioxide, glucose, sucrose, ascorbic acid, phosphates, caffeine, and alcohol were analyzed qualitatively, while pH, conductivity, density, potassium, sodium, and total soluble solids were estimated quantitatively. This physico-chemical analysis was determined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The obtained results demonstrated that these soft drinks were highly acidic, ranging from 2.3±0.01 to 3.68±0.01 due to carbon dioxide and phosphates. Most soft drinks contain traces of caffeine and alcohol, while very few contain ascorbic acid. The conductivity of all the soft drinks was high due to soluble ions. Similarly, density was higher than water due to a large amount of sugar. The concentration of total soluble solids, mainly known as sucrose, was also high, ranges 64±0.01 g/L (2.56±0.01 Brix°) to 126.5±0.02 g/L (21.57±0.02 Brix°). Most cold drinks contain some amount of sodium (0.3±0.01 to 3.0±0.01 mg/L), potassium (0±0.00 to 12.8±0.01 mg/L), and a small amount of calcium (0.1±0.01 to 0.53±0.01 mg/L), the potassium concentration was higher than the sodium. In contrast, calcium concentration is very small. The strength of acid was estimated quantitatively using a titrimetric method, the maximum concertation of acid is 20.92±0.01. Similarly, using redox titration, alcohol concentration was measured, ranges 0.46±0.01 to 0±0.00, but this concentration was less than WHO’s concentration, therefore considered safe to use.

Abstract Background A few prospective studies have investigated the potential association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with high blood pressure using methods that adequately consider changes in intake over time and hypertensive status at baseline. Objective To prospectively examine the association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a sample of Mexican adults, overall and by hypertension status. Methods We used data from the Health Workers Cohort Study spanning from 2004 to 2018 (n = 1,324 adults). Soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake were assessed with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We fit multivariable-adjusted fixed-effects models to test the association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and considering the potential modifying effect of hypertension status at baseline. Results A one-serving increase in soft drink intake was associated with a 2.08 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.21, 3.94) increase in systolic blood pressure and 2.09 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.81, 3.36) increase in diastolic blood pressure over ten years. A stronger association between soft drink intake and diastolic pressure was observed among participants with versus without hypertension at baseline. We found no association between non-caloric soft drink intake and blood pressure. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that soft drink intake increases blood pressure. While further studies should be conducted to confirm our findings, food policies and recommendations to limit soft drink intake are likely to help reduce blood pressure at the population level. We probably did not find an association between non-caloric soft drink intake and blood pressure because of the low consumption of this type of beverage in the cohort. More studies will be needed to understand the potential effect of non-caloric beverages on blood pressure.

The aim of the present study was to assess the concentration of the trace elements Al, As, Cd, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Mn, Fe and Zn in 150 commercial soft drinks marketed of Iran, using inductive couple plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The data obtained were compared with the permissible limit set for drinking water by the Codex Alimantarius (CA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) and National Standard of Iran (NSI). The highest mean level was 84.11 ± 27.06 μg/L is related to Fe and the lowest was Cr > Pb > Ni > Al > Ba. Target hazard quotient index of toxic elements, for adults and children, was considerably lower than the safe risk limits THQ > 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on case of sensory barrier failure due to ingestion of visibly spoiled food product that resulted in health problems including causes of food spoilage, signs of spoiled food and the consequences of consuming it, and analysis of a spoiled soft drink containing potassium sorbate.

Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks. However, few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks (regular and diet/sugar-free) and lung cancer (LC)/allcancer (AC) risk. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption. In the PLCO population, female subgroup, and the ever/current smoker subgroup, consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all. For the non-lung cancer (NLC) risk, consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup. Based on our findings, it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention, especially for females and ever/current smokers. Additionally, completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention, especially for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic solid-phase extraction using magnetite coated with polyaniline-polythiophene copolymer (Fe3O4@coPANI-PTH) was applied for preconcentration of Ni(II) and Cu(II) in some soft drinks and spice samples followed by microsample injection system-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MIS-FAAS). Preconcentration optimisations including pH, amount of adsorbent, eluent type and volume, sample volume, interfering ion effects were investigated. Relative recoveries of 85.2–96.8% were satisfactorily obtained by extracting both analytes from 50 mL sample solution buffered at pH 10 to 0.5 mL eluent using 100 mg Fe3O4@coPANI-PTH. Good linearity was obtained ranging from 5 to 80 µg L−1 with a regression coefficient of 0.999. Limits of detection for Ni(II) and Cu(II) were 2.8 and 1.2 µg L−1, respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the analysis of certified reference samples and real samples spiked with the analytes. The relative error and standard deviation of the current method for both analytes were smaller than 6%. The established method was applied to commercially available some local soft drinks and spice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 62-year-old man with a past medical history of recently diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus presented for multiple episodes of nephrolithiasis after stopping Diet Mountain Dew ingestion. Stone analysis confirmed calcium oxalate stones. It was theorized that the high citrate in Diet Mountain Dew was protective against his newly recurrent nephrolithiasis. For lifestyle preference, the patient chose lemonade-flavored Crystal Light—known to be high in citrate—instead of potassium citrate 30—40 mEq supplementation. To date, the patient's nephrolithiasis has not recurred. Potassium citrate is a preventive strategy against calcium oxalate stones in patients with suspected or confirmed hypocitraturia. Citrate binds calcium, therefore, preventing the interaction between calcium and oxalate. Alternative supplementation strategies, such as citrus-flavored sodas (eg, Diet Mountain Dew), powdered drinks (eg, Crystal Light), and natural juices (eg, lemon juice), may be plausible alternatives to potassium citrate. Patient lifestyle and the risks and benefits to a particular supplemental choice must be considered for every patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Saudi Arabia (SA) ranked first in soft drink consumption in the Middle East. A decrease in consumption was recorded after a selective 50% increased taxation policy in 2018. This study aimed to assess soft drinks consumption patterns among Saudi Arabian adults and examine the association between different attitudes and patterns post-taxation., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 1,935 Saudi adults aged 20-60 residing in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed online surveys using a validated questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption patterns, and attitudes toward soft drinks. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) tests were used to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics, soft drink consumption frequency/quantity, and change in consumption patterns owing to selective taxation. Additionally, t-tests, Spearman's coefficient, and hierarchical multiple linear regression were used to measure differences in attitudes and linear relationships., Results: Overall, 7.5% of the participants reported daily soft drink consumption, with 51.8% of these consuming less than one can per day and 41.2% consuming one can per day. Most (66.2%) reported no change in consumption post-taxation. Attitudes toward soft drink consumption varied significantly, with most agreeing on its health risks but also enjoying the drinks. Multiple regression analysis identified age, education, income, consumption frequency/quantity, and impact of taxation as significant predictors of overall attitudes toward soft drinks., Conclusions: After taxation, 20% of participants reduced soft drink consumption, underscoring the importance of addressing taxation and intrinsic motivations to foster lasting changes in attitudes and behaviors towards soft drinks., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Abstract Objective: To systematically characterise sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy changes in Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) from 2000 to 2019. Methods: Medline, Google Scholar, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute database, Factiva and news and government websites were systematically searched up to October 2019. Information was extracted on the date and SSB tax level change, tax type, included beverages, and earmarking; and checked for consistency with local experts. Results: Three‐quarters of PICTs had an SSB tax (n=16/21) and 11 of these were excise taxes that included both imported and locally produced beverages. The level of tax was over 20% in 14 jurisdictions. SSB tax was increased by more than 20 percentage points in eight PICTs. Most taxes were ad valorem or volumetric, three were earmarked and only two taxes targeted sugar‐sweetened fruit juices. The majority of countries (14/21) had different tax rates for imported and locally produced beverages. Conclusions: More than three‐quarters of PICTs have SSB taxes. More than one‐third increased these taxes since 2000 at an amount that is expected to reduce soft drink consumption. Implications for public health: Despite high‐quality tax design elements in some PICTs, SSB control policies could generally be strengthened to improve health benefits, e.g. by targeting all SSBs and earmarking revenue for health.

Soft drinks are widely consumed worldwide; therefore, it is necessary to study their qualitative and quantitative analysis. For this purpose, we studied 18 brands of soft drinks purchased from the local market of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Carbon dioxide, glucose, sucrose, ascorbic acid, phosphates, caffeine, and alcohol were analyzed qualitatively, while pH, conductivity, density, potassium, sodium, and total soluble solids were estimated quantitatively. This physico-chemical analysis was determined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The obtained results demonstrated that these soft drinks were highly acidic, ranging from 2.3±0.01 to 3.68±0.01 due to carbon dioxide and phosphates. Most soft drinks contain traces of caffeine and alcohol, while very few contain ascorbic acid. The conductivity of all the soft drinks was high due to soluble ions. Similarly, density was higher than water due to a large amount of sugar. The concentration of total soluble solids, mainly known as sucrose, was also high, ranges 64±0.01 g/L (2.56±0.01 Brix°) to 126.5±0.02 g/L (21.57±0.02 Brix°). Most cold drinks contain some amount of sodium (0.3±0.01 to 3.0±0.01 mg/L), potassium (0±0.00 to 12.8±0.01 mg/L), and a small amount of calcium (0.1±0.01 to 0.53±0.01 mg/L), the potassium concentration was higher than the sodium. In contrast, calcium concentration is very small. The strength of acid was estimated quantitatively using a titrimetric method, the maximum concertation of acid is 20.92±0.01. Similarly, using redox titration, alcohol concentration was measured, ranges 0.46±0.01 to 0±0.00, but this concentration was less than WHO's concentration, therefore considered safe to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A few prospective studies have investigated the potential association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with high blood pressure using methods that adequately consider changes in intake over time and hypertensive status at baseline.Objective: To prospectively examine the association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a sample of Mexican adults, overall and by hypertension status.Methods: We used data from the Health Workers Cohort Study spanning from 2004 to 2018 (n = 1,324 adults). Soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake were assessed with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We fit multivariable-adjusted fixed-effects models to test the association of soft drink and non-caloric soft drink intake with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and considering the potential modifying effect of hypertension status at baseline.Results: A one-serving increase in soft drink intake was associated with a 2.08 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.21, 3.94) increase in systolic blood pressure and 2.09 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.81, 3.36) increase in diastolic blood pressure over ten years. A stronger association between soft drink intake and diastolic pressure was observed among participants with versus without hypertension at baseline. We found no association between non-caloric soft drink intake and blood pressure.Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that soft drink intake increases blood pressure. While further studies should be conducted to confirm our findings, food policies and recommendations to limit soft drink intake are likely to help reduce blood pressure at the population level. We probably did not find an association between non-caloric soft drink intake and blood pressure because of the low consumption of this type of beverage in the cohort. More studies will be needed to understand the potential effect of non-caloric beverages on blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites. Erosion-related tooth surface loss is closely related to acid exposure, such as contact with acidic beverages or disease-related reflux. As a result, dental restorations in affected patients are also exposed to acids, which indicates that the performance and longevity of a dental restoration is impacted by the acid resistance of the individually employed restorative materials. However, unlike for ceramic materials, the acid resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites is not commonly evaluated by the manufacturers, and no standardised test methods have yet been established. Against this background, the present in vitro study aimed to examine the long-term resistance of CAD/CAM resin composites (Brilliant Crios, Cerasmart, Grandio blocs, Lava Ultimate, Shofu Block HC) against three acidic media (tonic water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid) as well as demineralized water and to investigate potential damage mechanisms. Changes in surface roughness (Sa) were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and changes in surface hardness were measured using Vickers hardness (HV). The damage mechanisms were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and micro X-ray computer tomography (µXCT). For each material, few changes in either Sa or HV were identified for at least one of the different media; for Cerasmart, the sharpest deterioration in surface properties was observed. SEM–EDS revealed leaching of barium, aluminium, and titanium from fillers in a 2 µm zone on the rough but not on the polished surface of the specimen. Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that polished CAD/CAM resin composites can be recommended for clinical use in patients with erosive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate consumer expectation of flavored water and potential consumer segments. The results showed flavored water was ranked the fourth most popular drink, after plain water, tea, and coffee, by 901 participants. Consumers highly expected functional flavored water with refreshing (87.4% selection), thirst-quenching (73.7%), and tasty (65.7%) qualities, containing vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and providing energy. Expected flavored water sensory qualities included temperature (62.4%), flavor (52.4%), and sweet taste (47.4%); lemon, berry, and lime flavors were most preferred, while bitterness, irritation, astringency, and sourness were least preferred. Pure sugar and honey were rated highest as the sweeteners for flavored water. Likewise, consumers were mostly concerned with taste followed by calories. Single demographic variables (age, reported health condition, drinking frequency, educational level) significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) flavored water function, sensory quality, and sugar reduction expectations. Females had higher expectation of flavored water's refreshing and antioxidant functions. Cluster analysis revealed two consumer segments. The younger, low-education, self-reportedly less healthy cluster (mainly college students) expected various functions and flavors such as low temperature, cooling taste, diverse flavors, and sweet taste (and disliked bitterness). The older, educated, employed, self-reportedly healthy cluster had lower expectations of flavored water functions, were less sensitive to bitterness, and preferred no sweetness or little sweetness. These findings provide informative data to establish marketing and sales strategies for promoting flavored water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence is lacking for the association of the behaviors of the 24 h movement guidelines including sleep duration, physical activity, screen time, and soft drink consumption with suicidality among adolescents. Methods: Data were extracted from a national representative sample of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) in the United States from 2011 to 2019. Binary logistic regression models with complex sampling designs were used to explore the association of the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines and soft drink consumption with suicidality. Results: The total prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment was higher among adolescents who did not meet all the recommendations in the 24 h movement guidelines and had a higher level of soft drink consumption. Totally, not meeting all the recommendations of the 24 h movement guidelines was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.30–2.19) and suicide plan (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.34–2.33) compared with adolescents who meet all the recommendations. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was associated with an increased risk of suicidality including suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of sex. Soft drink consumption of ≥3 times/day was significantly associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and suicide attempt with medical treatment, regardless of whether the recommendations of physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration were met. Conclusion: Age-appropriate sleep duration, no more than 2 h of screen time per day, at least 1 h of physical activity per day as contained in the 24 h movement guidelines and less than one soft drink consumption per day are good targets to prevent involvement in suicidality. More actions for intervening in the movement and dietary behaviors among adolescents are needed to maintain physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers ways of using walnut shells for food products. The study is based on three varieties of walnut as raw materials. Such physicochemical indicators as the shape, mass, thickness, kernel yield, fat, protein, ash, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and bioflavonoids have been investigated. The results showed that the walnut shell has a large, rounded, and roundovoid shape. The weight of the shell ranges from 11.7 to 14.1 g, the thickness - from 1.5 to 1.6 mm, the kernel yield - from 45.7 to 48.8 %. The fat content ranges from 0.7 to 0.9 %, the protein content - 2.4 to 2.5 %, the ash content - from 1.6 to 1.7 %. The study of vitamins in the walnut shell showed that vitamin A is absent in the shell of all varieties of walnut. The content of the vitamin E ranges from 8.59 mg to 9.53 mg, the content of the vitamin C - from 9.31 mg to 15.0 mg, and the content of β, carotene, - from 0.053 to 0.070 mg. The studies have also shown a fairly rich amino acid composition of walnut shells. The results demonstrated that the shell of walnut contains a sufficient amount of daily intake of vitamins. The results of investigating mineral substances showed that the iodine content ranges from 5.52 μg to 14.81 μg, iron - from 3.33 mg to 7.39 mg, and zinc - from 3.1 mg to 6.9 mg. The content of quercetin in the shell of a walnut ranges from 0.945 mg to 1.51 mg, catechin - from 2.46 mg to 12.07 mg, tannins - from 611.32 mg to 805.62 mg. Based on the results of the analysis, it is planned in the future to devise technology for obtaining an extract that could be used as a food additive in a soft drink, enriching it with the missing nutritional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the fluorescence quenching effect of citric yellow on GSH-CdTe QDs (GSH: glutathione), the concentration of citric yellow (LY) in soft drink was detected by quantum dot fluorescence quenching method, and the reaction mechanism was analysed. The results showed that: LY could be measured in the range of 1.1–46.2 μg∙mL−1 with a detection limit of 6.7 ng∙mL−1. Combined with the influence of temperature change on fluorescence quenching constant and UV-vis absorption spectrum, it can be seen that this process is a static quenching process. The influence of common interfering species on the LY detection was studied, the results showed that the probe is highly selective and sensitive for the detection of LY. Finally, the optical probe was successfully used for the determination of LY in three kinds of soft drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The increase in soft drink (SD) consumption is emerging as a serious health issue. Our aim is to explore the prevalence and awareness regarding SD consumption among Saudi students. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1000 apparently healthy Saudi students (527 males, 473 females) aged 16–23 years. A designed questionnaire including various sections was used to obtain the required information. Results The BMI and frequency of SD consumption were significantly higher in males (P  < 0.001) than females, whereas, females exhibited higher awareness and knowledge regarding SD consumption than males. The SD consumption in females was due to society, taste, availability and markets, whereas in males it was due to cheap price. Females support the implementation of new policies to prevent consumption of SD. Conclusions Arab students exhibited a high prevalence of SD consumption especially in males. Although females showed more awareness and knowledge about SD, various misconceptions were notable in both sexes. New policies, health promotion campaigns must be organized to raise awareness among children and parents. Parents and health educators should motivate and encourage the children to consume more water in the context of a healthy balanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested the hypotheses that compared to drinking water, consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) attenuates the cutaneous vasodilatory response to local skin heating without (Protocol 1) and following ischemia‐reperfusion injury (Protocol 2). In a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, 14 healthy adults (25 ± 3 year, 6 women) consumed 500 ml of water (water) or a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS (Mtn. Dew, DEW). Thirty minutes following beverage consumption local skin heating commenced on the right forearm (Protocol 1), while on the left forearm ischemia‐reperfusion commenced with 20 min of ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion and then local skin heating (Protocol 2). Local skin heating involved 40 min of heating to 39℃ followed by 20 min of heating to 44℃. Skin blood flow (SkBf, laser Doppler) data were normalized to mean arterial pressure and are presented as a cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and as percentage of the CVC response during heating to 44℃ (%CVCmax). Protocol 1: During local heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 2.0 ± 0.6 PU/mmHg; DEW: 2.0 ± 0.8 PU/mmHg, p = 0.83) or %CVCmax (water: 59 ± 14%; DEW 60 ± 15%, p = 0.84) between trials. Protocol 2: During local skin heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 1.7 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg; DEW: 1.5 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg, p = 0.33) or %CVCmax (water: 64 ± 15%; DEW 61 ± 15% p = 0.62) between trials. The cutaneous microvascular vasodilator response to local heating with or without prior ischemia‐reperfusion injury is not affected by acute consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Pacific Island nation of Tonga (a middle-income country) introduced a sweetened beverage tax of T$0.50/L in 2013, with this increasing further in 2016 (to T$1.00/L), and in 2017 (T$1.50/L; US$0.02/oz). Given the potential importance of such types of fiscal intervention for preventing chronic disease, we aimed to evaluate the impact of these tax changes in Tonga. Methods Interrupted time series analysis was used to examine monthly import volumes and quarterly price and manufacturing 1 year after each tax change, compared with a counterfactual based on existing trends. Autocorrelation was adjusted for when present, and adjustments were made for changes in GDP per capita, visitor numbers, season and T$/US$ exchange rate. Results In the year after the 2013, 2016 and 2017 tax increases, the price of an indicator soft drink increased by 16.8% (95%CI: 6.3 to 29.6), 3.7% (− 0.6 to 8.3) and 17.6% (6.0 to 32.0) respectively. Imports of sweetened beverages decreased with changes of − 10.4% (− 23.6 to 9.0), − 30.3% (− 38.8 to − 20.5) and − 62.5% (− 73.1 to − 43.4) respectively. Juice imports changed by − 54.2% (− 93.2 to − 1.1), and sachet drinks by − 15.5% (− 67.8 to 88.3) after the 2017 tax increase. Tonga water bottling (T$) increased in value by 143% (69 to 334) after the 2016 tax increase and soft drink manufacturing increased by 20% (2 to 46, albeit 5% market share). Conclusions Consistent with international evaluations of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, the taxes in Tonga were associated with increased prices, decreased taxed beverages imports, and increased locally bottled water.

Introduction: Soft drinks are highly consumed in Syria due to their preferable taste, advertisement, and lack of awareness about their harmful effects on the human body. Heavy-metal contamination is one of the top problems associated with the soft drinks industry. In this study, the levels of heavy metals (lead [Pb] and cadmium [Cd]) in carbonated and noncarbonated canned soft drinks in the Syrian market were investigated. The leaching of Pb and Cd in canned drinks was also investigated under different storage conditions. Materials and Methods: Soft drink samples were collected from the Damascus market. The samples were prepared using microwave digestion. All samples were analyzed using the developed and validated atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. Results and Discussion: All studied samples at all stages of the study were free of Cd. The mean concentration of Pb ranged between 13.76 and 42.12 ppb. Our results showed that the levels of Cd and Pb were in the allowed limits according to Syrian Specification (1992/47) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits. There is no leaching of Pb and Cd in all studied samples under different storage conditions over 1 year of study. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that all samples are following good manufacturing procedure (GMP) and safe to be consumed by costumers.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of soft drinks such as Cola and Miranda on some physiological and biochemical parameters in the blood of white rats such as body weight (B.W), hemoglobin (HB), blood glucose (B.G) concentration and estimation of lipid profile estimation which included: total cholestrol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), total protein as well as estimating the concentration of urea and creatinine in the blood serum of male albino rats treated for one month. The results showed significant differences (p≤0.05) in some parameters compared with control group like body weight, blood glucose concentration and lipid profile, while other values such as concentration of hemoglobin, urea and total protein showed no significant differences with control group. These results show the relationship of soft drinks and their harmful effects on public health as well as their cause of metabolic syndromes such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes and high blood lipids.

Abstract This study tested the hypotheses that compared to drinking water, consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) attenuates the cutaneous vasodilatory response to local skin heating without (Protocol 1) and following ischemia‐reperfusion injury (Protocol 2). In a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, 14 healthy adults (25 ± 3 year, 6 women) consumed 500 ml of water (water) or a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS (Mtn. Dew, DEW). Thirty minutes following beverage consumption local skin heating commenced on the right forearm (Protocol 1), while on the left forearm ischemia‐reperfusion commenced with 20 min of ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion and then local skin heating (Protocol 2). Local skin heating involved 40 min of heating to 39℃ followed by 20 min of heating to 44℃. Skin blood flow (SkBf, laser Doppler) data were normalized to mean arterial pressure and are presented as a cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and as percentage of the CVC response during heating to 44℃ (%CVCmax). Protocol 1: During local heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 2.0 ± 0.6 PU/mmHg; DEW: 2.0 ± 0.8 PU/mmHg, p = 0.83) or %CVCmax (water: 59 ± 14%; DEW 60 ± 15%, p = 0.84) between trials. Protocol 2: During local skin heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 1.7 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg; DEW: 1.5 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg, p = 0.33) or %CVCmax (water: 64 ± 15%; DEW 61 ± 15% p = 0.62) between trials. The cutaneous microvascular vasodilator response to local heating with or without prior ischemia‐reperfusion injury is not affected by acute consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS.

Introduction: Food and beverage products containing cannabidiol (CBD) is a growing industry, but some CBD products contain Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), despite being labeled as "THC-free". As CBD can convert to Δ 9 -THC under acidic conditions, a potential cause is the formation of Δ 9 -THC during storage of acidic CBD products. In this study, we investigated if acidic products (pH ≤ 4) fortified with CBD would facilitate conversion to THC over a 2-15-month time period. Materials and Methods: Six products, three beverages (lemonade, cola, and sports drink) and three condiments (ketchup, mustard, and hot sauce), were purchased from a local grocery store and fortified with a nano-emulsified CBD isolate (verified as THC-free by testing). The concentrations of CBD and Δ 9 -THC were measured by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively, for up to 15 months at room temperature. Results: Coefficients of variation (CVs) of initial CBD concentrations by GC-FID were <10% for all products except ketchup (18%), showing homogeneity in the fortification. Formation of THC was variable, with the largest amount observed after 15 months in fortified lemonade #2 (3.09 mg Δ 9 -THC/serving) and sports drink #2 (1.18 mg Δ 9 -THC/serving). Both beverages contain citric acid, while cola containing phosphoric acid produced 0.10 mg Δ 9 -THC/serving after 4 months. The importance of the acid type was verified using acid solutions in water. No more than 0.01 mg Δ 9 -THC/serving was observed with the condiments after 4 months. Discussion: Conversion of CBD to THC can occur in some acidic food products when those products are stored at room temperature. Therefore, despite purchasing beverages manufactured with a THC-free nano-emulsified form of CBD, consumers might be at some risk of unknowingly ingesting small amounts of THC. The results indicate that up to 3 mg Δ 9 -THC from conversion can be present in a serving of CBD-lemonade. Based on the previous studies, 3 mg Δ 9 -THC might produce a positive urine sample (≥15 ng/mL THC carboxylic acid) in some individuals. Conclusion: Consumers must exert caution when consuming products with an acidic pH (≤4) that suggests that they are "THC-Free," because consumption might lead to positive drug tests or, in the case of multiple doses, intoxication.

Purpose: To compare the color stability of a microhybrid and two nanocomposites after exposure to common soft drinks among adolescents. Methods: Ninety discs were prepared from a microhybrid (Filtek Z250) and two nanocomposites (Filtek Z350 and Tetric N-Ceram) (n = 30 each). Six discs from each material were then immersed in one of five drinks (iced tea, sports drink, orange juice, cola, and distilled water) for 15 days. Color measurement was performed at baseline and after 15 days using a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* system, and the change in color values as well as total color change (ΔE) was calculated and compared. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). Results: Significant change in color values and total color (ΔE > 3.3) was observed in the composite materials after immersion in the soft drinks compared to immersion in distilled water (ΔE < 3.3). The highest mean values were those of Filtek Z350, being significantly different from the rest of the materials. Independent of the composite material, iced tea resulted in the highest mean values, being significantly different from the rest of the drinks (p < 0.05). Conclusion: All soft drinks resulted in clinically unacceptable discoloration of the composite materials with maximum discoloration being that following immersion of composite materials, particularly Filtek Z350, in iced tea. Consequently, in dental practice, adolescents should be asked about their consumption of soft drinks, particularly iced tea, and made aware of their potential to discolor composite restorations if they are to receive them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that ingestion of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup acutely increases arterial stiffness. In a randomized counterbalanced, crossover design, fourteen healthy adults (25 ± 3 years, 6 women) reported to the laboratory for two experimental visits where 500 ml of tap water (H2O) or 500 ml of Mountain Dew® (a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS)) were consumed. Arterial stiffness (carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), peripheral and central blood pressures were measured pre‐consumption, 30 min post‐consumption, and 120 min post‐consumption. Prior to each measurement period, beat‐to‐beat hemodynamic measures were collected. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials at any timepoint (p ≥ 0.06). Moreover, changes in peripheral or central blood pressures from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials (p ≥ 0.84). Likewise, changes in cfPWV from pre‐consumption to 30 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, H2O: 0.0 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.34) and 120 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.3 ± 0.4 m/s, H2O: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.77) did not differ. Changes in aortic augmentation pressure, augmentation index, augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 bpm, and reflection magnitude did not differ between conditions at 30 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.55) or 120 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.18) consumption. In healthy young adults, ingesting 500 ml of a commercially available caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup does not acutely change indices of arterial stiffness and wave reflection.

A microwave digestion method for the analysis of tin, arsenic and lead in soft drinks was studied and its performance was evaluated. The trueness, repeatability(RSD)and Intralaboratory reproducibility (RSD) of the method were estimated to be in the ranges of 93-100, 0.7-6.1 and 0.9-8.6％, respectively. In the preparation of the samples for tin analysis, the addition of sulfuric acid after microwave digestion improved the recovery rate and reproducibility. To verify the applicability of this method, recovery tests were conducted on five types of soft drinks, and the results were satisfactory. It was confirmed that this method is applicable to the digestion of a wide range of soft drinks and to the analysis of tin, arsenic, and lead, and that it reduces working time and makes the work easier compared to the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the clinical observation of a 46 years old woman developing Wernicke encephalopathy with an atypical presentation, which is complicated by severe dysautonomic syndrome with paralytic ileus, a rarely described complication. Moreover, the patient's Coca-Cola® addictive behaviour highlights the importance of considering the multifactorial origin of thiamine deficiency. Identifying the risk population and recognizing the symptoms in time is essential to avoid a diagnostic delay, potentially fatal, and can lead to a more efficient care management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the hypothesis that ingestion of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup acutely increases arterial stiffness. In a randomized counterbalanced, crossover design, fourteen healthy adults (25 ± 3 years, 6 women) reported to the laboratory for two experimental visits where 500 ml of tap water (H2O) or 500 ml of Mountain Dew® (a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS)) were consumed. Arterial stiffness (carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), peripheral and central blood pressures were measured pre‐consumption, 30 min post‐consumption, and 120 min post‐consumption. Prior to each measurement period, beat‐to‐beat hemodynamic measures were collected. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials at any timepoint (p ≥ 0.06). Moreover, changes in peripheral or central blood pressures from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials (p ≥ 0.84). Likewise, changes in cfPWV from pre‐consumption to 30 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, H2O: 0.0 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.34) and 120 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.3 ± 0.4 m/s, H2O: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.77) did not differ. Changes in aortic augmentation pressure, augmentation index, augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 bpm, and reflection magnitude did not differ between conditions at 30 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.55) or 120 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.18) consumption. In healthy young adults, ingesting 500 ml of a commercially available caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup does not acutely change indices of arterial stiffness and wave reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]