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Purpose: To investigate the microbiological outcomes obtained with either subgingival debridement (SD) in conjunction with a gel containing sodium hypochlorite and amino acids followed by subsequent application of a cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel (xHyA) gel, or with SD alone. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight patients diagnosed with stages II-III (grades A/B) generalised periodontitis were randomly treated with either SD (control) or SD plus adjunctive sodium hypochlorite/amino acids and xHyA gel (test). Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest site per quadrant in each patient at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Pooled sample analysis was performed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the identification of detection frequencies and changes in numbers of the following bacteria: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Tannerella forsythia (T.f), Treponema denticola (T.d), and Prevotella intermedia (P.i). Results: In terms of detection frequency, in the test group, statistically significant reductions were found for P.g, T.f, T.d and P.i (p < 0.05) after 6 months. In the control group, the detection frequencies of all investigated bacterial species at 6 months were comparable to the baseline values (p > 0.05). The comparison of the test and control groups revealed statistically significant differences in detection frequency for P.g (p = 0.034), T.d (p < 0.01) and P.i (p = 0.02) after 6 months, favouring the test group. Regarding reduction in detection frequency scores, at 6 months, statistically significant differences in favour of the test group were observed for all investigated bacterial species: A.a (p = 0.028), P.g (p = 0.028), T.f (p = 0.004), T.d (p <0.001), and P.i (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The present microbiological results, which are related to short-term outcomes up to 6 months post-treatment, support the adjunctive subgingival application of sodium hypochlorite/amino acids and xHyA to subgingival debridement in the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduced a microfluidic kit for rapid and economic detection of melamine (MLM) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in milk samples. The kit allows for simultaneous identification of MLM and NaOCl by reacting with cyanuric acid-modified Au nanoparticles (Au@Ca) and N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine, respectively. The resulting color changes are used as the analytical signal for detection. All of the effective operational parameters were optimized by a one-factor-at-a-time approach. Under the optimum conditions (pH 6.5, path length = 50 mm, flow rate = 0.1 ml/min) a linear relationship between the concentrations of MLM and NaOCl and the blue component of the analyzed RGB pixels of the images captured with a smartphone camera was observed. The linear ranges for MLM and NaOCl were obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.1–1 and 0.1–4.5 µM, respectively, with 0.040 µM and 0.078 µM detection limits, consecutively. The results indicate that the proposed microfluidic kit provides strong selectivity and high reproducibility for detecting MLM and NaOCl in milk samples. To validate the performance of the method, the microfluidic kit was employed for analyzing five different milk samples, yielding recovery values between 94.0% and 105.0% and relative standard deviation values lower than 4.12% indicating the proposed system has admissible accuracy for both analytes. Besides, the results were compared to those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography, as a standard reference method, and a good agreement between the two approaches was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implant surface decontamination is a critical step in peri‐implantitis treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect chemotherapeutic agents have on reosseointegration after treatment on ligature‐inducted peri‐implantitis. Methods: Six male canines had 36 implants placed and ligatures were placed around them for 28 weeks to establish peri‐implantitis. The peri‐implant defects were randomly treated by 1 of 3 methods: 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX test group), 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl test group), or saline (Control group). Sites treated with NaOCl and CHX were grafted with autogenous bone, and all sites then either received a collagen membrane or not. Histology sections were obtained at 6 months postsurgery to assess percentage of reosseointegration. Results: Thirty‐five implants were analyzed (CHX: 13; NaOCl: 14; Control:8). NaOCl‐treated sites demonstrated reosseointegration with direct bone‐to‐implant‐contact on the previously contaminated surfaces (42% mean reosseointegration), which was significantly higher than Controls (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, clinical improvement was noted with a significant reduction in probing depth from 5.50 ± 1.24 mm at baseline to 4.46 ± 1.70 mm at 6‐months postsurgery (p = 0.006). CHX‐treated sites demonstrated a nonsignificant reosseointegration of 26% (p > 0.05); however, in the majority of cases, the new bone growth was at a distance from the implant surface without contact. Probing depths did not improve in the CHX group. The use of membrane did not influence reosseointegration or probing depths (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Titanium implants with peri‐implantitis have the capacity to reosseointegrate following regenerative surgery. However, treatment response is contingent upon the chemotherapeutic agent selection. Additional chemical treatment with 1.5% NaOCl lead to the most favorable results in terms of changes in defect depth and percentage of reosseointegration as compared to CHX, which may hinder reosseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness (Ra) of new‐generation denture base materials that are additively, subtractively, and conventionally fabricated, while also assessing their color change after cleansing. Material and Methods: One hundred and fifty disk‐shaped specimens (Ø10 × 2 mm) were prepared from five denture base materials (one subtractively manufactured nanographene‐reinforced prepolymerized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (SM‐GC), one subtractively manufactured prepolymerized PMMA (SM‐PM), two additively manufactured denture base resins (AM‐DT and AM‐ND), and one heat‐polymerized PMMA (CV) (n = 30). The Ra of the specimens was measured before and after conventional laboratory polishing, while color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then divided into three subgroups based on the denture cleanser: distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and effervescent tablet (n = 10). The Ra and color coordinates were remeasured after nine cleansing cycles over a period of 20 days. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the color differences (ΔE00). Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the Ra values before (n = 30) and after (n = 10) cleansing, while repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the Ra of material‐time point pairs within each denture cleanser (n = 10). ΔE00 data after denture cleansing was also analyzed by using two‐way ANOVA (n = 10) (α = 0.05). Results: Before polishing, Ra varied significantly among the materials. SM‐GC and SM‐PM had the lowest and AM‐ND the highest Ra values (P < 0.001). Polishing significantly reduced Ra of all materials (P < 0.001), and after polishing, Ra differences among materials were nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.072). Regardless of the denture cleanser, the Ra of AM‐DT, AM‐ND, and CV was the highest before polishing when different time points were considered (P < 0.001). After cleansing, AM‐ND had the highest Ra of all the materials, regardless of the cleanser (P ≤ 0.017). AM‐DT had higher Ra than SM‐PM when distilled water (P = 0.040) and higher Ra than SM‐GC, SM‐PM, and CV when NaOCl was used (P < 0.001). The type of cleanser significantly influenced the Ra of AM‐DT, AM‐ND, and CV. For AM‐DT, NaOCl led to the highest Ra and the tablet led to the lowest Ra (P ≤ 0.042), while for AM‐ND, distilled water led to the lowest Ra (P ≤ 0.024). For CV, the tablet led to lower Ra than distilled water (P = 0.009). Color change varied among the materials. When distilled water was used, SM‐GC had higher ΔE00 than SM‐PM and AM‐DT (P ≤ 0.034). When NaOCl was used, AM‐ND had higher ΔE00 than SM‐GC, SM‐PM, and AM‐DT, while CV and SM‐GC had higher ΔE00 than SM‐PM and AM‐DT (P ≤ 0.039). Finally, when the tablet was used, AM‐ND and CV had the highest ΔE00, while AM‐DT had lower ΔE00 than SM‐GC (P ≤ 0.015). Conclusions: The tested materials had unacceptable surface roughness (>0.2 μm) before polishing. Roughness decreased significantly after polishing (<0.2 μm). Denture cleansers did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the materials, and roughness remained clinically acceptable after cleansing (<0.2 μm). Considering previously reported color thresholds, AM‐ND and CV had unacceptable color change regardless of the denture cleanser, and the effervescent tablet led to perceptible, but acceptable color change for SM‐GC, SM‐PM, and AM‐DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive chlorine species (RCS) like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) are potent oxidizing agents and widely used biocides in surface disinfection, water treatment, and biofilm elimination. Moreover, RCS are also produced by the human immune system to kill invading pathogens. However, bacteria have developed mechanisms to survive the damage caused by RCS. Using the comprehensive Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 transposon mutant library in a genetic screen, we identified a total of 28 P. aeruginosa PA14 mutants whose biofilms showed increased susceptibility to NaOCl in comparison to PA14 WT biofilms. Of these, ten PA14 mutants with a disrupted apaH, PA0793, acsA, PA1506, PA1547, PA3728, yajC, queA, PA3869, or PA14_32840 gene presented a 4-fold increase in NaOCl susceptibility compared to wild-type biofilms. While none of these mutants showed a defect in biofilm formation or attenuated susceptibility of biofilms toward the oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), all but PA14_32840 also exhibited a 2–4-fold increase in susceptibility toward the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Further analyses revealed attenuated levels of intracellular ROS and catalase activity only for the apaH and PA1547 mutant, providing insights into the oxidative stress response in P. aeruginosa biofilms. The findings of this paper highlight the complexity of biofilm resistance and the intricate interplay between different mechanisms to survive oxidative stress. Understanding resistance strategies adopted by biofilms is crucial for developing more effective ways to fight resistant bacteria, ultimately contributing to better management of bacterial growth and resistance in clinical and environmental settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A layer of smear that coats the walls of root canals is produced by root canal instrumentation, which could be unfavorable to endodontic therapy. The endodontic irrigant SmearOFF is designed to effectively remove both the smear layer and bacteria concurrently. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of SmearOFF and 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer across the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of root canals. Sixty‐four single‐canal mandibular premolar roots were chosen. Two irrigant protocols were separated into two sets of thirty‐two teeth, respectively, Group 1 (6% NaOCL/SmearOFF) and Group 2 (6% NaOCl/17% EDTA.) Until X2, the ProtaperNext rotary system (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland), with a COXO C‐SMART Endomotor (Foshan COXO Medical instrument Co., Ltd., China) was utilized for the shaping of all teeth, the equipment settings were tuned to 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) and a torque of 3 Newton‐centimeters (Ncm). Before applying the final irrigants, an initial irrigation with 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was performed using a 27‐G side‐vented needle. An ultrasonic gadget, EndoUltra, was utilized to activate the irrigation. After that, the determination of how well the proposed solutions worked on the prepared teeth was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. The mean smear layer scores were lower in all three regions (coronal, middle, and apical) using 17% EDTA in comparison with the samples treated with SmearOFF. Despite that, there were no significant differences between G1, 6% NaOCL/SmearOFF and G2, 6% NaOCL/17% EDTA in smear layer removal according to Kruskal–Wallis tests and Mann–Whitney U‐tests (p < 0.05). Considering the findings of this investigation, both 17% EDTA and SmearOFF serve as chelating agents, demonstrating the capability to effectively remove the smear layer. This process is facilitated with the assistance of passive ultrasonic irrigation at intervals of every third of the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the effect of two etidronate-containing irrigants and EDTA on the ability of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to remove the smear layer and dissolve organic tissues. This study evaluated the following solutions: distilled water, 3% NaOCl, 3% NaOCl + EDTA, and 3% NaOCl mixed with etidronate powder from two manufacturers [Dual Rinse, (DR); IsraDent, (ID)] to obtain 9%, 15%, and 18% solutions. To assess the proteolytic activity, bovine muscle tissue samples (56.1 ± 5.4 mg; n = 10 per group) were immersed in the tested solutions for 15 min. Absolute weight changes and percentages of weight changes (wt%) were calculated. To assess smear layer removal, the root canals of human wisdom teeth were instrumented, irrigated with the tested solutions (n = 10 per group), and evaluated using SEM. Statistical analysis employed an ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey test and paired t-test, the Kruskal–Wallis test with a pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test, and the Friedman test with a pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The mean weight loss in the NaOCl group comprised 17.3 mg (32 wt%). Sequential use of NaOCl and EDTA resulted in a significant increase in proteolytic activity of the former (57 wt%), while mixing these solutions led to a reduction of proteolytic activity (17 wt%). All NaOCl/DR groups exhibited a significantly greater dissolution activity than that of NaOCl alone, with the mean weight loss ranging from 23.3 mg (40 wt%) to 24 mg (41 wt%). ID9% and ID15% significantly decreased the proteolytic activity of NaOCl. In most groups, the apical thirds of the root canals demonstrated a significantly heavier smear layer compared to the middle and coronal thirds. The most effective smear layer removal was observed after irrigation with NaOCl combined with EDTA or DR (all concentrations); however, in the NaOCl + EDTA and DR18% groups, it was accompanied by moderate to severe erosion. Irrigation with ID did not result in smear layer removal or dentin erosion. In conclusion, the smear layer removal and pulp dissolving effects of continuous chelation using etidronate were manufacturer/composition-dependent. DR9% combined with NaOCl demonstrated the most promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infected dentinal tubules are a possible source of bacteria that are responsible for the failure of root canal treatment. Therefore, disinfection of dentinal tubules by increasing the penetration of the irrigation solution is important for success in retreatment cases. This study utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to assess and compare the impact of XPR, ultrasonic irrigation (UI) and sonic activation (SA) on NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules following endodontic retreatment. Methods: A total of forty mandibular premolars were enrolled in this investigation. Following root canal preparation up to ProTaper X3 file (30/0.07), root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and bioceramic root canal sealer with single cone technique. The root canal filling materials were removed using ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary retreatment files until the working length was reached. The retreatment procedure was finalized using the ProTaper Next X4 (40/0.06). The teeth were divided into four groups based on the irrigation activation technique: control (conventional needle irrigation), SA, UI and XPR. During the final irrigation procedure, Rhodamine B dye was introduced to 5% NaOCl for visualization via CLSM. Subsequent to image acquisition, the maximum penetration, penetration percentage, and penetration area were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Bonferroni Dunn multiple comparison tests through R software (p < 0.05). Results: In the middle third, UI yielded a significantly higher penetration percentage than the control group (p < 0.05). The UI and XPR groups showed increased penetration percentages in the coronal and middle thirds compared with the apical third (P < 0.05). Maximum penetration was notably reduced in the apical third than in comparison with the coronal and middle thirds in all groups (p < 0.05). In the control, SA and XP groups, the penetration area was ranked in descending order as coronal, middle and apical (p < 0.05). Conversely, in the ultrasonic group, the penetration area was significantly lower in the apical third than in the middle and coronal thirds (p < 0.05). Conclusions: UI enhanced the penetration percentage in the middle third of the root compared with that in the control group. XPR and SA showed no significant effect on NaOCl penetration following retreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two mononuclear complexes, [Cu(L1)2] (complex 1) and [Cu(HL2)2](NO3)2 (complex 2) where HL1 is 1-((cyclohexylmethylimino)methyl)-naphthalen-2-ol and HL2 is 4-bromo-2-((2-morpholinoethylimino)methyl)phenol, have been synthesized under mild conditions and characterized by different standard analytical methods. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the copper atoms in both copper(II) complexes are in a square planar geometry. These complexes have been used as catalysts in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol with various substituents in the presence of NaOCl as the terminal oxidant. The results show that complex 1 acts as a better catalyst than the other with the highest yield of 91% in the case of 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol oxidation. The copper complex transfers the oxygen of sodium hypochlorite to the alcohol to produce the aldehyde. The use of NaOCl as an oxidant in alcohol oxidation is rare although it is cheap and nonexplosive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To predict the long-term performance of restorative materials in the oral environment, it is important to evaluate their resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation and to know the toxic potential of the type and amount of ions eluted from the filling material. In this study, home bleaching was applied to dental materials with different contents and it was aimed to determine the type and amount of ions released from these materials. Methods: In this study, amalgam, posterior composite resin, anterior composite resin, bulk fill composite resin, indirect composite resin, hybrid ceramic and all-ceramic were used as restorative materials. 10 specimens of each material were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each material group was divided into two subgroups as the bleached group and the control group. After bleaching, all specimens were stored in 1 ml of 75% ethanol/water solution. Solutions were renewed after 1, 14 and 28 days. The type and amount of ions released from the materials were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Data were analyzed using the Friedman, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: It was determined that the amount of ions release from the restorative materials decreased over time (p < 0.05). According to the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, there was no difference between the bleaching and control groups in most of the restorative materials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, home bleaching system does not have a significant effect on ion release from restorative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the tissue dissolving capacities of sodium and calcium hypochlorite [NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2] solutions applied without activation or with two irrigant activation methods. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight dentin cavities were prepared. Preweighed tissue pieces were placed in these dentin cavities, and samples were divided into nine groups of twelve. In groups 1, 2, and 3, NaOCl was used with non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic (PUA), and laser activation (LA). With the same techniques, Ca(OCl)2 was used in groups 4, 5, and 6, and distilled water was used in groups 7, 8, and 9. The weight loss of tissue samples was calculated and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results: Distilled water groups showed no tissue dissolution in any conditions. NaOCI and Ca(OCI)2 showed statistically similar dissolving effectiveness when used with the same technique. Activated groups dissolved significantly greater tissue than non-activated ones, the highest in LA. Conclusions: Ca(OCI)2 can be an alternative to NaOCl; for both, the first choice of activation may be the LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of an organosilicon-based, commercially available antimicrobial formulation in the My-shield® product line against bacterial surface contamination. Methods and results The antimicrobial product was tested in vitro for its long-term persistence on surfaces and effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in comparison to 70% ethanol and 0.1% or 0.6% sodium hypochlorite. Field testing was also conducted over 6 weeks at a university athletic facility. In vitro studies demonstrated the log reductions achieved by the test product, 70% ethanol, and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite were 3.6, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively. The test product persisted on surfaces after washing and scrubbing, and pre-treatment with this product prevented S. aureus surface colonization for up to 30 days. In comparison, pre-treatment with 70% ethanol or 0.6% sodium hypochlorite was not protective against S. aureus biofilm formation after seven days. The field test demonstrated that weekly applications of the test product were more effective at reducing surface bacterial load than daily applications of a control product. Conclusions The test product conferred greater long-term protection against bacterial growth and biofilm formation by S. aureus than ethanol and sodium hypochlorite. Even with less frequent applications, the test product maintained a high level of antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endodontic therapy aims to eradicate pulpal and periapical diseases by removing bacteria from root canals. Despite thorough cleaning, the smear layer obstructs canal disinfection. Root canal preparation and irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, are essential for debridement. However, conventional techniques may leave areas untreated, necessitating innovative solutions like superoxidised water and Laser-activated Irrigation (LAI) for effective treatment. Need for the Study: The effectiveness of root canal treatment is contingent upon the success of the irrigating solution and the mode used for its activation, which is directly reflected in its ability to penetrate dentinal tubules. Thus, the focus of this experimental in-vitro study is to identify the most suitable irrigating solution and an effective activation technique for better penetration into dentinal tubules. Aim: The study will evaluate and compare the penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and oxidised water irrigants into dentinal tubules using diode laser and ultrasonic activation. Materials and Methods: An experimental in-vitro study will be conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from August 2024 to May 2025. The approach involves categorising 60 recently extracted single-rooted teeth with fully formed apical foramina and intact occlusal morphology into six primary groups according to distinct irrigation techniques and the application of two different irrigants, resulting in 10 teeth per group. Decoronated specimens will be injected with a specific irrigant and activated using different techniques. The penetration of oxidised water into dentinal tubules by low-level laser therapy and ultrasonic activation will be evaluated and compared using confocal laser microscopy. The normality of the data will be analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the data are normal, then the T-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be applied; if not, the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used at a 5% level of significance (p=0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used seeds of two endemic sage plants (Salvia siirtica and Salvia kronenburgii) as a starting material. Mucilage causes dormancy in the seeds of these plants. Therefore, it is important to improve the germination performance of these plants' seeds, and in this study, some treatments were applied to the seeds before or during sowing. To this end, sodium hypochlorite, ethyl alcohol, gibberellic acid, seed cracking, removal of the seed coat, pre-cold treatment, and sulfuric acid treatments were applied to the seeds of the two species separately or in combination, and their germination performances were investigated in comparison with a control group. Considering the results higher germination rates were obtained for both plants compared to the control group in all treatments except sulfuric acid treatments. The best germination rate for both plants was obtained from the treatments where the seed coat was mechanically removed. In this treatment, the germination rate in S. siirtica increased 3.3 times, while it increased 2.4 times in S. kronenburgii compared to the control group. Additionally, GA treatments for S. siirtica and cold pre-treatments for S. kronenburgii significantly increased germination rates. In light of these results, the removal of the seed coat, gibberellic acid, and cold pre-treatment effectively broke dormancy in sage seeds and increased germination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐conventional starch sources have emerged as an interest due to their inherent physicochemical properties similar to conventional starches. This study aimed to enhance the value of non‐conventional litchi seed starch by employing anoxidizing process using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)(0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5%). The carbonyl and carboxyl content of oxidized starch was in the range of (0.019 – 0.323%) and (0.044 – 0.425%) showing an increase with the increasing concentration of NaOCl. The native and oxidized starches were further characterized for their functional and structural properties. The amylose content of native starch was 21.52% which was reduced to (19.34 – 13.43%) upon oxidation. The water and oil absorption capacities increased with theoxidation level. The swelling power(g/g) and solubility (g/100g) for native starch were 16.17 and 16.20 and 9.5 and 31.40 for modified starch. The oxidized starch produced clearer pastes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed surface erosion and cavities in oxidized starch granulesat higher concentrations. The oxidized starch showed higher relative crystallinity. FTIR was further used to assess structural changes in starches. Therefore, it can be concluded that oxidation significantly altered the characteristics of litchi seed starch, expanding its potential applications in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a chemical method that makes porcine lens anterior capsule resemble human lens anterior capsule in tear force and perforating force. Setting: Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. Design: Experimental study. Methods: Porcine eyes were divided into groups, and reagents (0.9% physiological saline, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.3% sodium hypochlorite, and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite) were injected into the anterior chamber, respectively, recorded as Groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. A senior physician collected each group of anterior capsules after performing continuous circular capsulorhexis and assessing the anterior capsule's tearing and perforation forces. An additional group, which consisted of human lens anterior capsules taken in the operating room frompatients with cataract, recorded as Group E. A tensile system was used to measure each sample's tensile force. Results: A significant difference was found between Group A and any other group in maximum tensile force and average tensile force in both transverse and longitudinal directions. No significant difference was found between any 2 groups from Group B to Group E. According to the surgeon's assessment, the tear force characteristic of the porcine lens anterior capsule treated with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was similar to that of the human lens anterior capsule. Conclusions: Porcine lens capsule treated using this method can be used for training of new surgeons. The porcine lens anterior capsule treated with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, which results showed most resembled human lens anterior capsule, can be used for robotic training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates, in vitro, the effects of ozonated water as auxiliary endodontic irrigating and photodynamic therapy on the bond strength of fiberglass posts to root dentin. Sixty bovine incisors were prepared and divided into six groups (n=10):Oxidation only G1 Distilled water G2 5.25% NaOCl G3 10–15mg/L O3. Ox+PDT G4 DW+PDT G5 NaOCl+PDT G6 O3+PDT. Anatomical fiberglass posts were cemented and the roots were sectioned and submitted to the push-out test. Bond strength values were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey 5%. Failure patterns were analyzed. Sodium hypochlorite and ozonated water without photodynamic therapy showed the highest bond strength, and sodium hypochlorite with photodynamic therapy had the lowest bond strength. The O3+PDT association showed intermediate results. Considering that the main purpose of the O3 is disinfection, it was noted that ozonated water did not interfere on the bond strength of fiberglass posts to root dentin. Photodynamic therapy affected bond strength, mainly when associated with sodium hypochlorite. The ozonated water increases the PDT bond strength results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium (Ru) is an important platinum group metal for the manufacture of advanced materials owing to its chemical and physical properties. Generally, it is extremely difficult to dissolve Ru metal by using acidic solutions containing strong oxidizing agents. Therefore, pretreatments like alkali fusion roasting at high temperature are practiced to render the Ru metal soluble in aqueous solution. In this work, a simple procedure was proposed to dissolve Ru metal at room temperature without any pretreatments. The dissolution procedure consisted of two steps: (i) oxidation of Ru metal to RuO4– by using pure NaClO solution; (ii) reduction of RuO4– to stable Ru2OCl104– by using HCl as a reducing agent. The role of NaClO and HCl in the dissolution of Ru metal was discussed on the basis of the potential-pH diagram and the corresponding oxidation and reduction reactions. The effect of several parameters like the concentration of NaClO and HCl, temperature, time, and pulp density was investigated. Optimum conditions were obtained to completely dissolve Ru metal by using NaClO and HCl solution without alkali fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of several universal adhesives to dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and NaOCl followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Adhese Universal, Scotchbond Universal, Prime & Bond Elect, Prime & Bond Active, and Optibond XTR were included in the study. SBS values were determined in self-etch mode with no pretreatment of the dentin, after a 20-minute exposure of the dentin to 6% NaOCl, and after a 20-minute exposure to NaOCl followed by a one-minute exposure to 17% EDTA. Experimental groups were repeated using a total-etch technique (except Optibond XTR). Adhesives in self-etch mode had significantly reduced SBS following dentin exposure to NaOCl (P <.05), while with a total-etch technique, only Prime & Bond Active was affected (P <.05). SBS in self-etch mode when NaOCl exposure was followed by EDTA were equal to or higher than negative control values (P <.05). For total-etch groups, Adhese Universal was negatively affected by NaOCl + EDTA exposure (P <.05). Prime & Bond Elect exhibited lower SBS following NaOCl + EDTA exposure when compared to just NaOCl exposure but was not different from the negative control (P <.05). For the adhesives tested, the use of 17% EDTA following NaOCl exposure negated the negative effects of NaOCl on SBS in self-etch mode. When used in total-etch mode, results varied significantly, with some adhesives performing better or worse depending on the specific testing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in geometry following root canal preparation using R-Motion instruments with different apical sizes and tapers. Fifty-four mesial canals of mandibular molars with single curvature of angles ranging between 20° and 30° were stratified into 3 groups according to their internal anatomy (R-Motion 25/.06, 30/.04, Reciproc Blue) (n = 18 per group). Micro-computed tomography was used to standardize the samples before instrumentation and, after instrumentation, to assess canal transportation, changes in canal volume and centering ability. Canals were irrigated with 17% EDTA and sodium hypochlorite, and the final rinse included subsonic agitation of these solutions. Measurements were analyzed automatically using the Dragonfly software (Come, Montreal, Canada) and were confirmed by a technician and an endodontist, based on a previously validated methodology. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis's and Mann-Whitney's tests. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Significant differences were found in the coronal third for canal transportation, with Reciproc Blue R25 having greater values compared with both R-Motion instruments (P <.05) and greater changes in volume when compared with R-Motion 30/.04 (P <.05). R-Motion of apical size and taper 25/.06 and 30/.04 were associated with similar changes in geometry following root canal preparation in curved mesial canals of mandibular molars, whereas Reciproc Blue was associated with greater canal transportation in the coronal root third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically reviewed literature regarding the effect of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) used during root canal treatment (RCT) on postendodontic pain (PEP) and rescue analgesia. Following registration with PROSPERO (CRD42023388916), a search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Randomized controlled trials of patients receiving RCT which assessed PEP at different time intervals were included. Following data extraction and Cochrane risk of bias assessment 2, meta-analyses were performed to evaluate PEP during the first 48 hours along with rescue analgesic intake. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Five randomized controlled trials with 674 patients were included. One study exhibited a low risk of bias, while 4 raised some concerns. Patients treated with low concentrations of NaOCl (≤3%) were significantly less likely to report PEP at 24 hours (OR = 2.32; [95% CI, 1.63–3.31]; P <.05) and 48 hours (OR = 2.49; [95% CI, 1.73–3.59]; P <.05) as compared with high concentrations of NaOCl (≥5%). Furthermore, with low concentrations of NaOCl, significantly lesser moderate-severe PEP was reported at 24 hours (OR = 2.32; [95% CI, 1.47–3.62]; P <.05) and 48 hours (OR = 2.35; [95% CI, 1.32–4.16]; P <.05) and lesser analgesia was needed (OR = 2.43; [95% CI, 1.48–4.00]; P <.05). While PEP can be influenced by several factors, low certainty evidence suggests that when NaOCl is used as an irrigant during RCT, PEP may be less likely with lower concentrations of NaOCl. Moderate certainty evidence indicates that lesser analgesia may be required with lower concentrations of NaOCl. These results should be cautiously interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: During endodontic therapy, irrigation solutions applied in the root canal may affect the physicochemical properties of the dentinal wall, thereby changing its microhardness. This may adversely affect the sealing ability and adhesion of dental materials. Therefore, many studies have focused on the search for an ideal root canal irrigant that has a minimal effect on dentinal microhardness. Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted to determine the changes in dentin microhardness after root canal irrigation with different endodontic irrigants. Materials and Method: Ninety-five freshly extracted maxillary central incisor teeth with straight single canals were selected. These teeth were sectioned transversely at the level of the cementoenamel junction. The working length of each tooth was determined, and canal space was prepared by the HyFlex CM rotary file system. During instrumentation, normal saline was used for irrigation. Then, teeth were split longitudinally into two segments. According to the irrigating solution employed, samples were divided into five groups (n=19): normal saline (Group A), 3% sodium hypochlorite (Group B), 2% chlorhexidine (Group C), 5% calcium hypochlorite (Group D), and 0.2% nanochitosan (Group E).3 mL of the corresponding irrigating solution was administered for total15 minutes in each prepared sample. The Vickers micro-hardness tester was then used to assess micro-hardness. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: All tested irrigating solutions decreased the dentinal microhardness. Samples irrigated with 5% calcium hypochlorite demonstrated dentinal microhardness of 42.43± 1.62, which is the lowest among all the tested groups, followed by nano chitosan, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Samples treated with control group (saline) demonstrated the maximum microhardness of dentin in the present study. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this research, it can be concluded that the tested novel irrigating solutions, 5% calcium hypochlorite and 0.2% nanochitosan, were more detrimental to radicular dentin microhardness when compared with conventional endodontic irrigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Precious Metals / Guijinshu is the property of Precious Metals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Nematode larvae exsheathing is a crucial procedure employed in experimental studies such as nematode viability assays, evaluating nematodes' resistance to anthelmintics, and evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintic medications. The exsheathment procedure allows for quantifying the direct impact on larvae when the protective sheath is removed. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a commonly used artificial exsheathment medium. However, concerns have been raised about its potential impact on the viability of exsheathed larvae. A previous study utilized Strongyloides papillosus larvae, a nematode species without a protective sheath, to investigate the effects of NaOCl on parasite viability. The findings revealed that there are specific concentration (C) and exposure-time (T) thresholds (0.3% > C > 0.2%; 10 min > T > 5 min) beyond which viability decreases, and excessive exposure can cause significant damage. The current study aims to determine the optimal concentration of NaOCl that can induce exsheathment in ensheathed-type larvae without compromising their viability. Methods: Third-stage strongylid larvae of donkey origin were utilized for this study, with chemical concentrations of 3%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, or 0.05%. Larval motility served as the criterion for evaluating viability. Results: NaOCl can exsheath larvae at any of the five concentration levels evaluated, depending on the duration of exposure to the compound. A concentration of 0.2% is considered optimal, inducing exsheathment as early as 2 minutes. Extended exposure for up to 10 minutes did not impact larval viability. A 3% solution causes larval damage. Conclusions: Regarding the effect of NaOCl on nematode larvae, the results validate the earlier findings with Strongyloides papillosus and those by other authors employing nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia curticei, and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulpectomy is used to treat primary teeth with irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulp tissue. There is, however, a lack of consensus on clinical protocols for teaching pulpectomy at dental schools. Aim: To determine what faculty members at Brazilian dental schools are teaching about pulpectomy in primary teeth. Design: A cross‐sectional, observational study was conducted using a 39‐question survey available via the Google Forms® platform. A snowball sampling strategy was used for recruitment. Invitations to participate were sent via e‐mail, WhatsApp® and Instagram®. The data were analysed descriptively. Results: A total of 177 (58.4%) responses were obtained. Most faculty members recommended the use of Kerr hand files (66.1%), and 1% sodium hypochlorite was the most common choice for the irrigating solution (35.3%). Iodoform pastes were the first choice of faculty members (41.6%), and 60.5% of the faculty members recommended composite resin as the definitive restoration. Conclusion: Similarities were found in the teaching of pulpectomy for primary teeth among faculty members at dental schools in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the synergistic effects and mechanism of high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) combined with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli). The bactericidal effect of HFUS alone against E. coli was limited (reduced 0.14–0.30 log CFU/mL), while that of NaClO (3 mg/L) was relatively better (reduced 1.10–2.02 log CFU/mL). When combining HFUS and NaClO, the decontamination of E. coli increased as decreasing ultrasonic frequency and increasing ultrasonic power at the range of 2.16–5.76 log CFU/mL, which achieved an additional maximum 3.58 log CFU/mL‐reduction (581 kHz, 167 W, 18 min) comparing to the total reduction of sole NaClO and HFUS treatments. The remarkable cell membrane damages caused by HFUS during the combined treatment were confirmed by membranal integrity, membranal permeability, and ultrastructural morphology analyses. Incredibly, as one of membrane damages, pores observed on the cell membrane could provide new channels for hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide induced by HFUS to enter E. coli cells. Furthermore, those chemical substances significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at a lower ultrasonic frequency and higher power, which were part of the reason for subsequent DNA damage in addition to the mechanical effects of HFUS. These results may broaden the application of high‐frequency ultrasound in food sterilization. Practical applications: There is an increasing trend toward food sterilization that prefers non‐thermal processing. E. coli is a typical pathogen associated with foodborne disease outbreaks and has one of the broadest disease spectra. Ultrasound is a promising non‐thermal technology due to its gentle action, simple operation, and environmental friendliness. This study combined ultrasound with sodium hypochlorite against E. coli, which obtained a remarkable synergistic bactericidal effect, making potential applications in the future food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used in public healthcare facilities; this exposure can result in the development of bacterial tolerance to disinfectants, which has known links to antibiotic cross-resistance. However, the mechanism through which cross-resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants develops remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the phenotypic and transcriptomic changes caused by disinfectant exposure in Gram-negative bacteria and determine the cause of cross-resistance to antibiotics. The results demonstrated that the misuse of disinfectants plays an important role in the emergence of disinfectant resistance and in the increase in antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance may occur from the exposure of Gram-negative bacteria to subminimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NaOCl. Ten passages of Gram-negative bacteria in increasingly higher subMICs of the NaOCl disinfectant were sufficient to increase the MIC to >2500 µg/mL NaOCl, particularly in K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. To determine the development of cross-resistance to antibiotics due to NaOCl exposure, the MICs for each antibiotic before and after the exposure of each strain to sublethal concentrations of NaOCl were compared. After overnight incubation with a sublethal concentration of NaOCl, a statistically significant increase in MIC was only observed for imipenem (p < 0.01). An investigation of the mechanism of cross-resistance by means of transcriptome analysis revealed that 1250 µg/mL of NaOCl-adapted K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa strains increased resistance to imipenem due to the increased expression of resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC and MexAB/XY-OprM. Therefore, we suggest that exposure to NaOCl can influence the expression of RND efflux pump genes, contributing to imipenem cross-resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to evaluate whether the application of antioxidant solutions can enhance the bond strength of resin-based materials to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-treated dentin. This study follows the PICOT strategy: population (sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin), intervention (application of antioxidants), control (distilled water), outcome (bond strength), and type of studies (in vitro studies). The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were searched for in vitro studies evaluating the effects of antioxidants on bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin. Two independent reviewers screened articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to compare standardized mean differences in bond strength between antioxidant pretreatment and control groups. Inclusion criteria consisted of in vitro studies that examined the bond strength of resin-based materials to NaOCl-treated dentin with antioxidant application, while exclusion criteria included studies with incomplete data, those not using a control group, or those that did not directly measure bond strength. From 3041 initial records, 29 studies were included in the qualitative analysis and 25 in the meta-analysis. Ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, grape seed extract, green tea, and rosmarinic acid significantly improved bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin (p < 0.05). The effectiveness of grape seed extract varied with adhesive system type. Hesperidin, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and sodium thiosulfate did not significantly improve bond strength. Most studies had a high risk of bias. This suggests that the conclusions drawn from these studies should be interpreted with caution, and further research with more robust methodologies may be needed to confirm the findings. In conclusion, this systematic review implies that certain antioxidants can improve bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin, with efficacy depending on the specific agent and adhesive system used. Further standardized studies are needed to optimize protocols and confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and the glycolic extract of propolis (GEP) as endodontic irrigants and of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], CHX, or Ca(OH)2 + CHX as intracanal medications on the capacity of the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis in macrophages' proinflammatory cytokines production. Freshly extracted 108 human single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The LTA of E. faecalis was standardized in double-distilled pyrogen-free water (250 µg/mL) and inoculated into the specimens subdivided into nine subgroups (n = 12). Cultures of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were treated with 30 µL of each sample collected from root canals and incubated (37 °C, 5% CO2) for 24 h. Lastly, anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-6, anti-IP-10, anti-MIP-1α, anti-G-CSF, and anti-IL-1β DuoSet kits were used to perform an ELISA assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≥ 0.05). It was found that 1% NaOCl was the most effective irrigant in reducing the capacity of LTA in cytokines production, followed by 12% GEP and 2% CHX, respectively. Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented the best results when associated with NaOCl or GEP. Thus, NaOCl or GEP associated with Ca(OH)2 + CHX were effective in reducing the capacity of LTA in different macrophages pro-inflammatory cytokines production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root canal therapy (RCT) is usually performed in Romania by general dentists (GDPs) because they are more readily available and more reasonably priced than endodontists. Concerns have been raised about the quality of RCTs performed by GDPs, possibly due to insufficient equipment or knowledge; therefore, this study aims to investigate current endodontic practices in Romania. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted via a questionnaire distributed to 400 randomly selected Romanian dentists, with 285 fully validated completed responses (71.25% response rate). Respondents were grouped by speciality, and statistical analysis, including cross-tabulation and the χ2 (chi-square) test, was used, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05 for all tests. Results: Significant differences were found in the use of magnification, rubber dam, sodium hypochlorite concentration, and bioceramics (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in preferences for measuring working length (p = 0.166) or rotary instrument motion (p = 0.289). Approximately 6% of the respondents used laser technology with no significant difference across specialities (p = 0.571). Additionally, 77.9% preferred using sodium hypochlorite, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.006) regarding concentration. Conclusions: Most participants, including GDPs, use modern equipment and techniques during RCT, indicating their awareness and competence in current endodontic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In modern times, endodontic intervention is preferred and tooth extraction is becoming increasingly rare. Root Canal Therapy (RCT) is well-established, with success rates exceeding 90%. A key contributor to post-endodontic pain is the extrusion of debris into the periapical region, which causes inflammation and nerve compression. The amount of debris extruded varies with instrumentation techniques and no current technology completely prevents it. Rotary and reciprocating Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) instruments, each with distinct designs and kinematics, play a critical role in managing this complication. Aim: To evaluate postoperative pain using rotary and reciprocating file systems in single visit endodontics. Materials and Methods: This prospective, parallel-group, single-centre, double-blinded, equivalence, randomised clinical study was conducted at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed To be University), Karad, Maharashtra, India, from October 2023 to March 2024, with the aim of comparing postoperative pain following endodontic therapy using two reciprocating systems, WaveOne Gold (WOG) and E-Flex Rec, versus two rotary systems, Mtwo and XP Endo Shaper (XPES). A total of 80 patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were enrolled and randomly assigned to four groups, each treated with one of the four endodontic file systems. Patients were randomised into four groups: 1A-Mtwo (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland); 1B-XP Endo Shaper (XPS; FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland); 2A-Eighteeth E-Flex Rec File; and 2B-WOG (Dentsply Sirona, York, PA). Postoperative pain scores were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 24, 48 and 72 hours and seven days post-treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test and Chi-square tests for categorical data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0, with p-values

This study investigates the efficient passivation of CdTe-based semiconductor crystals, focusing on the long-term stability and underlying mechanisms of NaOCl passivation. CdZnTeSe crystals were grown, processed, and passivated with NaOCl, and their surface characteristics were studied using SEM-EDS and XPS. The passivation was found to significantly enhance the surface resistance, with a sustained effect for more than 90 s, attributed to the formation of a tellurium oxide layer. The passivation process was further elucidated through detailed morphological and compositional analyses. The NaOCl-passivated crystals exhibited improved electrical and spectroscopic properties in radiation detection, with a prolonged stability of 60–90 days, which are longer compared to other passivants. Additionally, the feasibility of NaOCl passivation on a CdZnTeSe detector was explored, showcasing enhanced material resistance and spectroscopic performance. The study concludes with insights into the potential industrial application of NaOCl passivation for CdTe-based radiation detectors.

The Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is renowned for its distinctive appearance and functional properties. Colombia has emerged as the world's leading producer and exporter of Cape gooseberries, with annual export growth of 1.2%, predominantly to countries such as the USA and the Netherlands. Traditionally sold with its calyx intact to minimize water loss and deterioration, recent interest in selling Cape gooseberries without the calyx to reduce volume has raised concerns regarding shelf life. Consequently, research has pivoted toward post-harvest management to extend shelf life. An experiment was conducted to explore various treatments and temperatures (5, 10, and 18 ℃), meticulously monitoring fruit quality over time. Findings underscore that calcium chloride and refrigerated storage at 10 ℃ preserve the quality of the Cape gooseberry fruit for up to 20 days. Moreover, temperature and time exerted a significant influence on fruit quality and physicochemical properties, with interactions impacting conservation methods. The application of calcium chloride as a barrier method yielded optimal preservation outcomes, safeguarding key fruit properties. Conversely, sodium hypochlorite treatment at 18 ℃ accelerated fruit ripening owing to heightened respiratory intensity. This study not only sheds light on effective preservation strategies for Cape gooseberries but also underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and post-harvest management techniques. By enhancing our understanding of these dynamics, the study catalyzes advancements in fruit preservation practices, thereby fortifying the agricultural and economic sectors, both domestically and internationally.

Introduction: Endodontic therapy aims to eradicate pulpal and periapical diseases by removing bacteria from root canals. Despite thorough cleaning, the smear layer obstructs canal disinfection. Root canal preparation and irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, are essential for debridement. However, conventional techniques may leave areas untreated, necessitating innovative solutions like superoxidised water and Laser-activated Irrigation (LAI) for effective treatment. Need for the Study: The effectiveness of root canal treatment is contingent upon the success of the irrigating solution and the mode used for its activation, which is directly reflected in its ability to penetrate dentinal tubules. Thus, the focus of this experimental in-vitro study is to identify the most suitable irrigating solution and an effective activation technique for better penetration into dentinal tubules. Aim: The study will evaluate and compare the penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and oxidised water irrigants into dentinal tubules using diode laser and ultrasonic activation. Materials and Methods: An experimental in-vitro study will be conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from August 2024 to May 2025. The approach involves categorising 60 recently extracted single-rooted teeth with fully formed apical foramina and intact occlusal morphology into six primary groups according to distinct irrigation techniques and the application of two different irrigants, resulting in 10 teeth per group. Decoronated specimens will be injected with a specific irrigant and activated using different techniques. The penetration of oxidised water into dentinal tubules by low-level laser therapy and ultrasonic activation will be evaluated and compared using confocal laser microscopy. The normality of the data will be analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the data are normal, then the T-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be applied; if not, the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used at a 5% level of significance (p≤0.05).

Statement of the Problem: During endodontic therapy, irrigation solutions applied in the root canal may affect the physicochemical properties of the dentinal wall, thereby changing its microhardness. This may adversely affect the sealing ability and adhesion of dental materials. Therefore, many studies have focused on the search for an ideal root canal irrigant that has a minimal effect on dentinal microhardness.Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted to determine the changes in dentin microhardness after root canal irrigation with different endodontic irrigants.Materials and Method: Ninety-five freshly extracted maxillary central incisor teeth with straight single canals were selected. These teeth were sectioned transversely at the level of the cementoenamel junction. The working length of each tooth was determined, and canal space was prepared by the HyFlex CM rotary file system. During instrumentation, normal saline was used for irrigation. Then, teeth were split longitudinally into two segments. According to the irrigating solution employed, samples were divided into five groups (n=19): normal saline (Group A), 3% sodium hypochlorite (Group B), 2% chlorhexidine (Group C), 5% calcium hypochlorite (Group D), and 0.2% nanochitosan (Group E).3 mL of the corresponding irrigating solution was administered for total15 minutes in each prepared sample. The Vickers micro-hardness tester was then used to assess micro-hardness. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: All tested irrigating solutions decreased the dentinal microhardness. Samples irrigated with 5% calcium hypochlorite demonstrated dentinal microhardness of 42.43± 1.62, which is the lowest among all the tested groups, followed by nano chitosan, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Samples treated with control group (saline) demonstrated the maximum microhardness of dentin in the present study.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this research, it can be concluded that the tested novel irrigating solutions, 5% calcium hypochlorite and 0.2% nanochitosan, were more detrimental to radicular dentin microhardness when compared with conventional endodontic irrigants.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the tissue dissolving capacities of sodium and calcium hypochlorite [NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2] solutions applied without activation or with two irrigant activation methods. Materials and Methods One hundred and eight dentin cavities were prepared. Preweighed tissue pieces were placed in these dentin cavities, and samples were divided into nine groups of twelve. In groups 1, 2, and 3, NaOCl was used with non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic (PUA), and laser activation (LA). With the same techniques, Ca(OCl)2 was used in groups 4, 5, and 6, and distilled water was used in groups 7, 8, and 9. The weight loss of tissue samples was calculated and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results Distilled water groups showed no tissue dissolution in any conditions. NaOCI and Ca(OCI)2 showed statistically similar dissolving effectiveness when used with the same technique. Activated groups dissolved significantly greater tissue than non-activated ones, the highest in LA. Conclusions Ca(OCI)2 can be an alternative to NaOCl; for both, the first choice of activation may be the LA.