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Three-dimensional porous carbon materials were synthesized by the one-step pyrolysis of organic salts with different numbers of hydroxyl groups on the side chain (sodium tartrate, sodium malate and sodium succinate). Further, the formation of these porous carbon materials was explored. And then, three kinds of carbon materials were used for constructing electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection, respectively. Porous carbon derived from sodium tartrate (PCST) showed the highest electrocatalytic ability for nitrite oxidation among all three materials. The PCST-based sensors allow for rapid detection of nitrite in a wide linear range of 0.1–100 μM with a low detection limit of 0.043 μM. The sensor was applied to detect nitrite in meat samples and the results tested by the developed sensor were consistent with the results obtained by HPLC. We envision that PCST-based electrochemical sensor is promising as an alternative choice for the development of electrochemical analysis.

Effect of the carbon source in the culture medium and of the growth phase on the composition and structure of the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 was studied. Growth with fructose resulted in an increased carbohydrate content in the CPSs, while long-term cultivation resulted in an increased content of phosphorus in both CPSs and LPSs. The LPSs produced on the medium with fructose (regardless of the cultivation duration) and the LPSs of the bacteria grown with sodium malate until the stationary phase were characterized by higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids than the LPSs of the bacteria grown with sodium malate to the late exponential phase. The structures of the polysaccharides from the isolated glycopolymers were established using monosaccharide analysis, including determination of the absolute configurations and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. This study is the first to report that the CPS of A. brasilense Sp245 grown with sodium malate to the end of the exponential phase is structurally identical to the O-polysaccharide from the LPS of this bacterium and that the LPS and CPS of A. brasilense Sp245 grown with fructose contain an additional homoglucan of the following structure: [→3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→] n .

Since human norovirus is non-cultivable, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus have been used as surrogates. In this study, the virucidal effects of ethanol-based sanitizers with different concentrations of additives (malic acid/sodium malate, glycerin-fatty acid ester) against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus F4 were examined. The ethanol-based sanitizers at pH 7 showed sufficient virucidal effects, but glycerin-fatty acid ester included in ethanol-based sanitizers at pH 4 or 6 reduced the virucidal effects against murine norovirus. The ethanol-based sanitizers containing malic acid/sodium malate inactivated feline calicivirus F4 in shorter time, but there is no difference between ethanol-based sanitizers with and without glycerin-fatty acid ester. Traditionally, feline calicivirus has been used for long time as a surrogate virus for human norovirus. However, this study suggested that murine norovirus and feline calicivirus F4 had different sensitivity with the additive components of ethanol-based sanitizers. Therefore, using feline calicivirus alone as a surrogate for human norovirus may not be sufficient to evaluate the virucidal effect of sanitizers on food-borne infections caused by human norovirus. Sanitizers having virucidal effects against at least both murine norovirus and feline calicivirus may be more suitable to inactivate human norovirus.

The single crystal structure of sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) nanoparticles formed mainly by aggregation in aqueous phase was first confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Then, effects of reactant concentrations and pH on the formation of NaYF4 nanocrystals were investigated and described in the presence of sodium citrate (Na-citrate). The results showed that the non-aggregation formation of NaYF4 was dominant under a low concentration range of reactants, and the aggregation formation was dominant under a high concentration range of reactants. For comparison, NaYF4 nanocrystals were also synthesized by co-precipitation in the presence of various other chelators, not only amino-carboxyl (H2N-C) types involving (Na-EDTA) and sodium nitrilotriacetate (Na-NTA) but also hydroxyl-carboxyl (HO-C) types including sodium citrate (Na-citrate), sodium malate (Na-malate), and potassium sodium tartrate (K, Na-tartate). All the chelators showed a similar influence on the particle formation. However, the size of the final product was different corresponding to the different chelators. An upconversion fluorescent material, cubic NaYF4 nanocrystal co-doped with ytterbium and erbium with diameter about 10 nm was successfully achieved at room temperature. Under 980 nm laser excitation, the red emissions at 652 and 679 nm were much stronger than green emissions at 520 and 541 nm. Additionally, effects of concentrations of the different chelators on the fluorescent properties of the formed NaYF4:Yb, Er nanocrystals were also investigated. Different chelators affected the fluorescent properties differently, according to their respective physical and chemical properties.

The effects of fermentation and digestion characteristics of lambs fed high grain finishing diets with two ionophores (monensin and lasalocid) were compared, and the additive response of malate in rations containing ionophores were evaluated. Twenty 4-month-old Pelibuey lambs, weighing approximately 16 kg, were assigned to a completely randomize designed experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two ionophores with or without malate). The four treatment groups (diets) were: (1) diet with 30 parts per million (ppm) lasalocid, (2) diet with 30 ppm lasalocid and 0.3% malate, (3) diet with 30 ppm monensin, and (4) diet with 30 ppm monensin and 0.3% malate. Animals were confined to individual metabolic cages. Body weight during the sampling phase averaged 20.6 kg. Lambs fed diets with monensin had a 10.9% lower (P 0.05) on DM intake. Lambs fed monensin had lower (P 0.05) in NDF or NFC digestibilities was observed between ionophores or by the addition of malate. Although time spent ruminating was 33% lower (P 0.05) between ionophores. Ruminal pH was similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments (5.8). Type of ionophore had no effect (P > 0.05) on concentration or molar percent of VFA, whereas the inclusion of malate increased (P < 0.05) acetic acid concentration in rumen fluid (60.5 mM vs. 48.2 mM). Nitrogen balance was greater for lambs fed lasalocid diets, which had a higher crude protein intake, than lambs fed diets with monensin. Lambs fed diets with monensin or malate consumed less NDF, and dedicated less time to ruminate than those fed lasalocid. Lambs on the lasalocid diets consumed more fiber, which might be attributed to a greater selection of fibrous components of the diet.

Maintenance of pH 7.0 during the fermentation period favors accumulation of high-molecular polysaccharide-containing components, the so-called lipopolysaccharide-protein and polysaccharide-lipid complexes, in the capsules and culture medium. Increased pH of the culture medium to 8.0 reduced the period of exponential growth and the yield of polysaccharide-containing complexes as compared to the optimal conditions. Maintenance of pH 5.5 suppressed the culture growth and polysaccharide production. The polysaccharide-lipid complexes obtained when pH was stabilized at the level of 7.0-8.0 had a relatively low molecular weight and contained only acidic polysaccharides. The use of potassium gluconate instead of sodium malate as a source of carbon in the culture medium changed the polysaccharide composition and increased the content of glucosamine, which increased the attraction of polysaccharides to wheat germ agglutinin. Prolongation of Azospirillum cultivation to five days introduced new glucose-containing polysaccharide components in the capsule.

Purpose. To evaluate crystallization behavior and collapse temperature (Tg') of buffers in the frozen state, in view of its importance in the development of lyophilized formulations. Methods. Sodium tartrate, sodium malate, potassium citrate, and sodium citrate buffers were prepared with a pH range within their individual buffering capacities. Crystallization and the Tg’ were detected during heating of the frozen solutions using standard DSC and modulated DSC. Results. Citrate and malate did not exhibit crystallization, while succinate and tartrate crystallized during heating of the frozen solutions. The citrate buffer had a higher Tg’ than malate and tartrate buffers at the same pH. Tg’ vs. pH graphs for citrate and malate buffers studied had a similar shape, with a maximum in Tg’ at pH ranging from 3 to 4. The Tg’ maximum was explained as a result of a competition between two opposing trends: an increase in the viscosity of the amorphous phase because of an increase in electrostatic interaction, and a decrease in the Tg’ because of an increase in a water concentration of the freeze-concentrated solution. Conclusion. Citrate buffer was identified as the preferred buffer for lyophilized pharmaceuticals because of its higher Tg’ and a lower crystallization tendency.

The effects of oral treatment with sodium malate, an active ingredient of Juzen-taiho-to, on the nephrotoxicity, bone marrow toxicity, hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity caused by i.p. administration of 9 doses of 3.0 mg/kg/d cisplatin (CDDP) (on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12) were examined in ddY mice inoculated with sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells on day 1 of the study. The CDDP-induced increases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminases and relative stomach weight and the decreases in food intake and body weight were inhibited nearly to the control levels without reducing the antitumor activity of CDDP against S-180 by the oral treatment with sodium malate of 12 doses of more than the equimolar amount of CDDP (on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15). However, the CDDP-induced decreases in white blood cell and platelet counts and relative spleen and thymus weight could not be inhibited completely by combination with sodium malate, even at a dose of twice the equimolar amount of CDDP. The sodium malate-induced reduction of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was observed after oral administration, as well as with i.p., s.c. and i.v. administration, and the effect was almost the same for each route of administration. Sodium malate also reduced the toxicity induced by high doses of CDDP (4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0 and 12.0 mg/kg/d) at doses of twice the equimolar amount of CDDP. Sodium malate at a dose of 10.68 mg/kg/d (twice as high as carboplatin, CBDCA) did not reduce the nephrotoxicity, bone marrow toxicity, hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity caused by i.p. administration of 9 doses of 15.0 mg/kg/d CBDCA on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 in ddY mice inoculated with sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells on day 1 of the study. From this study, it was suggested that sodium malate could become a useful agent for the reduction of CDDP-induced toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.

We examined the mechanism of the protective effect of sodium malate on cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin, CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity in mice and obtained the following findings: 1: Sodium malate showed a maximum reduction of toxicity when it was administered at the same time as CDDP or at 30 min before the administration of CDDP; the reduction was significantly decreased when sodium malate was given after the administration of CDDP. 2: It is thought that diamminoplatinum(II) malate (DPM) is produced in the body following the administration of a combination of CDDP and sodium malate. DPM showed the same antitumor effect as CDDP and produced little nephrotoxicity. 3: When CDDP was combined with sodium malate, the time necessary for the elimination of platinum from the blood was prolonged, showing a intermediate value between the times for the elimination of CDDP and DPM from the blood. When the drug clearance was calculated based on this result, it was found that about 40% of the CDDP administered is converted to DPM in the blood. 4: In an experiment using L-[14C] malic acid, it was shown that sodium malate is distributed in the liver and the kidney at high concentrations, but in the tumor at only a low concentration. 5: When sodium malate was administered in combination with CDDP, the amount of platinum which accumulated in the kidney after 24 h was decreased by about 55% compared with the uncombined group, but there was no change in the amount of platinum which accumulated in the tumor. These results suggest that the sodium malate administered may be distributed rapidly in the blood and the tissue, and about 40% is bound to CDDP and converted to DPM, thus reducing the nephrotoxicity of CDDP.

Azospirillum strains isolated from the roots and rhizosphere of some plants growing in West Bengal were subjected to qualitative and quantitative evaluation for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production. Out of the total 49 isolates, 13 (26%) were confirmed as PHB producers according to staining and chemical assay methods. The majority of these strains belonged toAzospirillum brasilense butA. amazonense andA. lipoferum were also present. When grown in the presence of NH4Cl in the medium, the PHB content of the strains ranged from 1 to 14% of cell dry mass. The identity of the PHB extracted fromAzospirillum strain 24P-N-72 was confirmed by the characteristic UV and IR absorption peaks at 235 nm and 1730 cm−1, respectively.

This study examined the virucidal effects of five types of alcohol-based sanitizers including malic acid and sodium malate, or monoethanolamin, in 58 vol % ethanol (pH 4.0, pH 7.1, pH 11.8), 65 vol % ethanol (pH 4.2), and 75 vol % ethanol (pH 4.4) against murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). The virus titer of MNV was reduced in an ethanol dose-dependent manner under the same pH (about 4.0) condition. Virucidal effect against MNV was correlated with pH when the concentration of ethanol was constant (58 vol %). All the ethanol-based sanitizers provided sufficient virucidal effects against FCV. In conclusion, the virucidal effect of the ethanol-based sanitizer at low concentration of ethanol against norovirus (NoV) is increased when the pH is adjusted to a neutral state.

SummarySeveral agents were tested for protective action against carbon tetrachloride injury of the liver in rats. Marked protection was obtained with sodium thioglycollate, appreciable protection with glutathione, moderate protection with sodium thiomalate, and slight protection with cystein—all sulphydryl compounds. Sodium glycollate and sodium malate afforded protection comparable to their sulphydryl homologues. Methionine, and choline plus cystine did not afford protection. Other non-sulphydryl compounds, i.e., sodium thiosulphate, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, choline, and sodium acetate afforded no protection.A protective action against carbon tetrachloride injury of the liver in rats is not as closely related to the presence of -SH in the test agent as previously was observed for the protective action of certain compounds against hepatic injury by chloroform in the dog.

Penicillium oxalicum was isolated from acidic paddy rhizosphere soil, Milyang, Korea using modified media with AlPO4 and bromo cresol green (BCG). Ability of fungus to solubilize mineral phosphates and its cause for solubilization were studied in vitro. The fungus was grown in liquid medium cultures containing AlPO4/FePO4/Ca3(PO4)2 (1000 mg P L−1). Concentration of organic acids, soluble phosphate and pH were determined periodically during 7 to 78 h incubation. Penicillium oxalicum demonstrated higher levels of Ca3(PO4)2(129.10 mg L−1) and AlPO4 (119.80 mg L−1) solubilization than that of FePO4 (54.70 mg L−1) solubilization. Soluble phosphate concentrations in the culture medium were directly proportional to the organic acids and inversely related to pH. Malic acid production may have contributed the higher Al-P solubilization in culture media. Evidence from abiotic solubilization using sodium malate and HCl to solubilize P also indicated that malic acid may have been a main organic acid involved in the solubilization of AlPO4 and Ca3(PO4)2.

Of the non-nutritious additives that can be used in the nutrition of lambs in corral, the lonophores stand out, which modify the ruminal fermentation, improving the utilization of the energy of the ration, and consequently, the alimentary efficiency. This research was carried out in the facilities of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University. Food and faeces samples were analyzed at the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, while urine and volatile fatty acid samples were analyzed at the Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. The work consisted of three stages: (1) Adaptation of the animals; (2) Collection of samples; and (3) Analysis and interpretation of the results. Twenty growing lambs, weighing approximately 16 kg, were used, which were randomly assigned in a completely random design, with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two lonophores and two levels of sodium malate). The four treatments or rations were: (1) ration with 30 parts per million (ppm) of lasalocid (L) ppm; (2) ration with 30 ppm of lasalocid and 0.3% of sodium malate (LM); (3) ration with 30 ppm of monensin (M); and (4) ration with 30 ppm of monensin and 0.3% of malate (MM). The animals were confined in individual wooden metabolic cages with metal mesh flooring. De los aditivos no-nutritivos que pueden usarse en la nutrición de corderos en corral, destacan los lonóforos, los cuales modifican la fermentación ruminal, mejorando la utilización de la energía de la ración, y en consecuencia, la eficiencia alimenticia. Esta investigación se desarrolló en las instalaciones de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los análisis de muestras de alimentos y heces se realizaron en la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, mientras que las muestras de orina y ácidos grasos volátiles se analizaron en el Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. El trabajo consistió en tres etapas: (1) Adaptación de los animales; (2) Colección de muestras; y (3) Análisis e interpretación de los resultados. Se emplearon veinte corderos en crecimiento, con peso aproximado de 16 kg, los cuales se asignaron aleatoríamente en un diseño completamente al azar, con un arreglo factorial 2 x 2 (dos lonóforos y dos niveles de malato de sodio). Los cuatro tratamientos o raciones fueron: (1) ración con 30 partes por millón (ppm) de lasalocida (L) ppm; (2) ración con 30 ppm de lasalocida y 0.3% de malato de sodio (LM); (3) ración con 30 ppm de monensina (M); y (4) ración con 30 ppm de monensina y 0.3% de malato (MM). Los animales se confinaron en jaulas metabólicas individuales, de madera, con piso de rejilla metálica.

Malic Acid functions in cosmetic formulations as a pH adjuster, and Sodium Malate functions as a skin conditioning agent-humectant. Malic Acid is reportedly used in almost 50 cosmetic formulations across a range of product types at low concentrations, whereas Sodium Malate is used in only one. As a pH adjuster, Malic Acid is used at low concentrations. One commercial method of preparing Malic Acid is hydration of fumaric acid or maleic acid, and then purified to limit the amount of the starting material present. Because Malic Acid is a component of the Kreb's cycle, another method is fermentation. Malic Acid was relatively nontoxic in acute toxicity studies using animals. In a chronic oral study, feeding Malic Acid to rats resulted only in weight gain changes and changes in feed consumption. Malic Acid did not cause reproductive toxicity in mice, rats, or rabbits. Malic Acid was a moderate to strong skin irritatant in animal tests, and was a strong ocular irritant. Malic Acid was not mutagenic across a range of genotoxicity tests. Malic Acid was irritating in clinical tests, with less irritation seen as pH of the applied material increased. Patients patch tested with Malic Acid, placed on a diet that avoided foods containing Malic or citric acid, and then challenged with a diet high in Malic and citric acid had both immediate urticarial and delayed contact dermatitis reactions. These data were considered sufficient to determine that Malic Acid and Sodium Malate would be safe at the low concentrations at which these ingredients would be used to adjust pH (even though Sodium Malate is not currently used for that purpose). The data, however, were insufficient to determine the safety of these ingredients when used in cosmetics as other than pH adjusters and specifically, the data are insufficient to determine the safety of Sodium Malate when used as a skin conditioning agent-humectant. The types of data required for the Expert Panel to determine the safety of Sodium Malate as a skin-conditioning agent are: concentration of use data; dermal irritation and sensitization data; and ocular irritation data, if available. The data needed to assess the safety of Malic Acid or Sodium Malate for some function other than as a skin-conditioning agent cannot be specified without knowing the intended function. Were these ingredients to be used as exfoliants, for example, data similar to that included in the Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessment of Glycolic Acid would be needed. Until these data are available, it is concluded that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations for functions other than use as a pH adjuster.

The effects of ingredients of Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (Juzen-taiho-to) on the nephrotoxicity and bone marrow toxicity caused by i.p. administration of 3 mg/kg cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) 9 times (on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12) were examined in ddY mice s.c. inoculated with sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells on day 1. Angelicae Radix showed the strongest protective effect against the toxicity among the ingredients. The ED50 of a water extract of Angelicae Radix was 17.8 mg/kg for nephrotoxicity (indicated by an increase in blood urea nitrogen) and 59.4 mg/kg for bone marrow toxicity (indicated by a decrease in white blood cell count), when it was administered perorally (p.o.) on days, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. The water extract did not exert any significant effect on the antitumor activity of CDDP. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the water extract resulted in isolation of a constituent having protective effects against the toxicity: sodium L-malate, C4H4Na2O5, was found to exhibit protective effects against both nephrotoxicity (ED50: 0.4 mg/kg, p.o.) and bone marrow toxicity (ED50: 1.8 mg/kg, p.o.), without reducing the antitumor activity of CDDP. These findings indicate that Angelicae Radix and its constituent sodium L-malate could provide significant protection against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and bone marrow toxicity without reducing the antitumor activity.

Root acetylene reduction activity and number of diazotrophs varied significantly with wheat varieties grown under field conditions. Rhizoplane contained 2–3 times more nitrogen fixing bacteria compared to rhizosphere. The two isolates 8W and 96W out of 148, showed highest nitrogenase activity in solid and semisolid media under laboratory conditions. These were identified asBacillus sp. (8W) andPseudomonas sp. (96W). The acetylene reduction activity of these bacteria were highest at 96 hr of incubation, 30°C and neutral pH. Increased nitrogenase activity was recorded with sodium malate (50 mM), yeast extract (0·2 g/l), ammonium chloride (5 mM) and vitamins. Pot house studies on wheat using diazotrophs as seed inoculants showed a positive response in number of N2 fixing bacteria, root acetylene reduction activity and dry matter yields.

The nitrogenase activity (N2-fixation) ofAzospirillum isolated from the root region of C4 Digitaria, Chloris, Cynodon, Dichanthium, Lasiurus andCenchrus growing in different tracts of Rajasthan, was studied in spot batch cultures on sodium malate medium both under air and 1% oxygen at regular intervals of 24 h for a span of 7 days. The morphological and cultural characteristics ofAzospirillum strains belonging tolipoferum andbrasilense group (both nir+ and nir−) have also been studied. The strains oflipoferum group performed better and exhibited more N2-ase activity on agar surface under 1% O2 and associated with the roots compared to the strains ofbrasilense group.

SUMMARY: Potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) reduction in the obligate aerobe Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 49 and the facultative anaerobe Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1–434 occurs on localized areas of endoplasmic reticulum. The reduction product is granular and is found in close association with the membranes of specific parts of the endoplasmic reticulum. The site of reduction is the same whether R. mucilaginosa 49 is grown on a respiratory substrate (sodium malate) or a fermentable substrate (glucose). Increasing concentrations of K2TeO3 increasingly inhibit the growth of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 49. Its rate of oxygen uptake is not altered when grown in the presence of 0.04% K2TeO3, but in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1–434 it decreases under the same conditions. Growth of S. cerevisiae 1–434 is completely inhibited with glycerol as substrate in the presence of K2TeO3.

Cationic-sensitive glass electrodes are used to study the weak complex formed by sodium ion and malic acid in aqueous media. The best value of 1.1 ± 0.3 for the calculated formation constant agrees well with literature values. Methods of measurements and calculation are described and evaluated.

1. Cacotheline has previously been employed as a colorimetric reagent for the detection of Sn +2 and V +3 ions. The present investigation covers its use as a reagent for the detection of Fe +2 and Fe +3 ions. 2. Fe +2 ions give a pink colour with a solution of cacotheline at a pH lying between 1.48 and 4.58 in the presence of a sufficient concentration of sodium oxalate, which serves to bind the Fe +3 ions by complex formation. At a pH below 1.24, only a very light pink colour is produced and this develops slowly. When the pH of the solution is about 5.2, a blue colour is obtained. The limit of identification is 1.5 γ and the concentration limit is 1 : 40,000 of Fe +2 . While testing for Fe +2 at very low concentration, it is necessary to employ a very dilute solution of cacotheline (0.025%), while for solutions of higher concentrations saturated cacotheline solution (about 0.25%) is recommended. A detailed investigation has been made concerning the conditions determining the stability of the pink colour. 3. It has also been observed that sodium malonate, sodium citrate, sodium malate, sodium tartrate and sodium lactate are effective as complexing agents for binding Fe +3 ions. 4. Orthophosphate has not been found effective as a complexing agent under the conditions adopted, while pyrophosphate and metaphosphate have been found effective. 5. Fe +3 ions are reduced to Fe +2 by exposure to sunlight or the light from a Philip's Repro lamp in the presence of the appropriate buffer solution and sodium oxalate.

Enrichment cultures of purple sulphur bacteria from Delft mud were made in inorganic media. By means of shake-cultures in agar with inorganic salts it was attempted to isolate a strain, the growth of which was not favoured by organic substances. This aim could not be attained as all strains isolated throve better in media containing sodium malate than in completely inorganic ones. So it may be concluded that purple sulphur bacteria, at least those isolated from ordinary mud, show a better development under photo-heterotrophic than under photo-autotrophic conditions.

1. The gustatory sense of a newt for salty substances has been investigated by the dresseur method. 2. Most of the inorganic salty compounds seem to show the similar kind of taste for the newt. 3. The organic salty compounds seem to have tastes different from the inorganic compounds above mentioned, though sodium malate showed a trace of the positive reaction seen in salty chemicals.

Measurements are reported of the solubilities of calcium iodate and copper iodate in buffered solutions of sodium malate. The thermodynamic association constants are determined for the formation of the species CaMal at 25°, 30°, 35° and 40°C and of the species CuMal, CuHMal + at 25°, 30° and 45°C. Thermodynamic functions ΔH °, ΔG °, ΔS ° are derived from the association reactions of these complexes and hydration entropies of the species have also been calculated.

Chromatographic analysis of the liquid endosperm from 12- to 14-day-old cotton ovules indicated the presence of malic acid in excess of 7 mg/milliliter. Addition of 4 mg of ammonium or calcium malate to each milliliter of culture medium resulted in more rapid growth and greater viability of cotton embryos cultured in vitro from the heart stage. Sodium malate in excess of 0.01 mg/milliliter inhibited embryo growth in vitro. Ammonium or calcium citrate and succinate were either less effective than malate in supporting embryo growth or inhibitory.

The extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus 1 grows optimally at 70° to a high cell density with a mean generation time of about one hour. The type strain YT1, and several strains of similar genera and species have been used for the purification of enzymes for comparison with those of mesophiles2. We have purified and investigated malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.27). from Thermus aquaticus strain YT1 (T.aq.MDH).

The deposition of metaphosphate in the form of metachromatic granules in resting cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae occurred in the presence of various oxidizable tricarboxylic acid cycle compounds. The addition of K + and orthophosphate greatly enhanced this deposition. Glucose, either alone or with K + and orthophosphate did not lead to the formation of these metachromatic granules. Metachromatic cells in the presence of glucose, citrate, and formate, as well as in the endogenous control, eventually lost their metachromasy after 16 hr. incubation in the absence of external P. In the presence of fumarate and malate there occurred a constant increase in metachromasy; after 16 hr. the index of metachromasy was doubled. Distribution studies of the phosphorus components of the metachromatic cells, before and after incubation in glucose and malate, indicate that in the presence of glucose, RNA P increased at the expense of the metaphosphate. In the presence of sodium malate, metaphosphate increased at the expense of the RNA P.

Recent studies1,2 have demonstrated that the intravenous injection into dogs of the sodium salts of certain dicarboxylic acids, including malic acid, produces a marked and prompt increase in the amount of citric acid excreted in the urine. Simultaneous determinations of the citric acid content of urine and blood2 suggested that the kidney played an important part in the formation or elimination of citric acid after the injection of sodium malate. The following experiments were designed to more definitely elucidate the question of the site of citric acid formation under these experimental conditions.Adult male rats weighing from 250 to 450 gm. were given a citrate-low synthetic ration (casein, 18%; dextrin, 51%; Crisco, 27%; Wesson salt mixture, 4%) for a 5-day preliminary period. The animals were then lightly anesthetized with ether and sterile solutions of either sodium chloride (2.5%) or sodium malate (5%) were injected into the heart in amounts containing 100 mg. of sodium per kilo body weight. Prelimi...

Segments of the isolated intestine of the rabbit suspended in Locke's solution and containing sodium succinate exhibited increased activity in concentrations of N/30 to N/200. Stimulation was also observed in N/10 succinate, but this was usually preceded by primary depression. Sodium malate in concentrations of N/10 and N/30 caused depression, the rhythmic contractions disappearing almost entirely for a period of several minutes. This was followed, however, by improvement while the intestinal segments were still in contact with the salt. Stimulation was observed in tests with N/70 to N/100 sodium malate. Sodium tartrate dextro in Locke's solution produced the following results: A solution of N/10 made up by adding the salt to Locke's solution caused promptly a drop of tonus; rhythmic contractions became weak or disappeared entirely for a few minutes. The fact was less marked, however, with the same concentration of tartrate when it was substituted for an equivalent amount of sodium chloride. In this case ...

Significant protection was demonstrated against the development of convulsive activity in small animals using 0.4 M sodium succinate (1-4) injected intraperitoneally in a dosage of 12 mM/kg of body weight, Succinate protection against hyperbaric oxygen (HPO) at 5, 7, 9, and 11 ATA of 100% oxygen (5) was shown not to be due to the hyperosmolarity of the solution infused and led to our proposal that maintenance of normal ATP concentrations in brain and other tissues is of prime importance in protecting animals subjected to HPO. No significant delay of onset of convulsive activity was observed with hyperosmolar solutions of NaCl, sodium malate, an NAD-linked TCA cycle intermediate, or glucose. These results are consonant with the observation of Chance et al. (6) that HPO adversely affects NAD-linked substrates of oxidative phosphorylation, and have stimulated further studies using the FAD-linked substrates, succinate and alpha-glycerophosphate. We report here the results of experiments using sodium succinate...

Excerpt Introduction: The prevalence of the prescribing of the diet of salt restriction for patients suffering with chronic interstitial nephritis, edema or hypertension is emphasized by Allen1who ...

Growth of two marine phycomycetes isolated from diseased oyster shells was investigated. Both fungi were obligately marine and stenohaline, with optimum growth in 2·3–2·5% sodium chloride. Of the minor salts in an artificial sea-water medium, sodium bicarbonate produced the most significant stimulation of growth of Althornia crouchii. Both fungi grew best at 30 °C; there was no growth at 35°. Light inhibited the growth of the fungi. They grew well in natural or artificial sea water supplemented with yeast extract (1 g/l) and peptone (1 g/l). They did not grow if the concentrations of yeast extract and peptone were reduced to 0·02 g/l. A. crouchii produced normal sporangia and zoospores on glycogen, D(+)trehalose or cellobiose. The addition of sodium malate also permitted good growth, but without zoospore production. Ostracoblabe implexa was stimulated by the simultaneous addition of sodium malate, aspartic acid and sodium glutamate. Most other carbohydrates and fatty acids tested either did not support growth or were inhibitory. Inorganic nitrogen sources tested did not support growth of A. crouchii.

Excerpt In a previous communication to this journal, one of us (J.K.) (1) studied the metabolism of a certain sodium malate mixture when employed as a dietary substitute for sodium chloride. The mi...