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This study was performed to evaluate the effects of rye silage treated with sodium formate (Na-Fa) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, methane yield and energy balance in Hanwoo steers. Forage rye was harvested in May 2019 and ensiled without additives (control) or with either a LAB inoculant or Na-Fa. The LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum) were inoculated at 1.5 × 1010 CFU/g fresh matter, and the inoculant was sprayed onto the forage rye during wrapping at a rate of 4 L/ton of fresh rye forage. Sixteen percent of the Na-Fa solution was sprayed at a rate of approximately 6.6 L/ton. Hanwoo steers (body weight 275 ± 8.4 kg (n = 3, group 1); average body weight 360 ± 32.1 kg (n = 3, group 2)) were allocated into two pens equipped with individual feeding gates and used in duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The experimental diet was fed twice daily (09:00 and 18:00) during the experimental period. Each period comprised 10 days for adaptation to the pen and 9 days for measurements in a direct respiratory chamber. The body weights of the steers were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Feces and urine were collected for 5 days after 1 day of adaptation to the chamber, methane production was measured for 2 days, and ruminal fluid was collected on the final day. In the LAB group, the ratio of acetic acid in the rumen fluid was significantly lower (p = 0.044) and the ratio of propionic acid in the rumen fluid was significantly higher (p = 0.017). Methane production per DDMI of the Na-FA treatment group was lower than that of the other groups (p = 0.052), and methane production per DNDFI of the LAB treatment group was higher than that of the other groups (p = 0.056). The use of an acid-based additive in silage production has a positive effect on net energy and has the potential to reduce enteric methane emissions in ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: An alkyl radical initiated cyclization/tandem reaction of alkyl bromides and alkyl electrophiles by using potassium metabisulphite (K2S2O5) as a connector is developed for the synthesis of various lactam‐substituted alkyl sulfones. Notably, this process does not require a metal catalyst or metal powder reductant, highlighting its environmentally friendly features. The reaction demonstrates outstanding substrate adaptability and a high tolerance towards diverse functional groups. Furthermore, the biologically active molecules and commercially available drugs with a late‐stage modification are also highly compatible with this transformation. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds through a single‐step process involving intramolecular radical cyclization, "SO2" insertion, and external alkyl incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of rye silage treated with sodium formate (Na-Fa) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, methane yield and energy balance in Hanwoo steers. Forage rye was harvested in May 2019 and ensiled without additives (control) or with either a LAB inoculant or Na-Fa. The LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum) were inoculated at 1.5 × 1010 CFU/g fresh matter, and the inoculant was sprayed onto the forage rye during wrapping at a rate of 4 L/ton of fresh rye forage. Sixteen percent of the Na-Fa solution was sprayed at a rate of approximately 6.6 L/ton. Hanwoo steers (body weight 275 ± 8.4 kg (n = 3, group 1); average body weight 360 ± 32.1 kg (n = 3, group 2)) were allocated into two pens equipped with individual feeding gates and used in duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The experimental diet was fed twice daily (09:00 and 18:00) during the experimental period. Each period comprised 10 days for adaptation to the pen and 9 days for measurements in a direct respiratory chamber. The body weights of the steers were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Feces and urine were collected for 5 days after 1 day of adaptation to the chamber, methane production was measured for 2 days, and ruminal fluid was collected on the final day. In the LAB group, the ratio of acetic acid in the rumen fluid was significantly lower (p = 0.044) and the ratio of propionic acid in the rumen fluid was significantly higher (p = 0.017). Methane production per DDMI of the Na-FA treatment group was lower than that of the other groups (p = 0.052), and methane production per DNDFI of the LAB treatment group was higher than that of the other groups (p = 0.056). The use of an acid-based additive in silage production has a positive effect on net energy and has the potential to reduce enteric methane emissions in ruminants.

Optimizing growth and feed conversion ratios by improving gut function and health is critial to ensuring cost-effective production in aquaculture, especially in the current context of low fishmeal and low fish oil-based diets. However, the use of practical diets based on high levels of plant-based raw materials as an alternative to traditional marine ingredients has been associated with negative effects on fish performance, feed utilization, and health. Organic acids and their salts have been widely used as functional ingredients not only for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, but also for their potential to promote animal digestive capacity and gut health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of formic acid and sodium formate (Amasil NA®, BASF, Germany- AMA diet) at a dietary level of 0.3%, on key performance indicators, gut morphology and disease resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The results of the present study showed that fish fed the AMA diet for 8 weeks, performed similar to fish fed the control diet in terms of growth but presented an optimization of 8% in the utilization of a low in fishmeal and high in plant proteins based diet. The AMA-diet also increased the folds length of gilthead sea bream anterior gut, increasing intestinal absorption area, and decreasing the submucosa width and goblet cell size in the posterior gut when included in a high dietary plant protein content diet. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with Amasil NA® at 0.3% increased gilthead sea bream disease resistance against V. anguillarum compared with fish fed the unsupplemented diet. These results highlight the potential of this combination of formic acid and sodium formate based product as a feed efficiency enhancer, and as a gut health promoter in gilthead sea bream plant protein-based diets.

Sodium metal batteries (NMBs) have attracted increasing attention as next‐generation rechargeable batteries. How to improve their cycling stability and safety under limited sodium excess conditions, ideally zero sodium excess (i.e., anode‐free architecture), is highly desired yet remains challenging. Herein, it is demonstrated that sodium formate (HCOONa), one component of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) naturally formed on sodium metal anode, is a promising candidate for designing high‐performance artificial SEI layers, which can suppress the sodium dendrite formation and reduce the side reactions between sodium and the electrolyte. Profiting from the HCOONa interface, the Na|Na3V2(PO4)3 battery with a high mass loading of Na3V2(PO4)3 (10 mg cm−2) exhibits a superior cycling stability with an ultralow decay rate of 0.004% per cycle over 800 cycles. More impressively, a single molecular layer of HCOONa in situ formed on commercial copper current collector helps to extend the lifespan of the anode‐free Cu|Na3V2(PO4)3 battery to 400 cycles with 88.2% capacity relation, representing the longest cycle lifetime reported in anode‐free NMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibria in the Zn2+,Na+|| HCOO––H2O quaternary reciprocal system at 25°С were investigated. Theoretical calculations showed that zinc formate and sodium sulfate are a stable salt pair in the system. Analysis of the plotted phase diagram showed that zinc formate dihydrate and anhydrous sodium sulfate have the largest crystallization fields, and the sodium formate and zinc sulfate heptahydrate crystallization fields are the smallest. The process for preparing >99% pure zinc formate dihydrate from sodium formate and zinc sulfate was theoretically substantiated and experimentally implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of de-icing agents is necessary in winter to maintain appropriate quality of road and airport surfaces. Formate or acetate de-icing agents are safer for aircraft and the environment than the commonly used sodium chloride, but may cause an alkali-silica reaction in concrete. The study investigated the influence of sodium formate and potassium formate on the occurrence of ASR (alkali-silica reaction) in mortars with granite aggregate. Accelerated mortar-bar tests at 80°C using various de-icing agents were performed and detailed studies of the SEM-EDS microstructure were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the deterioration mechanism of organic snowmelt salt on asphalt mastic in salt storage asphalt pavements was systematically investigated. The example of sodium formate snowmelt salt, the molecular models of asphalt mastic containing sodium formate snowmelt salt and its interface were established based on the experiments conducted on asphalt mastic. The impact of sodium formate on the thermodynamic properties and healing behaviour of asphalt mastic were studied from the microscopic perspective. The results showed that: (1) The addition of sodium formate snowmelt salt made the asphalt mastic viscous and hard, and while reduced the self-healing properties. (2) The asphalt mastic model, which was examined for density, solubility and free volume fraction, was able to clearly represent its thermodynamic properties. (3) The increase in the viscosity and modulus of the asphalt mastic containing salt could be possibly attributed to the reduction in the molecular diffusion rate and the increase in the aggregation level. (4) Since the hydrogen bonding, the sodium formate would form larger aggregates with the mineral powder, which could induce the decrease in the ductility. (5) Sodium formate also can lead to the asphaltene form a weak area of distribution near the interface and reduce the self-healing properties of the asphalt mastic. This research provides valuable insights for the analysis of the deterioration of asphalt pavements by snowmelt salts. • The healing behavior of salt storage asphalt mastic can be effectively simulated at molecular scale. • The thermodynamic properties of asphalt mastics are significantly affected by sodium formate. • Sodium formate reduces the healing strength and healing efficiency of asphalt mastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of technological factors on the properties of cement-bound mixes, hardening at positive and negative temperatures in the construction of pavements, is studied. The relationships between density and strength of cement-bound mixes and the content of cement and water are established. The optimal moisture contents of mixes (10.5–11.5 %) were determined, which ensure the maximum material density from 2000 to 2300 kg/m3 with a cement content of 6 to 12 % by weight of the crushed stone mix. The influence of complex antifreeze additives on the mix technological properties (density, workability, constructability time) was studied. It was shown that sodium formate additives contribute to increasing the mix density and reducing the mix technological hardness (workability) under positive and negative temperatures. The influence of temperature and the amount of functional additives on the constructability time of cement-bound mixes is considered. It was established that additives contribute to preservation of the required workability of mixes at negative temperatures (down to -15 °C) for 1–2 hours and provide the necessary conditions for efficient work performance without reducing their quality and reducing the technological cycle period.

Phase equilibria have been studied in the sections of the NaCl–CaCl2–H2O and NaCl–CaCl2–NaHCOO–H2O systems at different concentration ratios between the salts at temperatures below 0°C. The effect of sodium formate on the deicing properties of sodium and calcium chloride compositions is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The micro-nano structures were fabricated on Al-Li alloy by hydrothermal treatment. • The micro-nano structures were a mixture of AlOOH and Al(OH) 3 with good crystalline. • The micro-nano structures were leaf-like nano plates or flower-like structures. • The micro-nano structures change from (2 0 0) at 110 and 130 °C to (1 1 1) at 150 °C. • The micro-nano structures can be controlled by concentration of ST and temperature. The micro-nano structures were successfully fabricated on Al-Li alloy by adjusting the concentration of sodium formate and controlling the hydrothermal temperature though hydrothermal treatment. The growing directions and morphologies for micro-nano structures were studied. The results show the micro-nano structures were a mixture of AlOOH and Al(OH) 3 with good crystallinity, the intensity of diffraction peaks increases with the increase of sodium formate concentration, and the growing direction of micro-nano structure varied from (2 0 0) at 110 °C and 130 °C to (1 1 1) at 150 °C. The morphologies of the micro-nano structures exhibit patterned surface with overlapping leaf-like nano-plates at 110 °C and 130 °C, nordstandite is predominant, flower-like at 150 °C,aluminum oxide hydroxide is predominant.These findings directly demonstrate that the preferential growing direction and the morphologies of micro-nano structure has been confirmed with the concentration of sodium formate and the hydrothermal temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from anthropogenic activities are a contributing factor to the growing global warming worldwide. The economical method to recover and effectively reuse CO2 is through adsorption and absorption. In this study, CO2 is absorbed into the solution of sodium hydroxide having various concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 N), and the impact of the solution pH on the various product formation was observed. The resultant products formed at different pH of the absorbing solution are sodium carbonate at pH 10, Trona at pH 9, and sodium hydrogen carbonate at pH 8. The products formed are confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. After pH optimization, the sodium hydrogen carbonate formed at pH 8 is converted into sodium formate through hydrogenation in the presence of nickel ferrite catalyst at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure. The sodium formate produced is then used as a precursor to synthesize formic acid upon simple reaction with sulfuric acid. A reaction % age yield of 79 ± 0.2% formic acid is noted. Condensed formic acid vapors are later analyzed, using a high performance liquid chromatography for the qualitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 2015, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium, calcium and sodium formate when used as a technological additive (preservative) for all animal species. Sodium formate was considered safe for all animal species at a maximum concentration of 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed (with the exception of pigs, for which a maximum concentration of 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed was considered safe). Sodium formate was also considered safe for the consumer and the environment. The Panel also concluded that sodium formate is non‐irritant to the skin, but mildly irritant to the eyes, and is a respiratory irritant with a potential for sensitisation. The Panel also concluded that ‘Sodium formate or solid sodium formate had no discernible effects on microbial numbers in the feed materials examined. The preservative effect of the three formate salts in water for drinking was not demonstrated’. In the current opinion, additional data to demonstrate the efficacy of sodium formate as a preservative in feed for all animal species were assessed. The Panel concluded that sodium formate has the potential to be efficacious as a preservative in feedingstuffs for all animal species at the proposed use level. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the use of the additive in water for drinking.

• H 2 generation from formic acid occurs via formate anion dehydrogenation pathway. • Sodium formate promotes the reaction rate by increasing formate anion concentration. • The charge of formate anion reduces the activation barrier of H-COO bond cleavage. • The rate-determining step is the combinative desorption of hydrogen. Efficient hydrogen production is one of the most important issues in the future energy economy. Dehydrogenation of formic acid has been extensively investigated for safe and easy hydrogen production. Thereby, various catalysts have been developed for aqueous formic acid dehydrogenation (FAD) reaction to efficiently produce hydrogen. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the reaction mechanism. Herein, to fundamentally comprehend the aqueous FAD reaction mechanism, we prepared Pd/C catalyst and performed controlled catalytic tests. The results demonstrated that the aqueous FAD reaction occurs through the formate anion dehydrogenation pathway. DFT calculation explained this by the observation that the charge of formate anion significantly mitigates the activation barrier of H-COO bond cleavage. In addition, computational prediction combined with kinetic isotope effect experiments verified that combinative desorption of hydrogen is the rate-determining step of FAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium, calcium and sodium formate when used as a technological additive (preservative) for all animal species. Sodium formate was considered safe for all animal species at a maximum concentration of 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed (with the exception of pigs, for which a maximum concentration of 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed was considered safe). Sodium formate was also considered safe for the consumer and the environment. The Panel also concluded that sodium formate is non‐irritant to the skin, but mildly irritant to the eyes, and is a respiratory irritant with a potential for sensitisation. The Panel also concluded that 'Sodium formate or solid sodium formate had no discernible effects on microbial numbers in the feed materials examined. The preservative effect of the three formate salts in water for drinking was not demonstrated'. In the current opinion, additional data to demonstrate the efficacy of sodium formate as a preservative in feed for all animal species were assessed. The Panel concluded that sodium formate has the potential to be efficacious as a preservative in feedingstuffs for all animal species at the proposed use level. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the use of the additive in water for drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 2015, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid, ammonium formate and sodium formate as feed hygiene agents for all animal species. In this opinion, two forms of the additive sodium formate, a solid form (specified to contain ≥ 98% sodium formate (w/w)) and a liquid form (specified to contain a minimum of 15% sodium formate, a maximum of 75% free formic acid and a maximum of 25% water), were assessed. Sodium formate was considered safe for all animal species at a maximum concentration of 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed (with the exception of pigs, for which a maximum concentration of 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed was considered safe). Sodium formate was also considered safe for the consumer and the environment. The Panel also concluded that sodium formate is corrosive. The Panel also concluded that ‘for sodium formate, limited data are available to demonstrate their effects in feed’. In the current opinion, additional data to demonstrate the efficacy of sodium formate liquid as a hygiene condition enhancer in feed for all animal species were assessed. The Panel concluded that sodium formate liquid has the potential to be efficacious as hygiene condition enhancer in feedingstuffs for all animal species at the proposed use level.

This article is devoted to the description of the development of a technological installation designed to implement an improved method for the separation of polyols, for example, neopentylglycol or trimethylolpropane (etriol), and sodium or calcium formates. The process developed involves adding an organic solvent to the mixture of substances to be separated. In this case, the polyhydric alcohol is dissolved, and sodium or calcium formate crystallizes. The separation of sodium formate or calcium from a solution of a polyhydric alcohol in an organic solvent is carried out by filtration. The organic solvent used is recycled. Then the solution is cooled and the polyol is crystallized. As an organic solvent, an aromatic solvent is used, for example, toluene. An organic solvent is added to the mixture of substances to be separated and the mixture is heated to boiling point. At the same time, the mixture is dehydrated. After distillation of the water, the organic solvent is recycled. Next, carry out the crystallization of sodium formate or calcium, insoluble in an organic solvent, and the dissolution of the polyol. The developed method allows for increasing the yield of well-purified target products. To implement it, simple and reliable installation for the separation of polyhydric alcohols, sodium formate or calcium formate has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A catalyst‐ and additive‐free chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of α‐keto amides to α‐hydroxy amides is easily achieved by using sodium formate as a hydrogen source. The utility of this method is demonstrated by gram‐scale synthesis and transformation of the resultant α‐hydroxy amides into polysubstituted acetamides and 2‐arylindole derivatives. Control experiments suggest that the NH group of α‐keto amides is crucial for the chemoselective reduction through the formation of hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of formate salts on the rheological characteristics of water-based solutions were compared for two laboratory research methods, i.e., dynamic theological analysis at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) and a static hot-roll aging test. Polymer muds were used for the measurements. HTHP rheology analysis showed that sodium formate retained effectively the dynamic viscosity at HTHP. Hot-roll tests showed that sodium formate had an obvious effect on the rheological characteristics of the polymer fluid at mom temperature after preliminary heating. The filtration loss of the polymer fluid with added sodium formate was slightly greater than that of pure polymer fluid although the filtration loss could be controlled by changing the formate concentration. Test results from both methods showed that sodium formate could be used successfully as a polymer drilling fluid stabilizer under HTHP operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights (600, 1500, 3000, 6000) + sodium formate (NaCHO 2), potassium formate (KCHO 2) + water at different temperatures (298.15 and 308.15 K) and for PEG (1500) + sodium formate + water at different pH values (8.05, 9.06, 10.92), were determined experimentally. The tie lines and plait point are reported at different PEG molecular weight, pH, temperature and type of cation. Furthermore, the effect of those parameters on binodal curve, tie-line length (TLL) and slope of tie line (STL) are discussed in detail by comparing the results to that of literature data. The effective excluded volume (EEV) values obtained from the LLE data were used to study the effect of the parameters on the binodal curves. The phase composition and the tie-lines' ends were obtained by measuring the density (ρ) and refractive index ( n D ). Furthermore, the binodal curves and the tie-line compositions were well-fitted by using some semi empirical equations. Highlights • ATPS were prepared combining PEG (600, 1500, 3000, 6000) with NaCHO 2 , KCHO 2. • The heterogeneous region increases with temperature and PEG Mw. • The effect of pH on the size of the heterogeneous region can be neglected. • The EEV increases with the rise on pH, temperatures, and PEG Mw. • The effect of Na+ is more effective in inducing phase separation compared to K+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effects of hydrogen (H 2) injection amount, mixing, and sodium formate on in-situ biogas upgrading performance and microbial community structure were investigated during thermophilic digestion of pig manure in a continuous stirred tank reactor with a working volume of 11.2 L and an organic loading rate of 2.0 g volatile solid (VS)/(L∙d). Continuous mixing was favorable for in-situ biogas upgrading. The relative methane content and methane yield were maintained at approximately 80% and 269 L/kg VS, respectively, under continuous mixing conditions with an H 2 injection rate of 0.66 ml/(min∙V Reactor) and an H 2 :CO 2 ratio of 4:1. The added H 2 inhibited acetate production, but not propionate production, during acidogenesis. Sodium formate was more beneficial for the acetogenesis of propionate degradation and restored system stability. Strictly hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanoculleus , Methanobrevibacter , and Methanobacterium) were dominant in the thermophilic in-situ biogas upgrading system. The syntrophic relationship between syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (Gelria) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens was weakened after the addition of H 2. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Continuous mixing was favorable for thermophilic in-situ biogas upgrading by H 2. • The RMC and MY was 80% and 269 L/kg VS under continuous mixing, respectively. • H 2 added inhibited acetate production but not propionate during acidogenesis. • Formate was more benefit for acetogenesis of propionate degradation compared to H 2. • After H 2 added, strict HM plays a key role in in-situ biogas upgrading system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, straightforward, and eco‐friendly protocol for one‐pot synthesis of a new series of diversely functionalized spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines] (4)/spiro[acenaphthylene‐1,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidines] (5/5′) has been developed based on a three‐component reaction between isatins (1)/ acenaphthylene‐1,2‐dione (1′), malononitrile (2)/2‐(phenylsulfonyl)acetonitrile (2′) and 6‐aminouracils (3)/6‐aminothiouracil (3′) in aqueous ethanol under reflux using sodium formate as cheap and non‐toxic organocatalyst. Metal‐free synthesis, one‐pot MCR strategy, good to excellent yields, high atom‐economy and eco‐friendliness are the key advantages of this protocol. Sodium formate – a rising star in organocatalysis! Facile and environmentally benign one‐pot synthesis of functionalized spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines]/spiro[acenaphthylene‐1,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidines] has been performed under the smooth organocatalytic influence of sodium formate in refluxing aqueous ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrogenation of formic acid over various Ru‐arene complexes containing N‐donor chelating ligands was investigated in H2O and isolated and characterized several important catalytic intermediate species to elucidate the reaction pathway for formic acid dehydrogenation. Among the studied complexes, Ru‐arene complexes, namely [(η6‐C6H6)Ru(κ2‐NpyNH2‐AmQ)Cl]+ (C‐2), [(η6‐C10H14)Ru(κ2‐NpyNH2‐AmQ)Cl]+ (C‐3) and [(η6‐C6H6)Ru(κ2‐NpyNHMe‐MAmQ)Cl]+ (C‐4) [AmQ = 8‐aminoquinoline and MAmQ = 8‐(N‐methylamino)quinoline] were proved to be the efficient catalysts for formic acid dehydrogenation at 90 °C, even in the absence of base. With an initial TOF of 940 h–1, complex C‐4 displayed the highest catalytic activity for formic acid dehydrogenation in H2O and it can be recycled up to 5 times with a TON of 2248. Effect of temperature, pH, formic acid and catalyst concentration on the reaction kinetics were also investigated in detail. Extensive mechanistic investigations using mass spectrometry and NMR evidenced the formation of a coordinatively unsaturated species [(η6‐C6H6)Ru(κ2‐NpyNH‐AmQ)]+ (C‐2A)/[(η6‐C6H6)Ru(κ2‐NpyNMe‐MAmQ)]+ (C‐4A) as the active component during the catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid. We further characterized the dimer‐form of C‐2A, possibly the catalyst resting state, by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Efficient catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid was achieved with water‐soluble Ru‐arene complexes containing 8‐aminoquinoline based ligands, where the NH moiety and the stability of the catalytic species in H2O plays an important role in achieving high catalytic activity. Studies indicate the involvement of a coordinatively unsaturated diruthenium complex as the active component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV-photoexcitation of TiO2 in contact with aqueous solutions of azo dyes does not imply only its photocatalytic degradation, but the reaction fate of the dye depends on the experimental conditions. In fact, we demonstrate that the presence of sodium formate is the switch from a degradative pathway of the dye to its transformation into useful products. Laser flash photolysis experiments show that charge separation is extremely long lived in nanostructured TiO2 thin films, making them suitable to drive both oxidation and reduction reactions. ESR spin trapping and photoluminescence experiments demonstrate that formate anions are very efficient in intercepting holes, thereby inhibiting OH radicals formation. Under these conditions, electrons promoted in the conduction band of TiO2 and protons deriving from the oxidation of formate on photogenerated holes lead to the reductive cleavage of N=N bonds with formation and accumulation of reduced intermediates. Negative ion ESI–MS findings provide clear support to point out this new mechanism. This study provides a facile solution for realizing together wastewater purification and photocatalytic conversion of a waste (discharged dye) into useful products (such as sulfanilic acid used again for synthesis of new azo dyes). Moreover, the use of TiO2 deposited on an FTO (Fluorine Tin Oxide) glass circumvents all the difficulties related to the use of slurries. The obtained photocatalyst is easy to handle and to recover and shows an excellent stability allowing complete recyclability.

The objective of this research was to examine the effect of sodium formate (SF) and calcium propionate (CAP) on the fermentation characteristics and microbial community of wet brewers grains (WBG) after short-term storage. In the laboratory environment, fresh WBG was ensiled with (1) no additive (CON), (2) sodium formate (SF, 3 g/kg fresh weight), and (3) calcium propionate (CAP, 3 g/kg fresh weight) for 20 days. After opening, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, rumen effective degradability, and the microbial community of ensiled WBG were analyzed. The addition of CAP had no effect on pH and lactic acid concentration and increased the concentrations of propionic acid; the SF group had the lowest pH and acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia nitrogen contents and the highest lactic acid concentration. After fermentation, the SF group had the highest contents of dry matter (DM), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The contents of the three nutrients in the CAP group were significantly higher than those in the CON group. The addition of the two additives had little influence on the crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the ensiled WBG. Two additives elevated in situ effective degradability of DM and NDF compared with the parameters detected in the CON group; WBG ensiled with SF had higher effective in situ CP degradability than that in the CON and CAP groups. The results of the principal component analysis indicate that the SF group and two other groups had notable differences in bacterial composition. The analysis of the genus level of the bacterial flora showed that the content of Lactobacillus in the SF group was significantly higher than that in the two other treatment groups, while the content of Clostridium was significantly lower than that in the two other treatment groups. Therefore, the addition of sodium formate can suppress the undesirable microorganisms, improve the fermentation qualities, and ensure that WBG is well preserved after 20 days of ensiling.

Quantitative analysis of endocrine-disrupting molecules such as bisphenol A (BPA) in freshwater to determine their widespread occurrence in environmental resources has been challenged by various adsorption and desorption processes. In this work, ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) analysis of BPA was aimed at studying its molecular interactions with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and milk whey proteins. Addition of sodium formate prevented TiO2 nanoparticles from sedimentation while enhancing the electrospray ionization (ESI) efficiency to produce an abundance of [BPA + Na]+ ions at m/z 251.0. More importantly, the ESI-ITMS instrument could operate properly during a direct infusion of nanoparticles up to 500 μg/mL without clogging the intake capillary. Milk protein adsorption of BPA could decrease the [BPA + Na]+ peak intensity significantly unless the proteins were partially removed by curdling to produce whey, which allowed BPA desorption during ESI for quantitative analysis by ITMS.

Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is the most promising draw solutes (DS) that have been studied during the past years. They gained their reputation because of the unique properties they possess, such as large surface area to volume ratio, magnetic properties, and the easiness of surface functionalization. Two samples of MNPs (MNPs-1 and MNPs-2) were synthesized by co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous ions in alkaline solution depending on certain parameters including pH, temperature, Fe2+/Fe3+ molar ratio, mixing rate, adding base to the reactants (and vice versa), and using N2 gas. Tri-sodium citrate (TSC) was selected to functionalize the MNPs surface because of the carboxylate groups that it possesses. Hydrophilic citrate-coated magnetic nanoparticles (cit-MNPs) were obtained. The performance of cit-MNPs as DS was investigated by applying them in forward osmosis (FO) process with the use of cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. TSC was applied as DS to investigate the efficiency of cit-MNPs in comparison with it. Also, two types of salts were chosen for comparison with cit-MNPs, sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium formate (HCOONa). The highest water fluxes obtained from MNPs-1, MNPs-2, TSC, NaCl and HCOONa at 2 g/l were 34.77, 28.41, 25.27, 24.6 and 30.67 LMH, respectively. All the results demonstrated that citrate-MNPs-1 performed better as DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure fcc-Co was successfully synthesized by a novel sodium formate reduction method. The effect of the concentration of Co2+ on phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of Co particles was investigated by using XRD, TEM and VSM. The pure Co without any impurity is found to stabilize always in fee structure when the concentration of Co2+ varies from 0.012 mol/L to 0.108 mol/L. The Co particles exhibit an excel- lent soft magnetic property, i.e., Ms = 1 63.8 A • m²/kg and Hci = 10.4 A/m, at the Co2+ concentration of 0.108 mol/L. Moreover, it is revealed that the formation of pure fcc-Co is mainly attributed to the moderate reduction rate (about 0.014 mol/(L • h)) using sodium formate as the reducing agent and slow cooling rate during the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A process of separation of sodium formate and sodium thiosulfate from sodium dithionate processing industry effluent by selective electrodialysis membrane process was investigated. A mono selective anion exchange membrane (Selemion ASV) and two cation exchange membranes 7000S (CEM) were used to make four compartment membrane cell for electro dialysis process. The recovery of sodium formate and thiosulfate was performed from industrial plant effluent at an optimum current density of 30 mA/cm 2 . The purity of the recovered sodium formate was 87% where current efficiency was about 70%.The recovered sodium formate was confirmed by Ultra violet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Limiting current density of 21.6, 45 and 75 mA/cm 2 was observed at different flow rates such as 240, 540 and 840 mL/h respectively. The dilution factor and optimum current density in the efficiency of this process were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]