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System Dynamics serves as an approach to unravel behavioral patterns by exploring fundamental structures. In this study, the dynamic system was crafted using STELLA software. The research methodology involved conducting primary surveys with both farmers and conversion farmers' households to gather essential data on their perspectives, practices, and circumstances related to land conversion and food security. Through this data, the System Dynamic model was constructed to depict the interplay among key variables impacting food security, specifically focusing on Food Availability, Affordability, and Needs. The analysis revealed that the Food Affordability indicator consistently played a pivotal role in shaping these trends over the analyzed years. However, a significant discrepancy in food security levels emerged between farming and non-farming households. This divergence primarily stemmed from income inequalities within the agricultural sector, affecting the purchasing power for essential foods like rice across the village. Additionally, a concerning trend of diminishing agricultural land and a subsequent decline in food availability was observed.

The decreasing land area for coffee cultivation in Indonesia has led to a reduction in coffee production. The availability of land with potential for coffee plantation is also decreasing. As a consequence, coffee is cultivated on less fertile lands, such as lands dominated by clay fraction. This land generally has a low pH so that the nutrient content is more absorbed in Al and Fe which react in an acidic environment. Furthermore, heavy texture of soil also inhibits root growth, making it difficult for plants to absorb nutrients. In this study, biopore infiltration holes were used as a solution to improve acidic soil with a dominant clay fraction. The research was conducted at Agrotechnopark Jatikerto, Malang Regency and the soil analysis was conducted at the Soil Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya during 2020-2022. This research was conducted experimentally with a group randomized design. There were four treatments in this study, namely 1) control/no biopore, 2) 30 cm empty biopore, 3) 30 cm biopore + 2.12 kg compost fertilizer, and 4) 30 cm biopore + 1.05 kg goat manure fertilizer. The results showed that biopore infiltration holes added with compost or goat manure fertilizer were able to increase pH, soil organic C, CEC, BS, and total N-P-K nutrients. Furthermore, the increase in organic C and total N-P-K nutrients in the study area was also directly proportional to the increase in chlorophyll content and coffee production. The increase in chlorophyll content and coffee production is a result of the increase in chlorophyll content and coffee yield.

Ultisols, including those of Langsa, Aceh, are known to have low fertility due to low pH, low available nutrients, low base saturation, high pH and exchangeable Al, and low cation exchange capacity. These problems can be alleviated by applying organic amendments to the soil. One of the soil amendments is biochar. This study aimed to elucidate the potential of oil palm and cacao waste biochar for improving the chemical properties of an Ultisol of Langsa, Aceh. Biochars generated from oil palm kernel shell (PKS), oil palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), and cacao pod husk (CPH) were applied to the soil and incubated in the laboratory for 16 weeks. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after incubation, the changes in soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that applying different types of biochar significantly improved the chemical properties of the Ultisol of Langsa. Specifically, PEFB biochar caused significant increases in soil pH (H2O and KCl), total phosphorus, available phosphorus, organic C, and cation exchange capacity. These increases became more pronounced with longer incubation times. In addition, using PEFB biochar resulted in the lowest levels of exchangeable Al and Fe in the soil. These levels decreased further with longer incubation times. In general, PEFB biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450oC for 4 hours is the most effective biochar for improving the chemical properties of the Ultisol of Langsa.

The Kerandangan Nature Tourism Park (KNTP), as a conservation area, provides various ecosystem services that do not have direct market value or are intangible. These ecosystem services include benefits in climate regulation, soil protection, water purification, and habitat for biodiversity. Besides that, the KNTP has many tourist attractions, such as the biophysical potential presented in the form of waterfalls, rivers, camping ground and various flora and fauna. KNTP management has planned the development of sustainable natural tourism. The development of natural tourism that ignores the area's function as a conservation area has the potential to cause environmental degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to assess natural resources and intangible environmental services using the Willingness to Pay (WTP) and consumer surplus. The aim of this research is to measure the economic value of natural tourism environmental services in KNTP based on visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) and consumer surplus value. The approach used in this research is the travel cost approach. This approach uses travel costs to estimate the value of WTP and consumer surplus. The research results show that the average WTP value is IDR 13,300 and the consumer surplus value is IDR 171,232 per visit. The WTP value obtained is much smaller than the consumer surplus value. This shows that ticket prices for natural tourism at TWA Kerandangan can still be increased. Willingness of visitors to pay compensation costs, prevent damage to the tourist environment, support conservation and the quality of ecosystem environmental services.

One of the efforts to manage the risk of ground movement is to identify landslide-prone area characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the geophysical, geotechnical, and vegetation characteristics of landslide and non-landslide areas. This study adopted the resistivity geoelectric method to identify the type and structure of subsurface materials in landslide and non-landslide regions in Pujon and Ngantang, Malang Regency. Measurements in this study were done in four locations. Each geoelectric measurement path at each location was determined to be 100 m long. The electrodes were spaced apart by 10 m for measurements between the current electrode and the potential electrode. The dipole-dipole configuration of the geoelectric survey trajectory is determined based on the former landslide event to predict underground material. In addition, an investigation of geological, geotechnical, and vegetation characteristics was carried out. The results showed that the geophysical, soil, and vegetation characteristics of the landslide and non-landslide slopes were similar. The geophysical characteristics of the soil in all study locations indicate the presence of a slipping surface, which makes the land prone to landslides. The slipping plane was formed due to differences in the types of rocks between the surface and deep layers. The existence of vegetation has an important role in landslide management. Non-landslide areas tended to have denser tree vegetation and a higher number of shrub species.

Monitoring lemon production requires appropriate and efficient technology. The use of UAVs can addressed these challenges. The purpose of this study was to determine the best vegetation indices (VIs) for estimating chlorophyll content, plant height (PH), canopy area (CA), and fruit total numberas (FTN). CCM 200 was used as a tool to measure the chlorophyll content index (CCI), the number of fruits was measured by hand-counter, and other variables were recorded in meters. The UAV used was a Phantom 4 with a multispectral camera capable of capturing five different bands. The VIs was obtained via analysis of digital numbers generated by the multispectral camera. Then, the VIs was correlated with the CCI, PH, CA and FTN. VIs tested included the following: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the normalized difference vegetation index-green (NDVIg), the normalized different index (NDI), green minus red (GMR), simple ratio (SR), the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI), normalized difference red edge (NDRE), simple ratio red-edge (SRRE), the simple ratio vegetation index (SRVI), and the Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI). The best model for predicting CCI was obtained using the NDVIg (R2=0.8480; RMSE=6.1665 and RRMSE=0.0908). Meanwhile, SR turned out to be the best model for predicting PH (R2=0.8266; RMSE=15.6432 and RRMSE=0.0883), CA (R2=0.6886; RMSE= 0.8826 and RRMSE=0.1907), and FTN (R2=0.6850; RMSE=24.5574 and RRMSE=0.3503). The implication of these results for future activities includes establishing early monitoring and evaluation systems for lemon yield and production. This model was developed and tested in this specific location and under these environmental conditions.

High-traffic highway crossing agricultural fields impacts the quality of food crops grown on Vertisol agricultural fields in Pasuruan. Lead (Pb) released from the exhaust of motor vehicles into the air can eventually enter the soil and be absorbed by plants. This study aimed to examine the effect of Pb from exhaust motor vehicles emission on the Pb status and its behavior in soil, water, and plants. The study was initiated by conducting a survey to determine the sampling locations in selected inundated paddy and maize cropping systems. A stratified random sampling method was used to collect soil, water, and plant samples. The soil of the study area is dominated by Vertisol, with clay content ranging from 54% to 76%. The soil attributes a high cation exchange capacity ranging from 80.53 meq 100 g-1 to 93.57 meq 100 g-1. Pb emitted from 2,913,000 vehicles within four months period that entered the agricultural field was not absorbed by paddy and maize crops. Pb entered the soil in the adsorbed form, and no Pb was observed in the soluble form, so it was not absorbed by the roots. In the paddy field, the total Pb of 84.33% was influenced by pollutant distance. Likewise, in the maize field, 83.18% of total Pb was influenced by pollutant distance. The far the pollutant distance from the agricultural field, the lower its total Pb. Paddy field water is adsorbed onto the colloidal clay, which is dispersed due to inundation and sloughing of the paddy, moving with the clay and then dissolved in the water flow.

Coffee plants (Coffea sp.) are among the most popular plantation crops for farmers in Wajak District. However, the soil condition in Wajak District is dominated by sandy soil, which can trigger soil sensitivity to high erosion potential. A mitigation effort for the declining of coffee production in the Wajak District can be made through the estimation of the soil erodibility index. This study aimed to suspect the soil erodibility index and obtain the relationship of soil erodibility index to coffee production on smallholder coffee plantations in Wajak District, Malang Regency. The methods of determining land boundaries with land map units (SPL) were land use, soil type, and slope. The parameters used were soil texture (M), organic matter (a), structure (b), and permeability (c) to determine erodibility, as well as coffee beans for coffee production analysis. Statistical analysis of data was in the form of correlation tests and data regression tests. The results of the data analysis showed that the highest wet weight of coffee fruit was found in SPL 8 with plantation land use, Typic Hapludands soil type and land slope of 8-15%. The wet weight value of coffee fruit at SPL 8 is 2.18 t ha-1 with an erodibility value of 0.37. While the lowest wet weight of coffee beans was found in SPL 2 with moor land use, Andic Eutrudepts soil type and land slope of 8-15%. The average wet weight value of coffee beans at SPL 2 was 0.12 t ha-1 with an erodibility value of 0.26.

Using decomposers of fungi to increase the composting process is very necessary. The research aims to determine the potential of Trichoderma sp. Gorontalo local isolate as a decomposer of maize stover. The research was carried out from November 2022‒January 2023 at the Biological Agents Laboratory, Agricultural Plant Protection Center, Gorontalo Province Agricultural Department. This research determined the ability of six isolates of Trichoderma, namely TZ11DI1 (T. asperellum), TZ21BN2 (T. breviconvenctum), TZ21BT1 (T. virens), TZ12PO1 (T. ghanence), TZ21DU1 (T. reesei), TZ21LU1 (T. dorothopsis), and control (EM4) to produce cellulase and as a maize stover decomposer. The parameters observed were the clear zone in the isolate growing media as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the compost produced. The results showed that Trichoderma isolates produced cellulase and potential as a decomposer for maize stover, as indicated by the ability to increase NPK nutrient levels and reduce the C/N ratio of maize stover compost. Keywords: compost, decomposer, maize stover, Trichoderma

The exploitation of natural resources remains a common practice in many countries to stimulate economic growth, and coal is the most commonly exploited resource. However, the mining process often causes environmental disturbance. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the ideal implementation of coal mine reclamation in Indonesia. In the post-mining area, the land is often arid, with voids that are prone to flood and erosion. The reclamation of this area is carried out by returning topsoil, adding organic material, and planting cover crops and fast-growing species. When the topographical conditions have steep slopes, scrap engineering is often added to hills up to a maximum height of 8 meters, trimming the slope with a maximum remaining slope of 35 degrees and making drainage channels with a width of more than 3 meters, a depth of more than 2 meters, and an edge slope of 2-5 percent. Approximately 70.59% of reclamation programs in Indonesia are aimed at reforesting mining areas into secondary forests because they were previously a forest ecosystem. The types of reclamation that had been carried out but were still uncommon included aquaculture, urban forests, parks playground, sports park, cattle farms, and fauna conservation ecotourism. A new approach to reclamation, such as eco-habitat, is important to obtain optimal social, economic, and ecological benefits. This approach involves optimizing sources of livelihood based on area rezoning according to the level of interference, revegetation of plants involving the community, and revitalization of sources of community livelihood, specifically environmental restoration with plant species as sources of food, nutrition, minerals, income, and non-timber forest products. Therefore, the reclamation program should be carried out through a collaborative partnership between companies, local communities, academics, technical ministries, and the media.

Landslides are one of the crucial problems that have an impact on land degradation and human life. This study aimed to develop vulnerability maps using ANN to mitigate land degradation in the Bromo Tengger Semeru with the extending area of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System Top 91277639, Bottom 911569, Left 692860, and Right 706860. The method applied the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model using RStudio machine learning. Landslides were mapped using Sentinel Image and Orthomozaic photo interpretation from data acquisition using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The landslide control factor data was obtained through DEMNAS (National Digital Elevation Model) with a spatial resolution of 8 meters. Data normalisation was conducted using the Mix-Max method before it was processed using RStudio. The landslide existing for ANN workflow was processed using the Bioclim model. The results showed landslide susceptibility was categorised into four classes i.e., low susceptibility (29.83%), which was spatially spread on most in the lower slopes, moderate susceptibility (3.11%), high susceptibility (2.99%), and very high susceptibility (15.94) which is scattered on the upper slope to the middle slope of the watershed. The most significant factor influencing the landslide is the topography factor, with a Relative Importance (RI) value of 0.86; the hydrological factor, with an RI of 0.833 and the surface feature, with an RI of 0.355. The results of the landslide susceptibility model are very proper for land degradation mitigation strategies. It has high accuracy through an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.965 and a Precision Recall Curve (PRC) of 0.976.

Humic acids play a crucial role in ion exchange and metal ion complexes; therefore, they are potentially useful in improving soil fertility and crop yield. This study aimed to explore the role of humic acid (HA) from various composts in improving degraded soil fertility and maize yield. A field experiment was conducted on Inceptisols having low soil organic carbon, nitrogen and available phosphorus contents. Eight treatments of HA formulas and one control were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The HA formulas used were combinations of two doses of HA (0.15 and 0.20% of soil on w w-1 base) and four types of HA (HA extracted from bagasse compost, HA extracted from water hyacinth compost, HA extracted from market waste compost, and commercial HA). The results showed that the HA application increased 16-97% of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and calcium compared to the control. The formula of commercial HA at 0.15% was the best treatment for inhibiting soil fertility degradation in agricultural land. The best maize yield of 15.13 t ha-1 and starch content of 63.54% was obtained from the application of commercial HA at 0.20%.

One aim of productivity improvement on red beet was to restrain over-reducing the betacyanin as a secondary metabolite. Different nitrogen (N) sources were projected to affect growth, yield, and both primary and secondary plant metabolites. The research was carried out to find the effect of different sources and dosages of N on the production improvement and betacyanin. The N sources consisted of 5Ca(NO3)2NH4NO310H2O, NH4NO3NH4H2P04KCI, NO3H2P04KCI, CO(NH2)2, and (NH4)2SO4 with the N dosages of 75, 150, 225 kg N/ha and without N treatment as a control. The results showed that the enhancement of N dosages increased higher beet root fresh weight (BRFW) for about 42-50% than control. The 5Ca(NO3)2NH4NO310H2O and CO(NH2)2 increased BRFW and were higher than other N sources. The said N sources also contributed to 36% and 25% higher total betacyanin (BT) than those of (NH4)2SO4 and control, respectively. BRFW had the similar with BT, yet opposite patterns with betacyanin content (BC). The increase N dosages from any source diminish 20-33% BC, which was correlated with the increase of BRFW and BT following the sigmoidal pattern based on the logistics model during the growing period.

One of endemic flora that has become an icon in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area is the Edelweiss Flower. The existence of tourism developments in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area makes the demand for Edelweiss flowers as souvenirs even greater. It affects the economic value of these commodities. The population decline threatens its availability for the Tengger indigenous people who use Edelweiss Flowers as offerings that other components cannot replace. Until 2017, several Wonokitri Village communities, under the guidance of TNBTS, formed a farmer group called Hulun Hyang to conserve the Edelweiss Flower ex-situ. It was a long journey for the Hulun Hyang farmer group to get a breeding permit from the KLHK regarding wanawiyata widyakarya. This study aims to measure the willingness to pay of Edelweiss Park tourists for edelweiss flowers from the Ex-Situ conservation of the Hulun Hyang Farmer Group and determine what factors influence the willingness to pay. This study uses primary data with the number of respondents as many as 100 respondents who were conducted randomly or random sampling. The contingent valuation method (CVM) approach can estimate willingness to pay. This study's analytical tool uses multiple linear regression on SPSS 22. Based on the analysis, the average willingness to pay per person for a simple series containing 100 stalks of Edelweiss flowers is Rp. 36,307.00, with a total value of willingness to pay Rp. 3,667,000.00. The factors that are thought to significantly influence the value of willingness to pay for Edelweiss Flowers from Ex-situ Conservation of the "Hulun Hyang" Farmer Group in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park are the latest education and monthly income.

Agriculture land shows soil compaction problems due to long-term agricultural cultivation activities. Soil compaction indicator can be seen from the value of soil penetration resistance at different soil depths (0 - 60 cm). This research aimed to determine soil penetration resistance at different coffee plantation ages with different soil depths and to analyze the relationship between soil penetration resistance with soil physical characteristics and coffee productivity. The survey activities include observation of minipits, measuring soil penetration resistance at soil depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm using a hand penetrometer, and soil sampling. The results showed that the soil penetration resistance at each LU and soil depth suggested variation were categorized into moderate and high soil penetration resistance classes (1.34 MPa - 3.35 MPa). Soil characteristics, such as soil aggregate stability, water content, bulk density, porosity, silt content, and clay content, significantly correlate with soil penetration resistance. However, soil penetration resistance has a negative correlation with coffee productivity. The value of soil penetration resistance (at a depth of 0-60 cm) has a significant negative correlation with the average productivity of coffee plantations (r=-0.5936**). Therefore, increased soil penetration resistance decreased root growth, decreasing plant productivity.

Mycorrhizae is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, and soil characteristics influence the performance of this symbiosis. Biopore Infiltration Hole is a vertical hole into the soil with a diameter of about 10cm and at a depth of ±100 cm in the soil for air infiltration, which is helpful in reducing the occurrence of excessive air puddles. This research was conducted to determine the effect of soil properties such as pH, total N, available P, CEC and texture on the number of spores and root colonies by arbuscular mycorrhizae on the effect of biopore infiltration holes with the addition of organic matter. The results showed that the highest number of arbuscular mycorrhizae spores and root colonies was in the biopore infiltration holes with goat manure, namely 16.3 spores 100 g-1 soil and 66.22% root colonization. The arbuscular mycorrhizal genera found included Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Gigaspora. The number of spores and soil properties that were positively correlated were pH (r=0.45), organic C (r=0.945**), total N (r=0.716**), available P (r=0.922**), dan CEC (r=0.894**).

This study analyzes the financial feasibility of fish cracker processing trades in Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. The short-term and long-term feasibility analysis were used to determine the business feasibility. The data collected consists of primary and secondary data obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The analysis showed that the fish crackers processing business is profitable with an average monthly profit of Rp. 9,599,700. Therefore, the llisha elongata crackers processing business at the fish processing unit in Bengkalis is worth continuing.

Coffee in Indonesia is currently one of the most important plantation commodities. Inappropriate management of coffee plantations causes low soil quality especially in smallholder coffee plantations, one of which is the density (compaction) of soil in coffee plantations that has a clayey texture. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of lime and compost application on the chemical characteristics and saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC) of the soil. The experiment was carried out at Glasshouse Agro Techno Park (ATP) Jatikerto from September 2020-February 2021. Soil samples were taken from coffee gardens at a depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. The incubation study in the greenhouse used Factorial Complete Randomized Design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Incubation was carried out for 8 weeks. Treatment factors include the depth of the soil sample (0-30 cm and 30-60 cm); compost (0 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1 and20 tons ha-1) and lime (0 tons ha-1 and 2.5 tons ha-1). Results showed that the treatment combination of 2.5 ton ha-1 of lime and 20 ton ha-1 of compost gave the best results measured by the availability of N and K nutrients and an increase in the SHC. However, results in this treatment were almost the same as treatment of 2.5 ton ha-1 of lime and 10 ton ha-1 of compost. The combination of compost and lime has a significant effect on improving the chemical characteristics of the soil and the SHC of the topsoil (0-30 cm) and the subsoil (30-60 cm).

Introduction: This study focuses on the effect of applying clay and compost on improving the quality of sandy soil in terms of the physical and chemical quality of the soil so that it can be a solution to problems in managing sandy soil so that the land can be productive and sustainable. Methods: This study used a factorial completely randomized design (RAL-F) with 3 treatment factors, namely: Depth (K1: 0-30 cm, K2: 30-60 cm), Dosage of compost (M1: 0 ton ha-1 as control, M2: 20 ton ha-1), Percentage of mineral soil (T1: 0% as control, T2: 25%, T3: 50%). Each treatment was repeated 4 times to obtain 48 pot units for the experiment. Data collection is carried out every 2 weeks for soil pH data. As for the other observation parameters taken in the last week of the incubation process, the data taken are chemical data in accordance with predetermined observation parameters which include soil physical properties such as bulk density, specific gravity, porosity, moisture content, pF value and basic chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, P-Available, N-Total. Results: Based on the results of laboratory analysis, it was shown that there was an increase in the average value of pH H2O and pH KCl every week, where initially the pH of H2O was 5.3 (1 MSI) to 5.9 (11 MSI) and the pH of KCl was from 5.1 (1 MSI) to 5.5 (11 MSI). This proves that the addition of organic matter and clay to the soil can increase the soil pH value. In addition to an increase in soil pH, there was also an increase in other chemical properties (BO, total-N and available-P) as well as soil physical properties (BI, BJ, Porosity and pF 2.5). Conclusion: the addition of clay soil and compost can improve the quality of sandy soil, especially the soil chemistry characteristics.

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Berbagai fenomena alam yang belum terselesaikan menunjukkan kondisi yang semakin mengkhawatirkan dan menjadi tantangan bagi semua pihak. Pada konteks ini filsafat memiliki peran strategis sebagai dasar pemikiran penting untuk menentukan posisi seseorang dalam menyikapi fenomena yang terjadi. Landasan filsafat ekofenomenologi yang mendalam menentukan alur pikir dan solusi yang dirumuskan. Artikel bertujuan menelaah konsep etika tanah Aldo Leopold untuk menentukan solusi reklamasi lahan pasca tambang. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan metode kajian pustaka, desk study, dan hermeunetik. Pustaka diperoleh dari berbagai sumber meliputi jurnal, artikel, buku, laporan pemerintah, dan laporan perusahaan dengan isu terkait. Diketahui antroposentrisme telah mendominasi pola pemikiran stakeholder terkait. Hal tersebut dapat tercermin dari berbagai produk kebijakan, tindakan di lapangan, dan rencana kegiatan yang disusun untuk reklamasi lahan pasca tambang. Azas utilitarianisme sangat mewarnai setiap kebijakan dan tindakan yang diambil. Kondisi ini telah mengorbankan ekosistem khususnya tanah yang tidak lagi dianggap sebagai subjek yang perlu dikelola dan dijaga kuantitas dan kualitasnya. Proses ini apabila tidak segera diluruskan akan berdampak pada kemerosotan fungsi dan jasa lingkungan dan mengakibatkan ketidakstabilan ekosistem. Jika hal tersebut terjadi, maka pembangunan berkelanjutan yang digaungkan tidak akan dapat diwujudkan.

The coastal area of Labuhan Sumbawa Village has strategic value for economic development and improving people's welfare, but is very vulnerable to damage due to the use of multifunctional space, so that coastal management is urgently needed that focuses on regional characteristics, by placing three pillars of sustainable development, namely ecology, economy, and social. This study aims to identify problems and models of coastal area management in Labuhan Sumbawa Village, Labuhan Badas District, Sumbawa. The research method used is descriptive research method. Data was collected by means of observation and semi-structured interviews. Accidental sampling technique and qualitative data analysis. The results showed that in the coastal area of the research location, identified: (1) Physical damage to the environment, including: a) Damage to ecosystems (ecosystems, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and beaches); b) Damage to fish resources; c) Pollution; d) Abrasion, sedimentation, and siltation; and d) Natural disasters (floods); (2) Socio-economic problems, including: a) The problem of poverty and the low level of education of the population; b) Limited funds in development; and c) Lack of understanding of the value of coastal area resources; (3) Institutional problems, including: a) The problem of conflict of authority, which can occur due to sectoral development; b) The problem of legal uncertainty. The coastal area management models that can be applied are: (1) traditional management; (2) community-based coastal area resource management; (3) Co-management, and; (4) Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM). The conclusion of the study is that damage to coastal areas will have an impact on ecological, economic, and social conditions so that multi-stakeholder involvement is very important in sustainable coastal area management. Keywords: Ecology, economy, social, coastal, model

Ten representative pedons from the Bulia micro watershed of Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, were characterized and classified to determine its land quality (LQ) class. Angular blocky, sticky, plastic consistencies and a hard consistency prevailed in the soil structure. In the alluvial plains the soil texture is dominated by the clay fraction, while in the hills and volcanic mountains the sand fraction is dominated. The soils in the Bulia micro watershed also have acid to neutral reaction, with the range of very low to high OC (organic carbon) levels, the reserve of exchangeable bases was dominated by Ca2+ in two series patterns, namely: Ca2+ > Mg+ > Na+ > K+ and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg+ > K+, cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged from low to very high, and the base saturation varied from moderate to very high. The alluvial plain is represented by Inceptisol in P1 and Typic Humustepts (P7), also by Oxic Humustepts (P3), then Mollisol on P4 (Typic Argiudolls) and Typic Haplustolls (P6), Alfisol on P5 (Typic Paleustalfs). Entisol on P2 (Typic Ustipsamments) was found in volcanic mountains and P9 (Typic Paleustolls) P8 (Ultic Paleustalfs), P10 (Inceptic Haplustalfs) are typical of volcanic hills. On the alluvial plains the land was categorized as the LQ class II, III and IV, the volcanic mountains were the LQ class IV, while the land on the volcanic hills was categorized as the LQ class VI. River bank erosion on the land river terraces can be held by the manufacture of gabions, talud, cliff reinforcement plants and terraces. The soil temperatures and high clay content can be regulated by mulching and organic materials.

The purpose of this study was to identify the willingness of farmers to pay for small-scale irrigation (SSI) and its determinants. Additionally, this study analysed the physical water availability in the study area using 16 years’ (2004–2019) historical data of streamflow, rainfall and forest cover change. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 100 farmers. A contingent valuation method was employed to elicit farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for irrigation water. The results show that the average WTP of farmers is US$ 215.84/ha/year. It accounts for 20% of farm revenue and is almost 20 times the water fee in large-scale irrigation systems. The study area experienced significant deforestation in the last two decades suffering a decrease of 11.72% of forest cover. It decreases the amount of stored rainwater and decreases the streamflow causing water scarcity during the dry season. Farm size, farmer income, distance to a small dam and usage of water-pump are the significant determinants. The results indicate that water scarcity caused by poor infrastructure increases the economic value of water in a SSI system.

This research was conducted in Kupang Regency, with the aim of analyzing: 1. Agricultural environmental management in Kupang Regency; 2. Management of the agricultural environment by applying conservation agricultural techniques to dryland agricultural systems; 3. Factors influence farmers in managing the agricultural environment with the application of conservation farming techniques; 4. Conservation agriculture model and its relationship with households food security. Path analysis with SPSS and Amos V20 programs is used to find factors that influence the management of the agricultural environment with the application of conservation farming techniques and describe a conservation agriculture model in relation to household food security. The results show that: 1. The average score of agricultural environmental management is 16.80 or in the "Moderate" category with a range of 13-23, with the farms carried out by respondents characterized by dry land farming (field farming), yards, rainfed and mixed rice fields known as Mamar (traditional agroforestry); 2. Agricultural environmental management with the application of conservation agricultural techniques in dry land farming systems with an average score of 5.30 with a range of 2.00 - 7.00 or in the "Moderate" category; 3. The factors that influence farmers in managing the agricultural environment with the application of conservation farming techniques are the land area has a critical value of CR 4.196, has a very significant effect on the management of the agricultural environment with conservation farming techniques at the 1% significance level, the land area also has a direct effect. positive towards household food security; The number of family members with a critical CR ratio value of 1.912 with an absolute value of 0.056, in other words, the regression weight for the number of family members in the prediction of conservation agriculture was not significantly different at the 0.05 level (two-tailed test). While the factors that did not have a significant effect on management with conservation farming techniques were the farming experience at the 5% confidence level (p = 0.557> 0.05). Likewise, the age of the respondent CR was 0.341 (p = 0.733> 0.05) and farmer group membership CR 1.402 (p = 0.161> 0.05), 4. Meanwhile, farm size and education have a direct positive effect that is greater than the indirect effect on household food security. The model obtained by path analysis of the relationship between each variable has a direct positive relationship, the model does not differ significantly from the saturated model so that it can be concluded that the developed model has a good suitability in the development of agricultural environmental management models with the application of conservation agricultural techniques and their relationship with household food security.

Water is one of the limiting factors in the growth of coffee plants. If plants experience a lack of water, it can inhibit plant growth and, at a critical level, can lead to drought stress and plant damages. The available soil water to plants can be estimated from the level of soil moisture index. The monitoring of soil moisture status can be used in improving the management of coffee plantations. Soil Moisture Index (SMI) is a method that can be used to estimate the level of soil moisture using remote sensing technology using NDVI and LST values. The purpose of this study was to analyze the status and distribution of soil moisture at the coffee plantation; analyze the relationship between vegetation index and soil moisture; and analyzed the relationship between soil moisture status using the SMI method and soil moisture measured in coffee plantations. Results showed that the soil moisture index obtained from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image processing had an average value of 0.60. The average soil moisture index at the study site is 1.05. Soil moisture index from the Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image has a significant positive effect on soil moisture at the study site (y = 7.4996x – 3.4789; R2 = 0.7146**).  It is suggested that the SMI method can be used to estimate soil moisture in the coffee plantation.

Beardless Barb Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842) is a species known from Southeast Asia, including Western Indonesia area (Borneo, Sumatra and Java). In Java Island, it was previously found in the mainland area. This paper provides the first record of C. apogon in the Lembung River, one of the major rivers in Madura Island, thereby extending the species distribution up to 150 km northeast from the earlier record. The specimens of C. apogon were characterized as follows: dorsal fin rays 12; anal fin rays 8–9; pectoral fin rays 17–18; lateral line scales 34–35. A description of detailed morfological characters of a specimen are provided.

Coral reefs are ecosystems with a very high diversity of species that function as dwellings and grow for other biota. Coral reef is a community of organisms that live on the bottom of the water and in the form of limestone (CaCO3) which is strong enough to withstand the waves of the sea. Coral reefs are built from massive deposits of calcium carbonate produced by reef-forming coral organisms (hermatipic corals) from the Coridaria phylum, the order of Scleractinia which is symbiotic with zooxantellae and a few additional calcareous algae and other organisms that extract calcium carbonate. Fish indicator is an indicator for the level of fish fertility in coral reefs. Chaetodontidae or Kepe-kepe fish are true reef fishes and their distribution is only around coral reefs. The experts agreed in placing kepe-kepe fish as an indicator species of coral reef condition, because these fish are true reef dwellers. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the condition of coral reefs and the abundance of Chaetodontidae fish in the waters of Samber Gelap Island, Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan. This research was conducted in April 2019. The research method used was the field observation methods with the sampling method using the line transect method on coral data and fish transect on fish data along 30m. Data taken in this study were physical parameter data, coral cover data, and fish abundance. The results of this study indicated that the quality of waters in Samber Gelap Island Waters supported the life of coral ecosystems. The highest percentage of coral cover was at station 5 with a percentage of 42.08% and included in the medium category. This result was directly proportional to the abundance of indicator fish at station 5 which had the highest number of 13 individuals (3 species) of the Chaetodontidae family. Correlation test results between the conditions of coral reef cover on the abundance of indicator fish produced a correlation value of 0.8 with a very strong category. These results meant that the condition of coral cover had a strong influence on the abundance of indicator fish, but it was not the only factor affecting the abundance of indicator fish in the waters of Samber Gelap Island, Kotabaru, South Kalimantan.

The purpose of this study is to find a community development strategy of Tobacco Farmers in Lengkong District in Nganjuk Regency. There are two types of research used in this study; case study and explanatory research. The research was conducted by survey method. The results showed the community development strategy of Tobacco Farmers in Lengkong Subdistrict in Nganjuk District, based on Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) results that the overall priority of the overall strategy obtained was First, Optimizing business efficiency value of 0.389; second, Access to capital 0.23, third, Optimizing Group Function; 0.19; fourth, Applying Appropriate Technology; 0,139; fifth, increasing bargaining position; 0.052.

This study aims to analyze the potential of the tobacco field in Lengkong District Nganjuk Regency; Analyzing factors related to the empowerment of Tobacco Farmers in Lengkong District in Nganjuk Regency; Find a model of community empowerment for Tobacco Farmers in the Lengkong District in Nganjuk District. This research was conducted on 10th of June 2019 to 11th of March 2020 in Lengkong District, Nganjuk Regency. The types of research are case study and explanatory research. The results showed that the location of the potential research in the field of tobacco was seen from the characteristics of farmers consisting of age, education level, farming experience, family participation, and land ownership. Factors that related to farmer empowerment consist of human resources, natural availability, financial availability, physical capital, and social capital, while in the community empowerment model of tobacco farmers in the district of Bengkong in Nganjuk Regency the results use the Parameter Estimation Model with hypothesis testing.

Maize cultivation has been carried out on the mountainous slopes with high fertilizer inputs, but maize productivity is still low. This study investigates the effect of slope and NPK compound fertilization as well as the best combination of growth and yield of local maize, relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) percentage and economic fertilizer effectiveness (EFE) ratio in Inceptisol Bumela Indonesia. Slope variations (0-8, 8-15, 15-35, >35%) are combined with compound NPK fertilizer levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha-1) with split plot design. Growth data was recorded for changes in plant height and leaves number from 7 DAP to 42 DAP, while yield and yield components are recorded at harvest. The results showed that slope and NPK compound fertilization can increase the growth and yield of maize plants. The combination of flat slopes and fertilizer level of 100 kg ha-1 was the best combination in increasing plant height and the leaves number, accelerate the age of male and female flowering flowers, cob weight, grain yield and percentage of cob weight to grain yields. This combination was also able to increase the percentage of RAE, the ratio of EFE subsidized and non-subsidized. If farmers will continue to cultivate maize on the sloping land, it was recommended to arrive at hilly land with a fertilizer level of 100 kg ha-1 only.

Agroforestry activities are carried out in order to obtain community welfare, both in and around forests and at the same time also maintaining primary forest. Agroforestry can provide long-term benefits, such as increased crop productivity, more sustainable land use, as well as soil and environmental conservation. The success of forest management through agroforestry is determined by the level of community participation in forest management and the quality of human resources. The aim of the research was to identify and analyze several factors that strengthen social capital of agroforestry system in Argosari village and its sustainability. Using quantitative approach with Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS)-Rap-agroforestry, all research variable (trust, ecology, social, and agroforestry) perceived as neutral by respondents. The Rap-agroforestry found that all dimensions studied are quite accurate and can be justified, where stress value ranges between 0.15-0.21 and coefficient of determination value is 0.910.97. The sustainability index is as follows: ecology (54.68), economy (36.46), and social (45.40). The difference between the sustainability index and Monte Carlo are so small : ecology (0.32), economy (0.86), and social (0.31), so that the sustainability index can be used to conduct a sustainability assesment of the agroforestry system in Argosari village. This is very important for future policy formulation.

Perubahan lingkungan hutan berdampak terhadap kondisi aset penghidupan maysarakat dan menyebabkan beragamnya strategi penghidupan masyarakat sekitar hutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aset penghidupan (livelihood asset) masyarakat sekitar hutan terhadap strategi penghidupan (livelihood straregy) yang mereka lakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di UB Forest Desa Tawangargo Kabupaten Malang. Responden penelitian ini adalah masyarakat sekitar UB forest dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 105 responden. Metode yang digunakan adalah Structure Equation Modelling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aset memiliki positif terhadap strategi penghidupan. Sementara itu, demografi memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap strategi penghidupan masyarakat sekitar hutan. Akan tetapi demografi akan memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap strategi penghidupan ketika masyarakat memiliki aset penghidupan. Hal ini menyiratkan bahwa perlu adanya peningkatan kepemilikan asset masyarakat tepi hutan untuk mempertahankan bahkan meningkatkan penghidupan mereka.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is inflammatory state of intestinal tissue which mostly occurred in preterm neonates and associated with ischemia and inflammation. This study was aimed to investigate calprotectin level (inflammatory marker) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) (ischemia marker) in preterm neonates with NEC. This research was designed as cross sectional which involve 32 preterm neonates divided into 2 groups as follows: NEC group (n=16 subjects) and control group (n=16 subjects). Diagnosis of NEC was established by clinical and radiological signs (abdominal distension and pneumatosis). Fecal calprotectin and urinary I-FABP were measured using ELISA method. Results showed that fecal calprotectin and urinary I-FABP was significantly higher in NEC group as compared to control group (Mann-Whitney test, p

This research aims to describe the characteristics of sago plantations and sago development plans, analyze land suitability for sago by considering site-specific conditions and determine suitability classes of S1/highly suitable, S2/moderately suitable, S3/marginally suitable, and N/not suitable, and evaluate suitability classes for sago development in the Salu Paku sub-watershed. The land was evaluated in detail based on elevation and slope. The land evaluation procedure employed the matching method. Land characteristics identified were rainfall, humidity, temperature, sunshine, solar radiation, drainage conditions, soil texture, root depth, optimal pH and C-Organic, bulk density, and moisture content. Site-specific land suitability criteria indicate that temperatures >29°C are not optimal for sago production in general, but are still optimal for local sago (production of 210.5 - 560.89 kg/tree). Actual suitability analysis results show that the Salu Paku sub-watershed has a moderately suitable (S2) area of 1,889.61 ha and a not suitable (N) area of 440.24 ha. Suitability classes can be upgraded to potential suitability classes from S2 to S1 (116.95 ha) and N to S2 (437.89 ha). The limiting factors in land units (S2) are water content, C-organic, bulk density, and temperature. An input to improve land suitability is through water management by increasing groundwater through an increase in infiltration capacity by making terraces, ponds, and dead-end trenches.

This research explores the opportunities for developing eco-friendly shrimp farming. It aims to examine the environmental carrying capacity of nearshore water for shrimp farming. Quantitative estimation method was employed to assess the carrying capacity of an environment based on the total volume of seawater and the capacity of available oxygen dissolved in the water. The research result shows that the development potential of shrimp farming in Malaka Regency is fairly great, based on the total volume of available seawater in coastal Wewiku, reaching up to 213,473,289.8 m3/day, while the availability of dissolved oxygen to dilute organic waste reaches 327,140.89 kg O2/day. Then the daily capacity of organic waste reaches 1,635,704.43 kg. Based on the carrying capacity of the Wewiku waters to contain organic waste, intensive developments of shrimp farming are possible for an area of 177 ha, with 3,240.03 tons/MT of production. If the land is developed up to 685.12 ha, shrimp production can be increased up to 4,028.52 tons/MT. For semi-intensive and traditional plus shrimp farming options, the area developed can be expanded up to 1,415.84 ha and 3,352.54 ha with shrimp production capacity of 4,516.54 tons/MT and 2,581.46 tons/MT respectively for each area.

The making of main canals in oil palm plantation areas, especially on peatlands, will affect changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of peatlands, will affect the process of oxidation and reduction of peatland which affects the regulation of changes in gas emissions, especially the concentration of gases such as: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4). The research objective was to determine the effect of the making of main canals on the rate of CO2 emissions from peat soil surface for each difference in the measurement distance from the drainage channel (25, 50 and 100) m in the block of oil palm plant age (3,4,5 and 6) years after planting. The average rate of emissions in Palm Oil Plants Age 3 Years after Planting at a distance of 25 m equal to 147.87 mg C m2 Hour1 , the distance of 50 m is 156.17 mg C m2 Hour1 and a distance of 100 m amounted to 148.01 mg C m2 Hour1, Palm Oil Plants Age 4 Years after Planting at a distance of 25 m equal to 247.10 mg C m2 Hour1 , the distance of 50 m is 248.90 mg C m2 Hour1 and a distance of 100 m amounted to 257.10 mg C m2 Hour1, Palm Oil Plants Age 5 Years after Planting at a distance of 25 m equal to 147,87 mg C m2 Hour1 , the distance of 50 m is 156,17 mg C m2 Hour1 and a distance of 100 m amounted to 148,01mg C m2 Hour1. Palm Oil Plants Age 6 Years after Planting at a distance of 25 m equal to 329,95 mg C m2 Hour1 , the distance of 50 m is 335,08 mg C m2 Hour1 and a distance of 100 m amounted to 347,22 mg C m2 Hour1. The effect of distance from canal main on CO2 emissions does not significantly affect changes in CO2 emissions in the block of oil palm plant age (3,4,5 and 6) years after planting, but the farther away from main canals, CO2 emissions are increasing.

Sweet potato plant is one of the food crops that can be utilized by the community to fulfil the need for carbohydrates and vitamins. West Java province as one of the centres of production of this plant is considered to have a good cultivation potential, but lately, it has experienced decreasing land productivity caused by the depreciation of planting areas. The research was conducted in the Sub-district of Ciampea, Bogor, West Java. Research activities were conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. This research was carried out by physiographic method with an analytical approach that utilizes the soil map, where the research location was divided into 12 mapping units as a basis of ground check activities. The land suitability evaluation used the SPKL software application (Land Suitability Assessment System). Results showed that the cultivation of sweet potato in the sub-district of Ciampea was carried out on the marginally suitable lands (S3) and not suitable lands (N) with limiting factors of annual rainfall, land-slope, and soil texture

Tembakau merupakan tanaman perkebunan penting yang memberikan devisa tinggi melalui cukai mencapai Rp. 144,64 trilyun tahun 2015. Akhir-akhir ini produksinya turun dibanding 3-4 tahun sebelumnya rata-rata17 000 ton menjadi 14,435 ton pada tahun 2015. Terdapat ketidak seimbangan antara permintaan dan penawaran yang berdampak pada keberlanjutan ketersediaan tembakau Madura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi Indeks dan status keberlanjutan ketersediaan tembakau Madura dari dimensi ekologi, sosial-ekonomi, kelembagaan dan teknologi, faktor-faktor yang sensitif dan bobot prioritas dimensi. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) RAP-TOBACCO modifikasi dari RAP-FISH Status keberlanjutan ketersediaan tembakau seluruh dimensi cukup berkelanjutan dimana dimensi teknologi memiliki nilai tertinggi 56,375, dimensi ekologi 52,370, dimensi kelembagaan 50,703 dan dimensi sosial ekonomi 50,432. Faktor yang sensitif untuk dimensi teknologi adalah sistem informasi iklim, penggunaan dan pengadaan bibit. Sedangkan bobot prioritas proses keberlanjutan ketersediaan tembakau berdasarkan pakar adalah sosial-ekonomi.

Local culture and traditions have been considered as an important factor in influencing plant species diversity and composition of home garden, but their interactive effect have not yet been investigated. This research aimed to describe the plant species diversity in traditional home gardens, identify the species with important value based on ethnobotanical indices, and describe the perception of local people towards agroforestry conservation in Osingnese Villages in Banyuwangi. Data acquisition was performed at Kopen Dukuh, Buluhsari-Kopen Cungking, and Kemiren Villages. Floristic survey was implemented at 75 home gardens. An interview was implemented for each owner. Results showed that Osingnese home gardens consist of numerous plant species. Kopen Dukuh and Buluhsari-Kopen Cungking showed a complex structure which could be considered as a complex agroforestry. Cocos nucifera, Coffea canephora, Coffea liberica, Garcinia mangostana, and Durio zibethinus were the important species in complex agroforestry. Those species composition indicated that home gardens are able to conserve native plants of Malaysian regions, particularly Indonesian flora. Agroforestry knowledge was derived from the older generations and implemented in gardening practices. They also argued that recent agroforestry is an adaptation mechanism of land management. The government did not contribute to educate and empower local people about agroforestry practices.

Poverty in forests surrounding communities shows a contrast between wealth of forest resources and poverty. The poverty of forests surrounding communities is seen as inefficient development to rural needs in general and forest management in particular. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting poverty, the relevance and Sustainable Livelihood Approach in poverty. This research was conducted in Argosari Village, Jabung Subdistrict and Mentaraman Village, Donomulyo District, Malang Regency. Sustainable livelihood approach is applied which adapted on five elements: human, natural, physical, social and financial asset. The sample was determined by proportional random sampling method. Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) were used in this study. Quantitative approach in this study using descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Poverti Gap 2 indicator (the number of family member) has the greatest contribution to Argosari poverty. The High Consumption 3 indicator (the number of new clothing in a year that can be bought) has the smallest contribution. Significantly, eight indicators have established in Mentaraman, which is indicated by a p-value less than 5% (0.05). Based on the size of the standardize coefficient, it is found that the Poverti Gap 2 indicator (the number of family member) has the greatest contribution to Mentaraman poverty. Keywords : Argosari, Forest, Mentaraman, Poverty, SLA

The huge amount of fly ash produced in the coal industry has caused environmental problems. This research presents the performance of catalytic converters manufactured from coal fly ash for the reduction of gas emissions of a motor vehicle. At idle engine speed and 0.1 MPa air pressure, the presence of activated fly ash as a catalytic converter could reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) up to 48 and 45%, respectively. The increase in the length of catalytic converter could further decrease the emissions of HC and CO. By increasing the engine speed, the emissions decreased with or without catalytic converter. The optimum air pressure was obtained at 0.1 MPa. The minimum emissions of HC and CO were observed at the engine speed of 2000 rpm, catalyst length of 9 cm and air pressure of 0.1 MPa with the value of 1260 and 8510 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the utilization of fly ash as catalytic converter in the exhaust system motor vehicles can minimize several environmental problems such as fly ash waste and gas emission. Keywords: Catalytic converter, Coal fly ash, Motor vehicle, Gas emission, HC, CO

The aims of the study was to analyze the potentiality of spices and herbs in agrofotestry garden in Banyuwangi, Indonesia, for further rural tourism development. Fields study was set up at villages in Banyuwangi. Floristic survey, ethnobitanical studies and focus group discussion were performed to evaluate the value of spices and herbs in agroforestry gardens an its potentiality to develop as tourism product. This study found that at least 60 species of spice and herbs with its special value, in which these species has opportunities to developed as tourism attraction in agroforestry garden. There are something to see, something to buy and something to do has been described by group discussion participant. It is raging from farm tourism product, culinary tourism product and heath-wellness tourism product.

Modernisme theory model, such as autrocratic, custodial, supportifand kolegial, is an organization theory which can fulfill the human needs more than tha last 100 year. With the end modernism life cycle, then appear a new merk, postmodernisme have 3 version organization theory that is postbureaucacy, philosophy meddling with periodic and de differentiation. Based on the tend of democratic model which ove continue, so the Z theory is an organization theory, which is the form of integration organization theory and supportif model with kolegial, between the typical of success Japan's company and American's culture, is a postmodernisme organization which the form and the concrete democratic characteristic from postmodernisme perspectif. Postmodernisme and the Z theory is interrelated together, without put asied with the weakness.

The aim of the study is to define the strategic management of nature based tourism in Ijen crater, East Java. From the perspectives of accessibility, problems facing by accessibility are related to the travel distance and forest road quality. Ijen craters have three important aspect in competitiveness tourism aspect, namely something to see (mountain landscape), something to do (trekking, hiking, bird watching), and something to buy (meals). The future development of such attraction should be meets ecotourism principles. This study found that improving tourism facility and infrastructure were important aspects. The development and improvement of tourism facility and infrastructure, however, should be incorporates ecotourism principles. In such a case, the conservation, local people and community development becomes crucial issue. Involvement of stakeholder and local community in facility and infrastructure will increase the quality and sustainability of infrastructure and tourism facility. Keywords: ecotourism strategy, tourism management.

Soil moisture stress in coffee plant impacts on the productivity of coffee fruit at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII, it is because the low ability of the soil to store water. The ability of the soil to store water can be increased by increasing the organic matter content of soil, especially humic substances. Soil organic matter plays an important role in the improvement of soil physical properties, especially the availability of soil moisture for plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze several humification parameters at four age of plantations plots of coffee and its relation to the water distribution potensial on Inceptisol PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII Malang district. The research was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII were taken soil samples from 8, 28, 40, and 80 years old robusta coffee plots at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil depth. The results showed that the increasing the age of the coffee plantations significantly increased the input of organic matter in the soil, with indicators of increased litter on soil surface, increased levels of soil C-organic and N-total, humic acid and soil pH. Increasing age of coffee plantations until 80 years did not affect to the value of humification parameters (C/N ratio, HA/FA ratio, E4/E6 ratio, and the humification rate (HR)). The age of coffee plantations affected the total acidity, carboxylic groups and phenolic OH, where the values tended to decrease with the older of coffee plantations in the 0-30 cm of soil layers and increased in 30-60 cm. Increasing age of coffee plantations improved the total pores and available water content in the 0-30 cm of soil layer.

Konflik antara PT. SMM, masyarakat Kecamatan Naga Juang, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, berakar pada hubungan ekonomi yang menyangkut pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan komoditi emas. Penelitian ini berupaya melihat relasi di antara ketiga stakeholder tersebut. Melihat hal-hal yang menjadi sebab konflik, mengurai struktur dan dinamika konfik serta merumuskan strategi resolusi konflik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dimensi sebab konflik disebabkan oleh dimensi ekonomi atas pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan komoditi emas, dimensi struktur dan dinamika sangat dipengaruhi oleh peran aktor yang mendorong peningkatan ketegangan dan eskalasi konfik. Resolusi konflik yang dirumuskan yaitu strategi akomodatif. Strategi akomodatif adalah strategi yang mengakomodir kepentingan dan espektasi dari dua stakeholder kunci yaitu, Pemkab Madina dan masyarakat Kecamatan Naga Juang. Conflict between PT. SMM, Naga Juang district community, and the government of Mandailing Natal Regency, rooted in economic relations that concern to the management and utilization of gold’s commodity. This research attempt to see the relationship between the three stakeholders, see the causes of conflict, analyze the structure and dynamics of conflict, and also formulate strategies of conflict resolution. The results showed, the economic dimension of the conflict caused by the management and utilization of gold commodity, structural and dynamics dimensions are strongly influenced by the role of actors which encouraged tension escalation and conflicts. The formulation of conflict resolution is an accommodative strategic which is a strategy that accommodates the interests and expectations of two key stakeholders, namely Mandailing Natal regencial government, and Naga Juang district community.

There were 18 accelerated erosion sites identified along 7 km of Surabaya River Fishery Sanctuary Area. A model of ecohydraulic bank stabilization was applied to reduce bank erosion in Surabaya River at Gresik Regency Indonesia. The model is combination of reprofiled and revegetated bank with rock toe reinforcement and addition of log groynes. Various native plant species were planted and naturally grown to establish multi-strata littoral vegetation structure. This study assessed effects of ecohydraulic bank stabilization on bank morphology, near bank velocity and littoral macroinvertebrate community during September 2014 to August 2016. The study found that rock toe enforcement, log groynes and reprofiled bank slope could stabilized the eroded bank, and littoral vegetation formation reduced near bank velocity at restored sites. There were 31 families of macroinvertebrate found in Surabaya River with high abundance of moderately pollution sensitive taxa Atyidae and pollution tolerant taxa Corixidae, Chironomidae and Tubificidae. The taxa richness, diversity index and abundance of sensitive and moderately sensitive macroinvertebrate group were increased after application of ecohydraulic bank stabilization at restored area. The results shown that ecohydraulic bank stabilization structure provides multi-benefits in improving bank stabilization against erosion and providing new micro-habitats for biotic community. Keywords: ecohydraulic bank stabilization, macroinvertebrates, riparian restoration

Study of correlation between vegetation and birds could show how great the impact of Figs (Ficus spp.) towards wildlife. Mbarek spring has a unique microhabitat by Figs. These trees expected to provide a high potential role and benefit related to supporting bird life. This study aims to analyze the use of vegetation by birds in the sphere of Mbarek’s spring microhabitat. Study was held in Mulyosari sub-village, Sumberejo village, Gedangan subdistrict, Malang regency. The study was conducted from 26-29 October 2017. Bird observation point was chosen on Ficus racemosa, known locally as ‘Lo’, which suspected to have a major influence on the presence of birds. Each of observation results were identified, counted, and recorded. Documentation were done incidentally. The results are visualized by descriptive representations of the use of vegetation composition on 4 vegetation classifications : seedling (high = 0-1.5 m), sapling (high≥1.5 m), pole (diameter = 10-20 cm), tree (diameter> 20 cm). Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) is the dominant bird during observation. Most of birds observed at the canopy with the activity of sunbathing. Figs became a favorite location for birds to rest and parenting during the day. Sedges (Cyperus sp.) is the greatest importance on study site. Keywords: Birds, Figs, Mbarek, Sedges

This study aims to analyze the tourists’ perception about the importance and satisfaction on the product of fisheries tourism, and to assess the visiting time of tourist based on climate conditions. The research was conducted in May to June 2013 in Ngebel Lake, Ponorogo. We used descriptive quantitative approach, with 45 respondents. Data collected from interview, questionnaire and observation. Analytical methods were used to determine the perception of tourists on the satisfaction and interest in fisheries tourism products, i.e. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). We also used Tourism Climate Index (TCI) to determine the visiting time of tourist. The results show the value of satisfaction and tourist interest is low, therefore the improvement of several aspects become important. It is encompasses: a) the existence of parking area; b) the condition of Ngebel Lake; c) planning and management system, the condition of the local community; and d) activities of fish course restaurant and fish farming system of floating net cages. TCI value indicates ideal conditions for tourists traveled in Ngebel Lake is in November (convenience index value of 106), in December (97) and in April (94). This appropriate time to visit Ngebel Lake is expected to create a good impression for the tourists and enjoy the various fisheries activities in Ngebel Lake. Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis, Ngebel Lake, Tourist Climate Index