Search

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) development. Vitamin D may involve in pathogen recognition through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in immune cells in saliva. This study aimed to determine the correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D and TLR2 expression of immune cells in the saliva of SLE. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study conducted at the the SLE patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those who had signed informed consent involved to underwent unstimulated saliva collection and blood samples for TLR2 and vitamin D/25(OH)D examination. The correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration and salivary TLR2 expression was analyzed using the correlation test, linear regression with 95% confidence level. Results: Thirty SLE patients had a mean serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration of 9.98 ± 4.64 ng/ml. The mean of TLR2 expression of CD11b+ cells in saliva was 26.03 ± 20.92%. There was a significant positive correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration and TLR 2 expression of CD11b+ cells in the saliva. (r = 0.434; P < 0.05). Vitamin D/25(OH)D was the only predictor for TLR 2 expression. Conclusion: Serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentrations associated with TLR2 expression of CD11b+ cells in the saliva of SLE.

Background: Citrus limon L. and its peel report anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties. However, the effects of C. limon L. gel to treat traumatic oral ulcers on diabetic conditions have yet to be investigated. Purpose: This study aims to discover the potent effect of C. limon L. on traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, in terms of both lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-10 expression. Materials and Methods: C. limon L. gel was made from C. limon L. peel and was extracted by means of steam distillation. Twenty male, diabetic Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers on the inferior labial mucosa were divided into four groups (n = 5). The control groups were treated with 3% carboxylmethyl celullosa natrium and the treatment groups were treated with C. limon L. gel. Each treatment was administered once a day for either 5 or 7 days. Lymphocytes were analyzed by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining and IL-10 expression by immunohistochemistry staining. An independent t-test (P < 0.05) was used to analyze and determine the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression. Results: The number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression in the treatment groups on the fifth and 7th days was higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The essential oil in C. limon L. peel can be used to treat traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, as it is able to stimulate the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Citrus limon L. and its peel report anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties. However, the effects of C. limon L. gel to treat traumatic oral ulcers on diabetic conditions have yet to be investigated. Purpose: This study aims to discover the potent effect of C. limon L. on traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, in terms of both lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-10 expression. Materials and Methods: C. limon L. gel was made from C. limon L. peel and was extracted by means of steam distillation. Twenty male, diabetic Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers on the inferior labial mucosa were divided into four groups (n = 5). The control groups were treated with 3% carboxylmethyl celullosa natrium and the treatment groups were treated with C. limon L. gel. Each treatment was administered once a day for either 5 or 7 days. Lymphocytes were analyzed by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining and IL-10 expression by immunohistochemistry staining. An independent t-test (P < 0.05) was used to analyze and determine the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression. Results: The number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression in the treatment groups on the fifth and 7th days was higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The essential oil in C. limon L. peel can be used to treat traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, as it is able to stimulate the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition that refers to all pain that begins or is caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction or a temporary disorder in the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or injury to nerves that transfer information to the brain and spinal cord from the skin, muscles and other body parts. Platelet concentrates such as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) have been proven very useful for tissue regeneration since they contain high Growth Factors. PRP is tested for nerve injury to determine the potential of PRP in improving nerve. Objective: The purpose of this study is to prove the role of PRP in increasing the thickness of myelin in the process of repairing nerves on days 14 and 21. Methods: This study used three-month-old Rattus novergicus as experimental animals. Experimental animals were randomly divided into 7 groups, each consisting of six rats. On day 14 and 21 after treatment, rats were sacrificed. The examination of myelin thickness was obtained from Osmium Tetraoxide-Toluidine blue staining. Analysis of the data was performed with ANOVA test. Results: The differentiation capability of FD-PRP towards the sciatic nerve was better in the single dose PRP at 21 days, as indicated by an increase in axon remyelinization compared with differentiation in the chronic ligation group. The myelin thicknes was significantly increased (p 0.000 < 0.05) in FD-PRP groups compared to ligation group at day 21, whereas myelin thicknes no significantly increased (p < 0.05) in FD-PP groups compared to control group at day 21. Conclusion: PRP can increase axon remyelinization in neuroregeneration. Administration of PRP Single doses for 21 days show the most effective dose for neuroregeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angular Cheilitis (AC) is inflammation at the corners of the mouth, caused by the organism such as Candida albicans and bacteria. Most often occurs in elderly individuals. AC can be triggered by predisposing factors such as denture, infection, allergies, malnutrition, anemia and Diabetes mellitus. The aims of this study was to know the difference in the incidence of AC based on age and predisposing factors in period time January 2018 - November 2019 at the Dental Hospital Universitas Airlangga. This study was crossectional study by conducting clinical examination and history taking in the population at the Dental Hospital UniversitasAirlangga in January 2018 - November 2019.There are 20 cases of AC in range group age of 0-10 years 10 cases (50%), 11-20 years 3 cases (15%) 21-30 years 3 cases (15%), 31-40 years 1 case (5%), 41-50 years 2 cases (10%) and 51-60 years 1 case (5%). Predisposing factors include bad habits, allergies, infections, Diabetes mellitus, smoking, ill denture fitting. During period of time January 2018 – November 2019, 20 cases of AC at Dental Hospital Universitas Airlangga was found with incidence rate mostly in the first decade of life and bad habits is main predisposing factor of AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition and it refers to all pain initiated or caused by primary lesions or transient dysfunction or disorders of the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or injury to nerves that transfer information to the brain and spinal cord from the skin, muscles and other body parts. Platelet concentrates such as Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) have been used for tissue regeneration because it contains high Growth Factor. PRP was tested for nerve injury to examine the potential of PRP in nerve repair improvement. The purpose of this study was to prove the PRP role in increasing the number of Schwann cells for nerve repair. This study used three-month-old Rattus novergicus experiment animals. The experimental animals were randomly divided into seven groups, with six rats per group. On the day 14 and 21 post-treatment, the rats were sacrificed. Schwann cells were calculated using Hematoxylin Eosin staining. The results were analyzed using ANOVA statistical tests and Independent T-test. On day 21, rats treated with single-dose Platelet-Rich Plasma in the treatment group demonstrated increased Schwann cell growth p<0.05 (0.000) in comparison to the ligation group. However, it was not significantly different in comparison to the single PRP treatment on day 14 with p>0.05 (0.219). Platelet-Rich Plasma treatment can increase the number of Schwann cells for neuroregeneration. Administering a single dose of Platelet-Rich Plasma for 21 days was the most effective treatment for neuroregeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance, lack of insulin secretion or both, in long-term condition can lead to metabolic disease known as diabetes mellitus. A1c which refers to glycated hemoglobin can be used in diabetes diagnosis that can indicate long-term blood sugar level and blood sugar control. Along with other habitual predisposing factor, uncontrolled diabetes is the main predisposing factors of oral candidiasis. A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional method was conducted. Inclusive criteria were patients with A1c value > 6.5%, aged £ 65 years old and outpatients in Haji Hospital Surabaya. Exclusive criteria were smokers, denture wearers, patients who consumed medications other than ones for diabetes, and unable to open mouth. Oral swab was done in participants with and without oral candidiasis lesion for fungal examination using direct KOH and Candida culture to identify the species. Out of 38 diabetic patients, 18 suffered from oral candidiasis in which 6 of them were categorized as controlled diabetes (A1c > 6.5-8%) while the rest 12 patients included in uncontrolled diabetes category (A1c > 8%). Statistical analysis showed no significant relation between oral candidiasis and A1c value (p=0.4373; p>0.05). This may conclude that the occurrence of oral candidiasis was not fully affected by A1c value, it might be affected by other oral candidiasis predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti Tuberculosis Drug is a combination of medicine. The First Line drug such as Rifampisin, Pyrazinamid, Etambutolol, INH and Streptomycin and the second line of drug such as Kanamycin, Kapreomycin and Etionamid used for treatment in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Long-term used of Anti Tuberculosis drug may increase the risk of oral candidiasis. Candida spp might increase because of Multi Drug Resistance 1 Receptor (MDR1). Not only Candida albicans found in patients, but also non-Candida albicans such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. This study helped for proper antifungal treatments for Candida infection for each Candida Spp. The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution of Candida Spp in Pulmonary TB treated with Anti-Tuberculosis Drug in TB-DOTS RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. All patient examined by anamnesis, swab on bucal mucosa oral and tongue, incubation in Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Cornmeal Tween 80, Candida species identification with direct microscopic slide culture, glucose farmentated test and CHROM Agar Candida Candida. The distribution of Candida albicans was 83.3% (5 patients) in 40 years old, in female patients, with Anti-Tuberculosis Drug. Candida glabrata distribution was 16.7% (1 patient) over 40 years old, in female patient and with First Line of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug. Distribution of Candida species was mostly Candida albicans followed by Candida glabrata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is a yeast that commensally inhabits the oral cavity might cause opportunistic infections and become pathogen in immunesupressed condition. More than 90% oral candidiasis caused by C. albicans infections. Citrus limon peel has active compound that may inhibits C. albicans growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate in vitro effectivness concentration of Citrus limon peel oil on C. albicans growth. Citrus limon peel essential oil that has obtained the serial dilution concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39% and 0.195% and added Candida albicans that had been grown in Sabouraud broth media. Furthermore, C.albicans grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and colonies were counted. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) Citrus limon peel essential oil was 0.78%. MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) Citrus lemon peel essential oil 1.56%. Citrus limon peel essential oil with concentration 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.56% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting and cause C. albicans death and Citrus limon peel esential oil with concentration 0.78% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting C. albicans growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease that interfere various organs, including the lung. TB disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Until now, TB disease is still a health problem that can cause death in various countries, especially in Indonesia. TB disease may demonstrate clinical manifestations in the oral cavity such as tuberculous ulcers, noduls, and granulomatous lesion on gingiva. TB lesions in the oral cavity are clinically non-specific and often misdiagnosed by the dentist. As a dentist it is important to be aware of the clinical form of oral tuberculosis (TB) ulcer lesions and to consider in the differential diagnosis of other ulcer lesions. By knowing the clinical oral manifestations in TB patients, the dentist can help prevents the infectious tuberculosis transmissions among dentist, healtcare workers, and patients. This study aims to know the prevalence of oral tuberculosis ulcer in Dr. Soetomo Hospital in 2017.This research is a descriptive observational research with cross sectional design. This research using a purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted in outpatient TB DOTS, Dr. Soetomo hospital during July-November 2017. From 23 subjects, no oral ulcer tuberculosis (0%) was obtained. Not every tuberculosis case would show oral manifestations such as oral ulcer tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglicemia. Hyperglycemia can be determined by examining the A1c level, which is the examination of blood glucose that bound to Hb strongly and circulates with erythrocyte during the lifespan of erythrocyte. Patients with diabetes mellitus have been associated with various complications in oral cavity, one of which is angular cheilitis. Angular Cheilitis (AC) is extraoral lesion characterized with erythema, fissure, cracking, inflammation or ulceration at the corners of the mouth. Since AC is appeared extraorally, it may serve as an clinical sign indicating diabetes mellitus. Purpose is to discover the prevalence of AC based on A1c level in patients with diabetes mellitus. Descriptive observasional study with cross-sectional total sampling on 41 patients. The prevalence of angular cheilitis found 7 (17.1%) cases lesion from 41 total sampling with all of cases found in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. In conclusion the prevalence of angular cheilitis all in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus patients with A1c level above 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases and predominantly affects the lungs. TB could also occur in other sites of the body, such as the oral cavity. The oral manifestation incidence of TB is approximately 0.05%–5%. Despite being a rare occurrence, oral TB remains a challenging issue because of its nonspecific clinical presentation. This study aims to assess and determine the oral lesions of patients with TB. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the oral cavity of patients with TB to assess the appearance of oral lesions in each patient. In 30 patients with pulmonary TB, we identified 29 oral lesions on the tongue. One patient was suspected with oral tubercular lesion, and four patients had Candida infection–related lesions. Most lesions were classified as normal variant lesions of the oral mucosa, with the coated tongue exhibiting the highest incidence. The tongue is often affected by patients’ systemic condition. Conclusion: Results suggest that although most patients with TB have oral lesions, the oral TB incidence remains rare. Considering that some lesions might be asymptomatic, dentists could play a vital role in the early diagnosis of lesions for further management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) constitutes a group of symptoms of disease caused by damage to, or degradation of, the immune system as a result of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The most common pathogen during the course of HIVrelated disease progression is that of an Oral Fungal Infection (OFI), such as Oral Candidiasis (OC). AIDS may place an infected individual at risk from a variety of opportunistic infections caused by the high prevalence of drug use that increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). To investigate aspects of drug utilization, including: type of antifungal, dosage regimens, methods of administration and potential DRPs among HIV/AIDS patients suffering from OC in the Unit Perawatan Intermediet Penyakit Infeksi (UPIPI) RSUD, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Observational descriptive research featuring a combination of cross-sectional and total sampling methods. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS patients treated at UPIPI Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from July to August, 2014. The diagnosis of OC was based on clinical appearance, mycology examination and the history of antifungal therapy contained in patients' medical records. Of 68 cases of OC only 28 patients (41,18%) had undergone treatment. The majority (92.86%) were administered Nystatin, a topical antifungal drug, while only 18 cases (69.23%) received an appropriate dose (4 dd gtt V) in accordance with hospital guidelines. The most potent side-effect of the antifungal drug was that of nausea (53.57%). Certain DRPs, such as inappropriate dosages and indication, were identified in this study. Nausea represented the most probable side-effect of antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) constitutes a national threat to Indonesia from many perspectives because the number of new cases there is increasing faster than in any of the other countries in Asia. Susceptibility to opportunistic infection leads to high morbidity and mortality rates, especially because HAART is not widely distributed. A diagnosis of AIDS is often confirmed only after the patient is severely immunocompromised. HIV-1 TAT is a HIV regulatory protein which plays an important role in viral replication. Extracellular TAT has been associated with many pathological conditions related to AIDS. To detect the presence of TAT in plasma as a means of assessing its potency as a diagnostic and progression marker of HIV/AIDS. An analytic observational study was conducted on 80 HIV(+) patients and 30 control patients in Soetomo Hospital. The diagnosis of HIV was confirmed by reference to medical records. A CD4+ count was effected by flowcytometry, while the HIV-1 TAT plasma level was measured by means of ELISA. The correlation between the CD4+ count and HIV-1 TAT plasma level was analyzed by Pearson. HIV-1 TAT presented only in HIV(+) patients. Increased HIV-1 TAT plasma level correlates to a decreased CD4+ count (r=-0.912; p=0.000, p<0.049). HIV-1 TAT is a potential diagnostic biomarker indicating the degree of disease progression of HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida is most common opportunistic infection during Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The clinical severity of candidiasis and Candida species prevalence may be a reflection of decreased CD4+ counts in HIV seropositive patients. To investigate the changing pattern of Candida species prevalence and its corelation with CD4+ count in HIV/AIDS patients at UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo 2014. The study was analytical observational research with cross-sectional and total sampling method. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS seropositive were being followed up at the service treated in UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from July-August 2014. HIV/AIDS Patients were recruited for Candida microbial screening and examined by Oral Medicine Specialist (n=5). Clinical specimens including oral swabs were collected to determine the clinical, immunological, and microbiological Candida species prevalence in HIV/AIDS seropositive cases. CD4+ count obtained from patient's medical record. There were 68 cases of Oral Candidiasis (OC), 50 cases (73,53%) Pseudomembranous Candidiasis(PC), 9 cases (13,24%) Erythematous Candidiasis (EC), 1 case (1,47%) Denture Stomatitis (DS), 8 cases (11,76%) Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (CHC). Candida species were identified. C. albicans (51%) was the most common species isolated followed by C. glabrata (19%), C. Dubliniensis (11.5%)., C. Krusei (10.5%), C. tropicalis (8%). OC was found to be significantly correlated with decreased CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 (p < 0.05). PC was the highest prevalence and C. albicans (50%) was the most common species isolated. OC was found to be significantly correlated with decreased CD4 cell counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A traumatic ulcer caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) is a lesion caused by an increase in advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), which takes a long time to heal. AGEs cause angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and a decrease in leukocytes. Fibroblast proliferation and the number of glycosaminoglycans decline, thereby inhibiting the formation of granulation tissue, collagen deposition and platelet derivatives growth factor. The application of topical propolis extract gel to ulcers has an anti-inflammatory function, triggers angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing. Aims: This study sought to establish whether the topical application of propolis extract gel can increase the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and fibroblasts in the healing process of traumatic ulceration in diabetic Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This was a genuinely experimental research design featuring posttest-only control groups. The simple random sampling technique involved 24 male DM Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers on the labial mucosa of the lower lip. The samples were divided into two groups: a control group whose members were administered hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel 5% and a treatment group to which propolis extract gel was applied. The expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts was observed on days 3, 5, 7 and 9 by means of histology and immunohistochemistry (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) with Ab-Mo FGF-2. Results: The topical application of propolis extract gel increased the expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts in the treatment group on days 5 and 7. There was a correlation between the increased expression of FGF-2 and the number of fibroblasts (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The topical application of propolis extract gel increases the expression of FGF-2 and fibroblasts within the traumatic ulcer healing process in diabetic R. norvegicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chewing betel nut may cause premalignant lesion in the oral cavity (ie: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) and Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF)). Premalignant lesion can be detected by autofluoresence and P53 levels in saliva. Oral manifestation in the betel nut chewers are not reported yet at Merauke, Papua Province, Indonesia. The aim of this study to know the correlation autofluoresence examination and p53 levels in saliva. The study was correlational cross-sectional with purposive sampling. There are 25 samples (treatment group) betel nut chewer and 5 (control group) non-betel nut chewer examined by autofloresence and P53 levels in saliva by ELISA. P53 levels in saliva III sample groups: non-betel nut chewer (group I control), betel nut chewer with tobacco (group II Treatment) and betel nut chewer without tobacco(group III treatment) analyzed by Kruskal Wallis one way ANOVA test obtained p=0.125 (p>0.05). Mann Whitney test found P53 levels in saliva between group II and III p= 0.15 (p>0.05), group I and II p= 0.085 (p>0.05), gro up I and III p= 0.220 (p>0.05). Autofluoresence presented positif result. P53 levels in saliva with autofluoresence examination result analyzed by Spearman's test r= 0.120 (p<0.05). No correlation between the P53 levels in saliva with autofluoresence examination result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Java has been 2nd highest province with HIV/AIDS cases in Indonesia on 2013. Oral manifestations are among the earliest and most important indicator of HIV infection progression. Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) is the one of seven oral manifestation which associated with HIV Infection. Clinical feature of LGE is a distinctive fiery red band along the margin of the gingiva. The etiology and pathogenesis of LGE are still questionable, but a candidal infection and decreased of CD4+ counts has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate LGE with its correlation with Candida infection and decreased level of CD4+ in HIV/AIDS patient. This study was an analytical observational research with cross-sectional and total sampling method. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS patients treated in UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from July-August 2014 were recruited for Candida microbial screening on LGE lesion. Clinical specimens including oral swabs were collected. Diagnosed of LGE by clinical appearance, the oral cavity of research subjects examined by oral medicine specialist. CD4+ counts obtained from patient's medical record. 88 HIV/AIDS patients were examined, there were 7 cases (5,83%) LGE, 7 from 7 gingival margin found Oral Candidiasis (OC) (100%). LGE was found to be significantly correlated to OC and decreased CD4+ counts < 200 cells/mm3 (p<0.05). LGE related to candida infection and decreased CD4+ counts in HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a one of the countries in South East Asia with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS cases. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) is the one of the oral manifestations that often found in HIV/AIDS patient decreased CD4+ counts. OHL play an important role and it can be used as a clinical biomarker to determine the stage, progression, predict the onset of opportunistic diseases and a strong indicator of immunodeficiency condition. The aim of this study to investigate correlation OHL and CD4+ counts in HIV/AIDS patients at UPIPI RSUD DR. Soetomo Surabaya 2014. This study was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional and total sampling method was conductet at UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS patients from July-August 2014. Diagnosed of OHL based on clinical appearance, the oral cavity of research subjects examined by oral medicine specialist. CD4+ counts obtained from patient's medical record. 88 HIV/AIDS patients were examined; there were 15 patients with OHL (17,05%). OHL was found to be significantly correlated to decreased of CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 (p < 0.05). Decreased of CD4+ counts affect the occurrence of OHL. OHL may be used as an alternative to CD4 count to diagnose the immunodeficiency HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]