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Aim: The study was conducted to determine the effects of a ceramic membrane composed of clay and a mixture of rice husks, sawdust, coconut shell charcoal, and coffee grounds on reducing total coliforms in well water. Methods: The materials used were clay and a mixture of materials including rice husks, sawdust, coconut shell charcoal, and coffee grounds. These materials were mixed, molded, dried, and burnt. Total coliforms in well water were measured as the observed parameter, and the different material compositions were compared. Coliforms were assessed with the membrane filter method, while data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the greatest reduction in total coliforms was found on the ceramic membrane of clay and coffee grounds with a value of 105.8 CFU, while the lowest was observed in a mixture of clay and coconut shell charcoal at 92.8 CFU. The percentage decline rate in total coliforms caused by ceramic membrane with a mixture of land clay and coffee grounds reached 91.3%. Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference in the reduction of total coliforms among the various membrane compositions, the combination of clay and coffee grounds caused a reduction reaching >90%.

Thesis Defense Examination (TDE) is an assessment that most undergraduate students around the world have to pass in order to graduate from universities. Some students can pass the examination satisfactorily, while others fail due to their poor performance. In the EFL general context, the issue of poor performance of undergraduate students in the TDE conducted in English is a piece of common knowledge among lecturers as the examiners and students as the examinees. Within the Indonesian context, this study aims at investigating students and lecturers’ experiences in Research Methodology (RM) (focusing on written competence) and Seminar on ELT (SoELT) (focusing on oral competence) courses, where the case was taken from the English Education Department of a public university located in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. By using a purposive sampling technique, we involved five students who have passed RM and SoELT, two lecturers who teach RM, and two lecturers who teach SoELT as the participants in this qualitative research. Interviews were employed to gather the data to address the investigation. We consulted Hyland (2004) for the analysis of the teaching and learning of written competence, and Alptekin (2002) to analyze the teaching and learning of oral competence in classroom activities. The results of the analysis show that there are matches and mismatches between what was experienced by the students and what the lecturers experienced. We also found that some activities in the courses hindered students from being competent in their performance in TDE.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan butir-butir soal berbasis High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) dalam bentuk uraian dengan materi sel Volta pada kelas XII SMA/MA. Pengembangan butir soal dilakukan untuk menghasilkan butir soal yang valid, reliabel. Pada pengembangan butir soal menggunakan model pengembangan yaitu Mc. Intire. Data pada penelitian pengembangan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan validasi para rater serta hasil tes. Hasil yang dilakukan berdasarkan dari rater dapat dinyatakan bahwa butir soal layak uji dengan melihat nilai rata-rata dari validitas yaitu 0,727 sehingga termasuk dalam kategori tinggi dengan melihat aspek-aspek yaitu dari aspek materi, kontruksi serta bahasa. Berdasarkan perhitungan hasil dengan menghasilkan 10 butir soal dengan materi sel Volta kelas XII SMA/MA yang valid dengan nilai rata-rata dari tingkat kesukaran 0,466 termasuk dalam kategori (sedang), rata-rata dari daya pembeda 0,492 termasuk dalam kategori (baik), rata-rata dari validitas 0,559 termasuk dalam kategori (cukup), serta rata-rata reliabilitas 0,720 termasuk dalam kategori (tinggi). Kata Kunci: penelitian dan pengembangan, soal kimia, berpikir tingkat tinggi.

This research analyzes the school principal's effective communication towards improving teacher performance. Effective principal-teacher communication is essential for building trust and mutual support. This research uses qualitative methods, with a narrative research design involving five class teachers in one of the elementary schools in Cibitung Sub-District, Bekasi Regency, West Java Province. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation and documentation studies. Inductive and thematic data analysis was conducted using NVivo 12 Plus to identify, evaluate, and create themes expressed by participants. This research shows that the principal's effective communication has an impact on the performance of classroom teachers through the principles established by the principal. This research contributes to improving effective school principal communication so that it has an impact on the quality of educational units and the findings can be used by policy makers in determining the direction of school principals in leading educational units.

Background: As the most abundant coffee by-product, cascara pulp has been considered a good source of antioxidants which could be used to prevent photoaging. The aim of this study was to determine the phytometabolite profiles, antioxidant and photoaging properties of the ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica cascara pulp. Methods: Ethanolic maceration was performed on the fine powder of C. arabica cascara pulp collected from Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The filtrate obtained was evaluated for its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The phytometabolite profiling was conducted qualitatively using reagents and quantitatively using gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The potential of the cascara pulp phytometabolites in inhibiting activator protein-1 (AP-1) was evaluated through molecular docking. Results: The extract had TPC and TFC of 2.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 91.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the DPPH inhibition reached as low as 9.59 mg/L. Qualitative phytocompound screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, polyphenols, and triterpenoids. GC-MS revealed the extract containing 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (22.31%); 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (0.74%); and caffeine (21.07%), which could form interaction with AP-1 with binding energies of -172.8, -150.8, and -63.188 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. arabica cascara pulp potentially have anti-photoaging properties which is worthy for further investigations in the future.

The problem of stunting in Aceh Besar exceeds the standard set of WHO, which is 38.7% caused by many risk factors. This study aims to determine the risk factors of stunting in children aged 6-24 months in Baitussalam, Aceh Besar. The type of this research is observational analytic with a cross-sectional method that involves 189 children under two years old. Data were collected by filling out questionnaires, maternal and child health books, and measuring body length. The results showed that children who are stunted were 24.3% and those who were not stunted were 75.7%. There were stunting children with a history of non-exclusive breastfeeding (93.5%), pre-term gestational age (82.6%), a history of low birth weight (10.9%), mothers with junior high school education levels (60.9%), fathers with junior high school education level (45.7%) and low family income (68.8%). Statistical test analysis found that the risk factors of stunting have a relationship with history of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.00), gestational age (p-value = 0.00), history of low birth weight (p-value = 0.022), mother’s education level (p-value = 0.00), father's education level (p-value 0.002) and family income (p-value = 0.00). This study concluded that risk factors which include the history of exclusive breastfeeding, gestational age, history of LBW, education level of mother and father, and family income have a relationship with the incidence of stunting in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar District.

Background: Basic medical sciences are essential foundation for the constructive learning of clinical sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala is currently implementing Problem-based learning (PBL) for basic medical sciences. Studies have been conducted in many places with inconsistently different results that it is impossible to draw theoretical and practical conclusions regarding the implementation of PBL for basic medical sciences. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of PBL for basic medical sciences at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala from the perspectives of pre-clinical teachers, clinical teachers and medical students. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were pre-clinical teachers, clinical teachers and medical students. Data collection were carried out by using focused-group discussion (FGD). Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by using thematic analysis. Results: This study identified three themes: (1) integrated thematic blocks are not adequate for the learning of basic medical sciences, (2) inadequacy of basic medical sciences practice activities, and (3) possible improvements through curriculum revision. Conclusion: The implementation of PBL in the form of integrated blocks for basic medical sciences is not adequately constructive to prepare students to learn clinical sciences. Hybrid curriculum which incorporates conventional methods for basic medical sciences and PBL for clinical sciences is recommended to improve students’ constructive learning. Further studies on hybrid curriculum is needed to evaluate its effect of basic medical sciences. Keywords: Basic medical sciences, Problem-based learning (PBL), practical session, hybrid curriculum, constructive learning, self-directed learning.

This study aims to assess the level of preparedness of visually disabled people in terms of the emergency response plan for earthquake and tsunami. This study uses analytical methods, cross-sectional design, and questionnaires as data collection tools. The sample of this study was 54 visually disabled people who were living in Banda Aceh. The analysis revealed that the level of preparedness of the emergency response plan, the majority of visually disabled people has a low level of preparedness to plan an emergency response (63%), especially the total blindness group (46.3%). The Mann-Whitney test results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the visual impairment group and total blindness group on the preparedness of the emergency response plan (p = 0.016). Hence, this study suggests some recommendations, including a disaster preparedness program that is sensitive to people with disabilities, increasing the participation of people with disabilities in DRR education, and increasing the accessibility of people with disabilities to DRR teaching/learning materials.

Background: Solid waste from coffee depulping process threatens the organism in environment as it produces organic pollutants. Evidence suggested that coffee by-product could valorize owing to its potential as antioxidant sources. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate antioxidant activity of coffee by-products obtained from different coffee variants (arabica and robusta) and processing methods. Methods: The systematic review was conducted as of May 29, 2021 for records published within the last ten years (2011–2021) using seven databases: Embase, Medline, BMJ, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane, and PubMed. Data on type of specimen, processing methods, and antioxidant activities were collected based on PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our data suggested that aqueous extract was found to be the most common processing method used to obtain the antioxidant from various coffee by-products, followed by methanol and ethanol extract. A variety of antioxidant properties ranging from strong to low activity was found depending on the variety, type of coffee by-products (cascara, pulp, husk, silverskin, and parchment), and processing technique. Fermentation employing proper bacteria was found effective in improving the yield of bioactive compounds resulting in higher antioxidant capacity. Applications in feedstuffs, foods, beverages, and topical formulation are among the potential utilization of coffee by-products. Conclusion: Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant properties which could be used as additives in foods, beverages, and cosmetics. In particular, their benefits in skin care products require further investigation.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: لتقييم علاقة الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين المتعدد الأشكال الجينية مع ارتفاع ضغط الدم، وحجم الورم الدموي داخل المخ، ومستوى الوعي، ونتيجة المرض بين المرضى المصابين بنزف داخل المخ. طرق البحث: أجريت دراسة مقطعية عرضية في مستشفى زين العابدين العام خلال الفترة من مايو ٢٠١٦ إلى يونيو ٢٠١٧. استخدم تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل للحصول على التركيب الوراثي للإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين المتعدد الأشكال الجينية. كما تم تقييم حجم الورم الدموي داخل المخ باستخدام صيغة تقدير الحجم. وتم تقييم مستوى الوعي بواسطة مقياس جلاسجو للغيبوبة. وتقييم نتيجة المرض باستخدام مقياس جلاسجو للنتائج. وتحليل اختبار العلاقة للتركيب الوراثي مع حالة ارتفاع ضغط الدم، وحجم الورم الدموي داخل المخ، ومقياس جلاسجو للغيبوبة، ومقياس جلاسجو للنتائج للحالات المصابة بنزف داخل المخ باستخدام الانحدار اللوجستي المتعدد. النتائج: تضمنت الدراسة ما مجموعه ٧٥ مريضا بنزف داخل المخ. من هؤلاء، ٥٩ مريضا مصابا بارتفاع ضغط الدم، و٢٤ مريضا لديه حجم الورم الدموي داخل المخ ≥ ٦٠ سنتيمترا مكعبا، و١٦ مريضا لديه مقياس جلاسجو للغيبوبة ≤ ٨، و٧٢ مريضا لديه مقياس جلاسجو للنتائج ١-٣. أظهرت نتائجنا أن الجين للإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين المتعدد الأشكال الجينية كان مرتبطا بشكل كبير بازدياد ارتفاع ضغط الدم ب ٣.٦ مرة، ولكن ليس مع حجم الورم الدموي داخل المخ، ومستوى الوعي، ونتيجة المرض بين المرضى المصابين بنزف داخل المخ. الاستنتاجات: الجين للإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين المتعدد الأشكال الجينية يرتبط بارتفاع ضغط الدم عند المرضى المصابين بنزف داخل المخ. Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the correlation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) G2350A gene polymorphisms with hypertension, brain hematoma volume (BHV), level of consciousness, and disease outcome among intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zainoel Abidin General Hospital from May 2016 to June 2017. Polymerase chain reaction was used to genotype ACE G2350A gene polymorphisms. BHV was assessed using the ABC/2 volume estimation formula. Level of consciousness was assessed by Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Disease outcome was assessed using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Association tests for ACE G2350A genotype in the context of hypertension status, BHV, GCS score, and GOS score in subjects with ICH was analysed by multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 75 ICH patients were included in the study. Of those, 59 patients exhibited hypertension, 24 patients had BHV ≥60 cm3, 16 patients possessed GCS scores ≤8, and 72 patients had GOS scores of 1–3. Our analysis determined that the A allele of the ACE G2350A gene polymorphism was significantly associated with a 3.6-fold increase in hypertension; however, this polymorphism was not associated with BHV, level of consciousness, and disease outcome among ICH patients. Conclusion: The A allele of the ACE G2350A gene polymorphisms is associated with hypertension among ICH patients. الكلمات المفتاحية: نزف داخل المخ, ارتفاع ضغط الدم, الجين للإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين المتعدد الأشكال الجينية, Keywords: ACE G2350A gene polymorphism, Hypertension, Intracerebral haemorrhage

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendapatan petani terhadap budidaya, menganalisis efisiensi biaya, dan menganalisis prospek pengembangan budidaya cabe jawa. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan dengan menggunakan purposive method, yaitu di Desa Bagorejo Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan analitik. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling, untuk menjawab permasalahan pendapatan dan efisiensi biaya, sedangkan purposive sampling untuk menjawab permasalahan prospek pengembangan budidaya cabe jawa. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan observasi. Sedangkan analisa data dengan analisis pendapatan, R/C ratio, dan analisis medan kekuatan (FFA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budidaya cabe jawa memiliki pendapatan yang menguntungkan karena penerimaan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan total biaya yang dikeluarkan, biaya budidaya cabe jawa tergolong efisien karena memiliki nilai R/C ratio lebih dari satu. Prospek pengembangan budidaya cabe jawa tergolong baik dikarenakan total nilai faktor pendorong lebih besar dibandingkan faktor penghambat, sehingga budidaya cabe jawa baik untuk dilanjutkan. This study aims to analyse the income of farmers on the cultivation, analyse the efficiency of the cost, and analyse the prospects for the development of Javanese chilli cultivation in Bagorejo Village. The research location was determined by using the purposive method, namely in Bagorejo Village, Gumukmas Subdistrict, Jember Regency. The research used the descriptive and analytic method. The sampling method used total sampling to answer income problems and cost efficiencies, while purposive sampling was to answer the issue of the development prospects of Javanese chilli cultivation. The analysis used revenue analysis, R/C ratio, and force field analysis (FFA). The results of the research showed that: Javanese chilli cultivation had a favourable income because the revenue was higher than the total cost of cultivation. The total cost of Javanese chilli cultivation was efficient because it had an R/C ratio of more than one. The development prospects of Java chilli cultivation was good because the total value of the driving factors was higher than the inhibiting factors of Javanese chilli cultivation, so it was good to be developed.

The impact of the pandemic is felt by people all over the world. This is caused by stigmatization, discrimination, positive experiences of Covid, and disruption of social support. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to find out the psychological impact during the pandemic on the community. This systematic literature review was compiled by searching for articles from 2020 to 2021 contained in health databases from several journals such as Elsevier, BMC, Index, Cambridge University Press, Dove Press, and Wiley which was performed electronically. The inclusion criteria included in this study were focusing on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and mental health. From 20 articles, it was shown that psychological factors also played an important role in adherence to preventive measures in public health (such as vaccination) and how people deal with the threat of this virus infection with good health protocols. A person with a low level of education had a risk of being prone to depression and anxiety. This was because if someone with a high level of education had extensive knowledge about virus transmission so that they were better able to protect and cope with the anxiety and depression. Theoretically, the implication of this study is to enrich insight related to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on community mental health. While practically, this study might empower the community to maintain a healthy lifestyle during the pandemic that can prevent mental disorders. We hope this study will also empower stakeholders to create a policy that works in facilitating mental health assistant during the pandemic, especially for the Covid-19 patients in the community.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is still one public health problem that is important to note, because it is an acute illness and can even cause death in infants in developing countries, including Indonesia. In general, there are three the risk factors of ARI namely environmental factors, individual factors of children, and behavioral factors. The aim of research to find out the environmental risk factors with the incidence of ARI in Toddlers in Public Health Center of Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar district. This type of research is an analytic survey with cross-sectional study approach. The sample size is calculated using the formula Lemeshow of 100 respondents, samples were taken randomly. Data analysis using Chi-Square test. The results showed that the level of humidity in the home (p= 0,039), smoking habits of family members in the home (p= 0,001), and the habit of using mosquito coils in the home (p= 0,003) as a risk factor for ISPA to children in Region Public Health Center of Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar district. Conclusion, risk factor of ARI in the toddler that is a smoking habit, usage habit of mosquito coil and air humidity. Suggestions, the public in order to maintain air quality in the home environment to avoid various transmission of infectious diseases. Keywords: Air humidity, habits, environment, ARI Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting untuk diperhatikan, karena merupakan penyakit akut dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian pada balita di berbagai negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Secara umum ada 3 (tiga) faktor risiko terjadinya ISPA yaitu faktor lingkungan, faktor individu anak, serta faktor perilaku. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor risiko lingkungan dengan kejadian ISPA pada Balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jenis penelitian adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan Crossectional study. Besarnya sampel dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus lameshow yaitu 100 responden, sampel diambil secara acak sederhana. Analisa data dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelembaban udara dalam rumah (p=0,039), kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga dalam rumah (p=0,001), dan kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamuk bakar di dalam rumah (p=0,003) sebagai faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada Balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Kesimpulan, faktor risiko ISPA pada balita yaitu kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar dan kelembaban udara. Saran, masyarakat agar dapat menjaga kualitas udara dilingkungan rumah agar terhindar dari berbagai penularan penyakit infeksi. Kata kunci: Kelembaban udara, kebiasaan, lingkungan, ISPA

Angka kesakitan pada pemulung tinggi, namun jarang terdeteksi dan tidak ada laporan dari pemulung karena rendahnya kemampuan terhadap akses pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lama memulung dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri terhadap kejadian penyakit pada pemulung.Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan desain crossectional menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Sampel dalam penelitian ini seluruh pemulung yang terdata di TPA Gampoeng Jawa Kota Banda Aceh sebanyak 57 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan lama bekerja sebagai pemulung dengan kejadian penyakit pada pemulung di TPA Gampoeng Jawa Kota Banda Aceh dengan nilai p = 0,02. Tidak ada hubungan antara penggunaan APD oleh pemulung dengan kejadian penyakit pada pemulung di TPA Gampoeng Jawa Kota Banda Aceh dengan nilai p = 0,77.Perlu adanya pembinaan terhadap pemulung dari pihak terkait untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan personal higyene pemulung dan membiasakan untuk pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin.

ABSTRAK Kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil dengan teknik amalgamasi dapat memberikan peluang introduksi merkuri (Hg) ke lingkungan dan manusia. Penelitian kontaminasi Hg pada air minum, ikan, rambut kepala manusia, dan faktor risiko pada manusia telah dilakukan di wilayah Krueng Sabee, Provinsi Aceh. Metode pengambilan dan pengujian sampel yang mengandung Hg dilakukan dengan prosedur SNI, EPA dan WHO. Rancangan cross sectional survey dilakukan pada empat desa dengan 72 responden yang dipilih secara acak. Wawancara dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait faktor risiko kesehatan. Pengukuran konsentrasi Hg untuk sampel air dan ikan dilakukan dengan Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer dan untuk sampel rambut kepala menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis varian, uji t sampel bebas, dan uji t satu sampel. Model prediksi dihasilkan menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan konsentrasi Hg pada sampel air sumur sebesar 0,24 ± 0,25 µg/L; sampel ikan: Rastrellinger kanagurta,149,46 ± 2,00 µg/g, Selaroides sp, 58,6 ± 3,01 µg/g, Euthynnus affinis, 46,3 ± 2,98 µg/g; dan pada rambut kepala mulai dari 11,2 ± 4,02 µg/g hingga 48,3 ± 22,29 µg/g. Faktor-faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi Hg pada responden adalah status bekerja di Krueng Sabee, lokasi, lama tinggal, status pekerja tambang dan lama penggunaan pembakar amalgam. Faktor-faktor risiko ini memberi peran sebesar 45,8% terhadap akumulasi Hg di dalam rambut kepala responden. ABSTRACT Small-scale gold mining activities with amalgamation process can contribute the entry of mercury (Hg) into environment and humans. Research on Hg contamination in drinking water, fish, human head hair, and risk factors has been conducted in the area of Krueng Sabee, Aceh Province. Methods of samples collection and Hg concentrations testing conducted by SNI, EPA and WHO procedures. A cross sectional survey was conducted in four villages with 72 respondents which were randomly selected. The interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire to obtain information related to health risk factors. Measurement of Hg concentration in drinking water and fish samples were conducted by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and for head hair sample using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance, independent samples t-test and t-test of one sample. Predictive models generated using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed Hg concentration in well water was 0.24 ± 0.25 µg/g; in fish samples were: Rastrellinger kanagurta, 149.46 ± 2.00 µg/g, Selaroides sp, 58.6 ± 3.01 µg/g, Euthynnus affinis, 46.3 ± 2.98 µg/g; and in head hair ranging from 11.2 ± 4.02 µg/g to 48.3 ± 22.29 µg/g. Risk factors that were correlated with respondent’s head hair Hg concentration were working in Krueng Sabee, village location, length of stay, role in mining process, and length of contact with amalgamation combustion. These risk factors giving a role of 45.8% to the accumulation of Hg in the head hair of respondents.

Concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) were determined in muscle and liver tissue in the three commercially fish species, the Indian mackerel (Rastrellinger kanagurta), the tuna (Euthynnus affinis), and the tripletail (Lobotes surinamensis) collected from Aceh (Indonesia) and Penang (Malaysia). In this study, metal concentrations were found highest in the liver tissue compared to the muscle for all fish species (P0.05). Concentrations of metals in the liver were in the range of 0.05 to 0.4 0g/g dry wt for Pb, from 0.13 to 0.67 0g/g dry wt. for Cd, and 1.17 to 3.54 0g/g dry wt. for Cu. While in the muscle, Pb content were in the range of 0.02 to 0.14 0g/g dry wt.; Cd at below 0.12 0g/g dry wt.; and Cu at below 0.54 0g/g dry wt. On the average, among locations, Pb, Cd, and Cu contamination were found significantly higher (P0.05) in samples collected from Aceh (Indonesia). However, levels of metals in the fish studied were not exceeded the guideline values for food as recommended by Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, UK and the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Background: As the most abundant coffee by-product, cascara pulp has been considered a good source of antioxidants which could be used to prevent photoaging. The aim of this study was to determine the phytometabolite profiles, antioxidant and photoaging properties of the ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica cascara pulp. Methods: Ethanolic maceration was performed on the fine powder of C. arabica cascara pulp collected from Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The filtrate obtained was evaluated for its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The phytometabolite profiling was conducted qualitatively using reagents and quantitatively using gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The potential of the cascara pulp phytometabolites in inhibiting activator protein-1 (AP-1) was evaluated through molecular docking. Results: The extract had TPC and TFC of 2.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 91.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) for the DPPH inhibition reached as low as 9.59 mg/L. Qualitative phytocompound screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, polyphenols, and triterpenoids. GC-MS revealed the extract containing 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (22.31%); 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (0.74%); and caffeine (21.07%), which could form interaction with AP-1 with binding energies of -172.8, -150.8, and -63.188 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. arabica cascara pulp potentially have anti-photoaging properties which is worthy for further investigations in the future.

Background: As the most abundant coffee by-product, cascara pulp has been considered a good source of antioxidants which could be used to prevent photoaging. The aim of this study was to determine the phytometabolite profiles, antioxidant and photoaging properties of the ethanolic extract of Coffea arabica cascara pulp. Methods: Ethanolic maceration was performed on the fine powder of C. arabica cascara pulp collected from Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The filtrate obtained was evaluated for its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). The phytometabolite profiling was conducted qualitatively using reagents and quantitatively using gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The potential of the cascara pulp phytometabolites in inhibiting activator protein-1 (AP-1) was evaluated through molecular docking. Results: The extract had TPC and TFC of 2.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 91.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) for the DPPH inhibition reached as low as 9.59 mg/L. Qualitative phytocompound screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, quinones, polyphenols, and triterpenoids. GC-MS revealed the extract containing 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (22.31%); 2,5 dimethyl 4 hidroxy 3(2H) furanone (0.74%); and caffeine (21.07%), which could form interaction with AP-1 with binding energies of -172.8, -150.8, and -63.188 kJ/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. arabica cascara pulp potentially have anti-photoaging properties which is worthy for further investigations in the future.

Background: Solid waste from coffee depulping process threatens the organism in environment as it produces organic pollutants. Evidence suggested that coffee by-product could valorize owing to its potential as antioxidant sources. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate antioxidant activity of coffee by-products obtained from different coffee variants (arabica and robusta) and processing methods. Methods: The systematic review was conducted as of May 29, 2021 for records published within the last ten years (2011–2021) using seven databases: Embase, Medline, BMJ, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane, and PubMed. Data on type of specimen, processing methods, and antioxidant activities were collected based on PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our data suggested that aqueous extract was found to be the most common processing method used to obtain the antioxidant from various coffee by-products, followed by methanol and ethanol extract. A variety of antioxidant properties ranging from strong to low activity was found depending on the variety, type of coffee by-products (cascara, pulp, husk, silverskin, and parchment), and processing technique. Fermentation employing proper bacteria was found effective in improving the yield of bioactive compounds resulting in higher antioxidant capacity. Applications in feedstuffs, foods, beverages, and topical formulation are among the potential utilization of coffee by-products. Conclusion: Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant properties which could be used as additives in foods, beverages, and cosmetics. In particular, their benefits in skin care products require further investigation.