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Straipsnyje analizuojama moterų, patiriančių seksualinę prievartą artimoje aplinkoje, pagalbos prieinamumas problemų, su kuriomis jos susiduria, nustatymo kontekste. Smurto prieš moteris problema Lietuvoje pradėta kelti santykinai neseniai, tik atkūrus Lietuvos Nepriklausomybę. Pirmieji tyrimai atlikti dar XX amžiaus paskutiniajame dešimtmetyje, bet visuomenė problemos mastą įsisąmonino gerokai vėliau. 2011 m. priimtas LR Apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas, nuo kurio prasidėjo sisteminė valstybinė pagalba smurto artimoje aplinkoje (toliau – SAA) aukoms. Tik pastaraisiais metais pradėta kalbėti apie smurto problemas specifinėse grupėse (pvz., seksualinis SAA). Be to, pastebėta, kad tiek tyrimuose, tiek kovos su smurtu praktikoje dominuoja viena smurto rūšis – fizinis smurtas, o bene labiausiai nutylimas seksualinis smurtas tiek artimoje aplinkoje, tiek už jos ribų. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti problemas, su kuriomis susiduria moterys, patiriančios seksualinę prievartą artimoje aplinkoje, ir pagalbos prieinamumo galimybes. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: smurtas, artima aplinka, seksualinis smurtas artimoje aplinkoje, apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas. The article analyses the situation of access to help for women who have experienced sexual abuse, and identifies the problems they face after experiencing sexual abuse in a close relationship. The European Commission’s Strategy on the Rights of Victims of Crime 2020–2025 identifies the need to improve assistance and support for the most vulnerable victims of crime. Domestic violence has recently become one of the most debated topics in the field of human rights protection and criminal justice in Lithuania. Violence is directly linked to a complicated phenomenon, the categories of force, power and authority. The Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Protection against Violence in a Close Relationship ‘aims to protect people from violence in a close relationship, which is classified as an act of public importance due to its damage to society, to react quickly to the threat, to take preventive measures, to apply protective measures, and to provide appropriate assistance’. In order to assess the problems faced by women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship, from 2020 to 2023 the Klaipeda Social and Psychological Support Centre, together with its partners, implemented the project # StopNow! of assistance for victims of gender-based violence, aiming to increase accessibility to the specialised complex assistance provided, by empowering specialists from Specialised Complex Assistance Centres to provide assistance to women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship. The aim of the article: to highlight the problems faced by women experiencing sexual violence in a close relationship and the possibilities of access to assistance. The subject of the article: the problems faced by women experiencing sexual abuse in a close relationship and the possibilities of access to help. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, legal documents and statistical data, analysis of secondary data sources, questionnaire survey of specialists working in the field of protection from violence, assistance, provision of services and prevention, focus group interviews with experts, and interviews with women who have experienced sexual violence in a close relationship. The paper is divided into five parts. The first part provides a brief overview of the issues, scope, legal and policy context, and research on domestic violence in Lithuania. The second part describes how the empirical material was handled, and the principles of the analysis. The third part analyses data from a survey of professionals working in the fields of protection from violence, assistance, service provision and prevention. The fourth part provides an overview of the specificities in the provision of assistance to female victims of sexual violence and the experience of professionals. The fifth part analyses the experience of women victims of sexual violence, based on an interpretation of the data obtained. There are many studies or parts of studies on the prevalence of sexual violence against women, but it is difficult to know how reliable they are, as women tend to hide these crimes. In a 1994 study, 20% of women and 3.6% of men responded positively to the question of whether the respondent had experienced an attempted rape. In a 2000 survey, 14% of women and 1% of men said they had experienced attempted rape. According to the Victimology Survey in Lithuania, 26.5% of adult women have been sexually assaulted at least once by strangers since they were 16 years old, 18.2% by men they know, and 17% have been forced to have sex by their dating partners. Sexual violence is also prevalent in families: 8.6% of married or cohabiting women were forced to have sex by their spouse or partner, and 14% by an ex-spouse or partner, either by pushing them or by inflicting pain in some way. Researchers who have studied criminal legal protection in the context of violence in a close relationship argue that sexual violence is particularly latent, and this is due to a number of factors: the extremely private nature of sexual relationships, stereotypical attitudes towards gender roles, and inadequate criminal justice responses. The research was based on quantitative (a survey) and qualitative research methodologies proposed by the social sciences, using mixed purposive sampling and three sampling methods: survey, individual interviews, and focus group interviews. The first group of respondents were professionals working in the field of protection, assistance, service provision and prevention of violence. The second group of respondents were expert professionals who have provided assistance or services to victims of violence in a close relationship. The third group of respondents were women who have experienced sexual violence in a close relationship. Almost half the respondents confirmed that their workplaces have certain algorithms or guidelines on how to provide protection or assistance to women victims of sexual violence, while just over half said that there are none. The most aware of such algorithms or instructions are health-care workers and law enforcement officials, while the least aware are employees of SKPCs and social service providers, and those in management positions. [...] Keywords: violence, close environment, sexual violence in a close environment, law on protection against violence in a close environment, Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Protection against Violence in a Close Environment.

2007–2011 metais vyko aktyvūs alkoholio politikos formavimo, teisėkūros kaitos procesai, tad šiame straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip keitėsi Lietuvos visuomenės sveikatos koalicijos veikla politikos lauke analizuojamuoju laikotarpiu. Tyrimui konceptualizuoti taikytos advokataujančių koalicijų modelio koncepcijos. Metodologijos pagrindu pasirinktas kokybinis tyrimas, derinant jį su dokumentų analize. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad 2006–2007 m. pradėjusi telktis visuomenės sveikatos koalicija galutinai struktūravosi alkoholio politikos lauke 2011–2012 m. Lietuvos visuomenės sveikatos koalicijos sutelkimą nulėmė nuoseklus lyderio veikimas ir tinkama komunikacija. 2011 m. susiformavo plati alkoholio pramonės koalicija, lėmusi konfliktą tarp visuomenės sveikatos ir alkoholio pramonės koalicijos. Šia koalicija siekta liberalizuoti alkoholio reklamą ir jai tai pavyko 2011 m. pabaigoje. Nepaisant to visuomenės sveikatos koalicija sėkmingai įgyvendino savo strateginius tikslus – sustiprino ir sutelkė plačią koaliciją, kurdama alkoholio politiką ir ją griežtindama sėkmingai pasitelkė mokslinius įrodymus, jais pagrįsdama savo pozicijas ir siekdama strateginių tinklų. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: alkoholio politika, advokacijų koalicijos modelio teorija, visuomenės sveikatos koalicija, nevyriausybinės organizacijos. The article analyses changes in the activities of the Lithuanian Public Health Coalition in the political arena from 2007 to 2011. The process of Lithuania’s alcohol policy is almost unexplored in terms of the involvement, contributions and impact of the Public Health Coalition (PHC). Concepts of the model of advocacy coalitions were used in order to conceptualise the study, and based on them, the following qualitative problems were raised: 1) to investigate the ways in which some NGOs and favourably disposed politicians joined the coalition (conditionally called the Public Health Coalition) and acted in the political process under the belief in the harmful social consequences of alcohol; 2) to study the effect of resonance calamities (violent crimes against children and adults committed by drunk people) on the change in the alcohol policy process. This study is focused on the initial stages in the Lithuanian alcohol policy process and the roles of its actors (mainly the PHC, but also politicians, the alcohol industry, and other business interests and executive authorities involved). Due to the harmful effects caused by alcohol drinkers, the greatest attention is focused on NGO involvement in the PHC. The process on Lithuanian alcohol policy is examined thematically. Qualitative research, combined with document analysis, was applied as a basis for the methodology. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in order to help the analysis of attitudes, convictions and actions of alcohol policy actors. In selecting interviewees, most importance was given to the criteria of involvement in Lithuanian alcohol policy, and the corresponding roles assumed. The qualitative research included 36 informants. The research was carried out from March to December 2021. Alongside the interviews, other sources disclosing the performance of the PHC, such as common agreements and statements, documents of public policy analysis and monitoring, communication media, etc, were employed. Document analysis was used to complement interview data relating to the expression of PHC alcohol policy beliefs. The research data revealed that the formation of a professionally functioning PHC was initiated thanks to the joint efforts of organisations supporting the temperance movement (NGOs in the political arena). In the later stages, some state institutions and some of their members (usually on the basis of collaboration in the advocacy process), institutions of the Catholic Church and individual activists became involved. No less important was the PHC partnership with separate political forces: political parties, separate groups of members of parliament, etc. The process of creating a broad coalition was long-lasting, quite dynamic, and depended on the context of alcohol policy. The main actor in creating a collective advocacy operation (the roles of strategy development, leadership, coordination, attracting support, and roles in making tactical solutions) were the National Tobacco and Alcohol Control Coalition and its leaders. They initiated the creation, maintenace, and, if necessary (due to the changing circumstances in alcohol policy), the expansion of the coalition. In the period 2008 to 2011, the coalition made use of four key tactics, responding to the aforementioned strategies: 1) working directly with decision makers (various political institutions) in order to persuade them to change their position, and, in the long-run, expecting their support; 2) active networking in order to take advantage of favourably disposed officials (public policy mediators) and their involvement in networking; 3) symbolic politics by exploiting publicity-friendly communication (effective messages, promotions and symbols), thus also aiming indirectly at influencial decision makers; 4) making use of international organisations and their support as a basis for strengthening their communication and overall position. The implementation of PHC strategies is explained by the advocacy campaign of 2011. It was directed against the liberalisation of alcohol advertising. All the events analysed in the study showed quite a high level of conflict (or at least moderate as far as the advocacy model is concerned). This was determined not only by the specific subsystem of alcohol policy, but also by moral values and oppositional networking. Having summarised the results of the study, it was observed that the activitities of the National Tobacco and Alcohol Coalition, being guided and coordinated by the PHC, were neither short-term nor trivial. Starting with the gathering in 2006 and 2007, the PHC was finally structured in the field of alcohol policy in 2011 and 2012. The PHC had applied the following relevant strategies (in terms of the availability of resources, the composition of coalition members, and the organisation of networking): 1) alcohol policy based on scientific evidence; 2) PHC strengthening with the aim of creating a wide network of NGOs and partner organisations (thus building a broad coalition). [...] Keywords: alcohol policy, advocacy coalition, model theory, Public Health Coalition, non-governmental organisations.

Platesnės apimties ir išsamesnių tyrimų, skirtų mirties reiškiniui Lietuvos kariuomenėje 1919–1940 m., kol kas nėra atlikta. Lietuvos istoriografijoje apsiribojama tarpukario (tarp 1926 ir 1937 m.) Lietuvos kariuomenės arba jos buvusių karininkų paskelbtais karo nuostolių skaičiais. Teiginys apie 1,4 tūkst. žuvusiųjų Lietuvos nepriklausomybės kare 1919–1920 m. istoriografijoje buvo virtęs savotiška aksioma. Atskirą tyrimą galima rengti apie tai, kaip plito 1937 m. Petro Rusecko paskelbtas aukų skaičius (su vardiniu sąrašu) skirtingų autorių darbuose (panašūs skaičiai tarpukariu buvo publikuojami ir kituose leidiniuose), nors istorikas Paulius Šležas dar tais pačiais 1937 m. P. Rusecko duomenis sukritikavo. Esminė minėtų duomenų spraga, kad juose į vieną sąrašą ir apibendrintą statistinį skaičių sujungti žuvę Lietuvos kariai nuo 1919 m. iki 1928 m., – aktyvūs karo veiksmai jau buvo pasibaigę de jure 1920 m. (remiantis Lietuvos kariuomenės įsakymu) arba de facto 1923 m., nors pavienių incidentų pasienyje su Lenkija pasitaikė visą tarpukarį. Kitas šios problemos aspektas, kad į žuvusiųjų sąrašą P. Ruseckas įtraukė ir tuos, kurių mirtys tiesiogiai su karo veiksmais nebuvo susijusios. Tarp karo aukų yra savižudžių, skenduolių, nelaimingų atsitikimų aukų. Be to, į aukų sąrašus nepateko dalis mirusiųjų, kadangi sąrašas buvo sudaromas pirmiausia remiantis palaidojimais, nes karo medicinos tarnyba mirčių neregistravo, tik vedė sužeistųjų ir susirgusiųjų statistiką. Į apskaitą nepateko ir dalis tų, kurie buvo išvežti palaidoti į šeimos kapavietes, ir kitais atvejais. Šis tyrimas siekia aptarti karių mirčių, tiesiogiai nesusijusių su kariniais veiksmais, priežastis Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu. Įgyvendinant tai, iš karių mirčių statistikos pirmiausia reikėjo išskirti tuos, kurie mirė taikos metu. Toliau bandyta sugrupuoti mirčių priežastis pagal kategorijas. Galiausiai, remiantis vieno kariuomenės dalinio, 7-ojo pėstininkų pulko, pavyzdžiu, straipsnyje atskleidžiamas atskirų mirčių priežasčių kategorijų dažnumas ir pasiskirstymas pagal metus. Vykdant tyrimą, duomenys apie mirusius karius buvo imami iš penkių šaltinių: 1) iš duomenų apie kariuomenės netektis – duomenis 1937 m. paskelbė P. Ruseckas; 2) iš karių kapų registro, kuris paskelbtas 2003 m. atlase; 3) iš karo aukų sąrašo, kuris iškaltas Vytauto Didžiojo karo muziejaus kriptoje esančiose lentose; 4) iš Lietuvos centriniame valstybės archyve saugomų dokumentų; 5) iš kariams skirto savaitinio žurnalo Karys, kurį Lietuvos kariuomenė leido 1920–1940 m. Pašalinus pasikartojančius atvejus, suvesti duomenys leido sudaryti maksimaliai išsamų mirusių karių sąrašą, apimantį beveik 3,5 tūkst. Lietuvos karių mirčių atvejų. Sąrašas nėra baigtinis, nes pavieniai mirčių atvejai fiksuojami ir toliau. Dėl šios priežasties straipsnyje susitelkta ne į kiekybinių duomenų pristatymą, o į bandymą identifikuoti ir sugrupuoti mirčių priežastis taikos metu. Šias priežastis ne tik bandyta apibendrinti visos Lietuvos kariuomenės mastu. Vieno kariuomenės dalinio pavyzdžiu straipsnyje pateikiama ir kiekybinė mirties priežasčių charakteristika. 7-asis pėstininkų Žemaičių kunigaikščio Butegeidžio pulkas tam pasirinktas dėl kelių priežasčių. Pirmoji, tai faktas, kad šis pulkas egzistavo nuo 1919 m. iki pat 1940 m., t. y. jis nebuvo išformuotas 1923 m. ar 1926 m., o vėliau (1934 m.) atkurtas, kaip kai kurie kiti kariuomenės pulkai. Tai leidžia disponuoti duomenimis apie visą laikotarpį. Antroji priežastis – šis pulkas karo metu aktyviai dalyvavo kovos veiksmuose, skirtingai nei dalis kitų Lietuvos kariuomenės vienetų, kurie Nepriklausomybės karo metais buvo rezerve arba saugojo nepagrindinius fronto ruožus. Tai leidžia aiškiau išskirti taikos meto aukas iš bendro aukų skaičiaus. Galiausiai trečioji, ne mažiau svarbi, priežastis yra nuosekliai ir sistemingai pulke vestas mirusių karių sąrašas, kuris išliko ir šiuo metu saugomas archyve. Toks sąrašas leido analizuoti išsamius duomenis apie šio pulko mirusius karius. Tyrimo metu surinkti ir susisteminti duomenys leidžia teigti, kad, be karinių veiksmų, karių mirtis Lietuvos kariuomenėje tarpukariu lėmė virtinė kitų priežasčių. Straipsnyje pateiktas mirties priežasčių pristatymas ir vieno pulko atvejo tyrimas rodo, kad reikšmingą dalį mirties priežasčių sudarė įvairios ligos. Tarp jų išsiskiria vidurių šiltinė, gripas ir plaučių uždegimas. Rečiau identifikuoti tokie fataliniai susirgimai kaip tuberkuliozė, rožė, apendicitas, leukemija, meningitas, paratifas ir kt. Pulko atvejo analizė rodo, kad tarp jaunų vyrų dažniausia medicinine mirties priežastimi tapdavo infekcinės ligos, ypač vidurių šiltinė ir plaučių uždegimas. Tokioms ligoms plisti palankią terpę sudarydavo tarnybos sąlygos ir higiena, ypač gyvenamųjų patalpų būklė. Infekcinės ligos plito ne vien dėl ankštos kasdienės karių aplinkos, bet dėl naudojimosi tais pačiais vandens šaltiniais ir kita infrastruktūra, kuria miestuose su įgulomis naudojosi ir civiliai gyventojai. Tą ypač aiškiai parodo Tauragės atvejis: ligos plitimą įguloje ten lėmė miesto infrastruktūra, o didelį mirtingumą – kareivinių uždarumas. [...] Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos kariuomenė, ligos, mirtys, nelaimingi atsitikimai, patyčios, nestatutiniai santykiai, homoseksualumas, savižudybės. Between the First World War and the Second World War, approximately 280 thousand men served in the Lithuanian armed forces. This is a significant figure for a country that only had a population of two to 2.5 million. Even though the Lithuanian armed forces were only involved in active military operations and low-intensity fighting from 1919 to 1923, servicemen died during the entire period up to 1940. The numbers of deaths during the Wars of Independence are well known; however, the causes of death in the Lithuanian armed forces, both from 1919 to 1920 and in later years, have not been investigated in great depth. We understand that one cause of death in an active army is active combat. In the study of war, deaths in action are further classified into deaths caused by artillery fire, machine gun and rifle fire, bayonets, etc. This allows scholars to determine the effectiveness of weapons systems and tactical elements used on the battlefield. However, the focus of this article is the causes of soldiers’ deaths that are not directly combat related. In the first section, I discuss causes of death in the Lithuanian armed forces during periods of war and peace, and provide a host of examples, which include deaths caused by disease, accidents, homicide and suicide. In the last section, I present the results of quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis is a case study of a single regiment that demonstrates the predominant causes of death from 1919 to 1940, with a separate analysis of causes of death for the period 1919 to 1920. Keywords: Lithuanian armed forces, disease, mortality, accidents, bullying, non-statutory relations, homosexuality, suicide.

This article analyzes social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems in Lithuania. In this survey-based quantitative research, frequency data was gathered to examine the usage of methods, services, practices and challenges in this specific area. The results revealed a strong orientation towards individual intervention in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems. Uncommon usage of group, community or network methods was observed in research data. Low usage of social action or social welfare methods might represent a weak policy-making function. Among services, providing information, consultation and representation are the most often applied. Lithuanian social workers also favor social skills development and family consultation in terms of specific practices, as those are the most often used. Finally, professionals acknowledge that low the motivation among clients to change is among the biggest challenges in this field. Improvements in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems could be made through the enhancement of skills and practices that are the most effective in the substance abuse area, although relatively rarely used in social work in Lithuania. Keywords: social work, alcohol usage, social work methods, services, practices.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between suicide risk, alcohol consumption, and attitudes towards professional psychological help among Lithuanian general population men, conscripts, and regular active duty (AD) soldiers. In total, 1195 Lithuanian adult males participated in the study: 445 men from the general population, 490 conscripts, and 260 regular AD soldiers from the Lithuanian Armed Forces. The study’s measures included: general suicide risk, alcohol consumption levels, frequency of using alcohol as a means to suppress difficult thoughts and feelings, and attitudes toward psychological help. Both military samples showed significantly lower suicide risk than men from the general population. Alcohol use as a means to suppress difficult thoughts and feelings was the most significant predictor of suicide risk and a significant mediator between alcohol consumption and suicide risk in all study groups. Another significant suicide risk predictor and mediator between alcohol consumption and suicide risk i.e., the value of seeking psychological treatment was found only in the conscript sample. Results of the current study suggest that there is an opportunity for intervention aimed at the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help for conscripts. However, that might not be the case for regular AD soldiers, nor the general population of Lithuanian men. Keywords: military; suicide; suicide risk; alcohol; help-seeking; professional psychological help; attitudes.

Smurtas sveikatos priežiūros personalo profesinėje aplinkoje yra visuotinė ir kasdienė problema. Kas trečias darbuotojas susiduria su pacientų ar klientų smurtu, o jo rizika yra 16 kartų didesnė, palyginti su kitų profesijų atstovais. Smurtas sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose susijęs su neigiamomis pasekmėmis sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojams ir pacientams. Tikslas – įvertinti smurto paplitimą sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose. Metodai. Vadovaudamiesi PRISMA Flow diagramos (1 pav.) gairėmis, 2022 m. lapkričio mėnesį atlikome sisteminę literatūros paiešką PubMed duomenų bazėje pagal paieškos žodžius anglų kalba: workplace violence, violence, workplace issues, bullying, sexual harass, abus; health care workers, healthcare personnel, healthcare staff; risk factors; effects. Atlikus pirminę paiešką, aptikta 1 511 straipsnių, iš kurių atrinkti 102. Svarbių publikacijų, tinkamų temos apžvalgai, skaičius sumažintas iki 39. Įtraukimo kriterijai: ne senesni nei 5 metų, anglų kalba, prieinamas visas tekstas. Rezultatai. Tiriamosios apžvalgos metu išsiaiškintas smurto paplitimas sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose: bendras 59,6 proc., fizinis smurtas 22,4 proc., žodinis smurtas proc., seksualinis priekabiavimas 16,9 procento. Gauti duomenys parodė, kad smurtas sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose ir jo rūšių paplitimas prieš sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojus yra vienas iš didžiausių, lyginant su kitų profesijų darbuotojais ir turi neigiamos įtakos darbuotojų psichinei ir fizinei savijautai, darbo našumui, kokybei, o kartu ir pacientų sveikatai. Išvada. Smurtas profesinėje aplinkoje yra dažnas reiškinys, o jo rūšių paplitimas prieš sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojus yra gana didelis. Smurtas profesinėje aplinkoje susijęs su neigiamomis sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų darbuotojų fizinėmis, psichologinėmis ir profesinėmis pasekmėmis. Reikėtų imtis priemonių mažinti smurtą profesinėje aplinkoje, ypač sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose. Raktažodžiai: smurtas profesinėje aplinkoje, sveikatos priežiūros įstaigos, sveikatos priežiūros darbuotojai, smurto paplitimas, rizikos veiksniai, poveikis. Occupational violence against health care personnel is a universal and everyday problem. One in three workers is exposed to violence by patients or clients, and the risk of such violence is 16 times higher than in other professions. Violence in healthcare settings is associated with negative consequences for healthcare workers and patients. The aim is to assess the prevalence of violence in healthcare settings. Methods: following the guidelines of the PRISMA Flow diagram (Figure 1), we performed a systematic literature search in PubMed database in November 2022 using the following search terms: workplace violence, violence, workplace issues, bullying, sexual harass, abus; health care workers, healthcare personnel, healthcare staff; risk factors; effects. The initial search yielded 1 511 articles from which 102 publications were selected, and the number of relevant publications suitable for reviewing the topic was reduced to 39. The inclusion criteria for the articles were: no more than 5 years old, in English and full text. Results: The exploratory review found that the overall prevalence of violence in healthcare settings was as follows: (59.6%), physical violence (22.4%), verbal violence (59%) and sexual harassment (16.9%). The data obtained show that the prevalence of violence in healthcare settings and its types against healthcare workers is one of the highest in comparison to other professions, and that it is not only detrimental to the mental and physical wellbeing of workers, but also to the health of patients, productivity and quality of work. Conclusion: The prevalence of occupational violence and its types against healthcare workers is quite high. Occupational violence is associated with physical, psychological and occupational consequences for healthcare workers. Occupational violence is associated with physical, psychological and occupational consequences for healthcare workers. Measures should be taken to reduce occupational violence in health care settings. Keywords: occupational violence, health care institutions, health care workers, prevalence of violence, risk factors, exposure.

Problematizavimas kaip savaime suprantamos "tiesos", todėl labai svarbu kritiškai į jas pažvelgti ir atkreipti dėmesį į galimas žalingas jų pasekmes. Pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas - ištirti, kaip tėvų alkoholio žalos vaikams klausimas problemizuojamas vaiko teisių apsaugos ir paramos procesuose Lietuvoje. Duomenys, gauti iš 20 pusiau struktūruotų interviu su pagrindiniais vaiko gerovės ir apsaugos ekspertais, buvo analizuojami taikant Bacchi problematizavimo metodo strategiją. Specialistai mano, kad tėvų svaiginimasis alkoholiu daro žalą vaikams, ir dėl įžvelgiamų problemų dauguma jų darbo yra orientuota į tėvų elgesio stiprinimo priemones. Toks požiūris į problemą atitolina specialistus nuo žalos, kurią patiria vaikai. Įprasta vaikus iš apsvaigusių tėvų paimti ir vėl juos sujungti, kai tėvai blaivėja. Specialistai remiasi savo pačių moraliniais principais ir idealais, ypač noru išlaikyti "šeimos vienybę". Ilgalaikė žala išsivysto, kai vaikai, kuriems reikia paramos, nuvertinami ir apleidžiami. Kadangi vaiko gerovės praktikoje dėmesys sutelkiamas į nedidelę dalį problemų, žala vaikų asmenybei ir raidai nėra tinkamai sprendžiama. Analizės parodė, kad specialistų atliekamas su tėvų piktnaudžiavimu alkoholiu susijusios žalos vaikams problematizavimas turi įtakos numanomam rezultatui, t. y. vaikai yra "matomos, bet neapsaugotos aukos". Profesionalus tėvų piktnaudžiavimo alkoholiu sukeltos alkoholio žalos vaikams problematizavimo laukas turi atsižvelgti į esminius elementus, pavyzdžiui, suprasti vaikystės traumą ir jos ilgalaikį poveikį vaiko raidai, žinoti, kaip į ją reaguoti, kai ji atsiranda, ir suprasti, kaip išvengti žalingų ilgalaikių pasekmių. Problematisations as taken-for-granted "truths" practices making it crucial to look at them critically and to draw attention to any potentially harmful consequences they may have. The main aim of this article is to examine how the issue of parental alcohol’s harm to children is problematised in the child protection and support processes in Lithuania. Data from 20 semistructured interviews with key child welfare and protection experts were analysed using Bacchi’s problematisation approach strategy. Professionals think that parental intoxication is damaging to children, and because of the issues they perceive, most of their work is focused on measures to enhance parental behaviour. This approach to the problem distances professionals from the harm that children are experiencing. It is typical to remove children from intoxicated parents and re-unite them once the parents sober up. Professionals rely on their own moral principles and ideals, particularly the desire to maintain "family unity". Long-term harm develops when children who need support are undervalued and neglected. Because child welfare practices focus on a small portion of the problems, the harm to the children’s personalities and development is not adequately addressed. Analyses showed that the problematisation of parental alcohol abuse-related harm to children by professionals impacts the presumed result, which is that children are the "visible but unprotected victims". The professional field of problematisation of alcohol’s harm to children brought on by parental alcohol misuse must consider crucial elements such as understanding childhood trauma and its long-term effects on child development, knowing how to respond to it when it occurs, and understanding how to avoid harmful long-term consequences. Keywords: alcohol, harm to children, parents, children, professionals’ responses, problematisation.

Spirituality is often significant for those undergoing suicide bereavement. Our study aimed to explore how women, who are bereaved by their partner’s suicide, describe spirituality. 11 semi-structured interviews have been conducted with female participants using reflexive thematic analysis. Six themes were identi-fied: Spirituality as a resource, Spirituality as a relationship; Spirituality is universal; Spirituality is a changing phenomenon; Spirituality requires effort; Spirituality is between knowing, sensation, and feeling. Female participants who experience bereavement following a partner’s suicide described their understanding of spiri-tuality as a multidimensional phenomenon. Interpretations and practical guidelines are formed. Keywords: spirituality; suicide bereavement; qualitative research; thematic analysis.

Prieĩnamos ir efektỹvios psichikos sveikatos specialistų paslaugos savižudybės grėsmę patiriantiems asmenims yra viena iš svarbiausių savižudybių prevencijos dalių. Visgi kai kurie žmonės nusižudo net ir suteikus ar teikiant tokią pagalbą, tad svarbu suprasti to priežastis. Nesant tiesioginio būdo atskleisti paslaugas gavusių ir vėliau nusižudžiusių asmenų patirtis, jiems teikę pagalbą specialistai yra svarbus informacijos apie pagalbos teikimo procesą tokiais atvejais šaltinis. Pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas buvo atskleisti didžiausius sunkumus, kurių specialistai patyrė teikdami pagalbą asmenims, kurie vėliau nusižudė. Tyrime dalyvavo 15 psichikos sveikatos specialistų (7 gydytojai psichiatrai, 6 medicinos psichologai ir 2 socialiniai darbuotojai), patyrusių paciento savižudybę. Tyrimo duomenys surinkti naudojant pusiau struktūruotus interviu, analizė atlikta remiantis teminės analizės metodu. Tyrimo dalyvių pasakojimuose apie darbą su pacientais, kurie vėliau nusižudė, išsiskyrė šios temos: paciento nebendradarbiavimas, paciento sunkumai, su kuriais buvo sunku dirbti, gydymo ribotumai, savižudybės rizikos vertinimo sunkumai, specialisto reakcijos dirbant su pacientu ir paciento artimųjų vaidmuo. Tad šio tyrimo rezultatai kalba apie sunkumus išbūti su savižudybės krizę patiriančiu pacientu, kuris pats sunkiai linkęs priimti pagalbą, kartu atsiremiant į savo galimybių ir sistemos ribotumus, kas kelia intensyvius bejėgiškumo, pykčio išgyvenimus. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: savižudybių prevencija, psichikos sveikatos specialistai, gydymo sunkumai, rizikos vertinimo problemos, paciento nebendradarbiavimas. Accessible and effective mental health services for people at risk of suicide are one of the cornerstones of suicide prevention. However, some people suicide while receiving such help, and it is important to understand the reasons for this. In the absence of a direct way to reveal the experiences of people who have received services and subsequently suicided, the professionals providing mental health services are an important source of information on this process. The main aim of this study was to describe the main difficulties experienced by professionals supporting people who later suicided. The sample included 15 mental health professionals (7 psychiatrists, 6 medical psychologists, and 2 social workers) who experienced patient suicide. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews, which were then analysed using thematic analysis. The following themes were identified in the stories of the participants: lack of collaboration from the patient, specific topics that were challenging to work with, treatment limitations, difficulties in assessing suicide risk, reactions experienced when working with the suicidal patient, and the role of the patient’s relatives. Therefore, the results of this study speak about the challenge of being with a patient in a suicidal crisis, who is not inclined to accept help, while bearing the limitations of the system and oneself as a specialist. This causes intense experiences of helplessness and anger. Keywords: suicide prevention, mental health professionals, treatment challenges, risk assessment difficulties, patient non-cooperation.

Tyrimai rodo COVID-19 pandemijos ir karantino poveikį žmonių psichikos sveikatos būklei ir galimą savižudybės rizikos grėsmę. Lietuvoje didžiausi savižudybių rodikliai skaičiuojami regionuose ir, tikėtina, atspindi ten jau ir taip susidariusius psichosocialinius sunkumus, tad svarbu stebėti pagalbos sistemos veikimą šiuose regionuose per pandemiją. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, kokie yra specialistų, dirbančių regionuose ir dalyvaujančių savižudybių prevencijos sistemoje, darbo COVID-19 pandemijos metu ypatumai. Šiame tyrime naudoti rezultatai iš platesnio savižudybių prevencijos sistemos vertinimo projekto, vykusio 2020 m. Pusiau struktūruoto interviu būdu apie savižudybių prevencijos sistemos veikimą buvo apklausta 30 specialistų (10 savižudybių prevencijos sistemos koordinatorių, 20 tiesiogiai teikiančių pagalbą psichikos sveikatos specialistų). Šiame straipsnyje susitelkta į klausimus apie pandemijos poveikį pagalbos sistemai. Transkribuoti rezultatai išanalizuoti remiantis Boyatzis teminės analizės metodu. Rezultatuose išskirti šie kodai: pagalbos teikimas pandemijos metu (psichikos sveikatos specialistai ir įstaigos prisitaikė prie pandemijos sąlygų, nuotolinis darbas apsunkina pagalbos teikimą, dėl pandemijos pagalba sunkiau prieinama); kreipimasis pagalbos pandemijos metu (dėl pandemijos žmonės mažiau kreipiasi pagalbos, nuotoliniu būdu kreiptis pagalbos paprasčiau, pandemijos metu pagalbos kreipimosi dažnis nesikeitė); pandemijos poveikis ir valdymas (pandemija didina emocinius ir psichikos sunkumus, pandemijai pasibaigus gali blogėti žmonių psichikos būklė, pandemijos valdymas Lietuvoje galėtų būti sklandesnis). Tyrimas atskleidžia ne tik pozityvius psichikos sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų ir specialistų prisitaikymo prie krizinės situacijos aspektus, bet ir reikšmingas problemas, susijusias su nuotoliniu darbu ir pagalbos prieinamumu bei bendra gyventojų psichikos sveikata. The COVID-19 pandemic can influence the situation of suicide rates and mental health in rural regions even more than in major cities. The aim of the current study was to explore the functioning of mental health service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic through interviews with mental health professionals and other specialists who work with suicide prevention in rural areas. Thirty specialists were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. The following codes were identified during the thematic analysis: providing help during the pandemic (mental health professionals and institutions adapted to the conditions of the pandemic, remote counselling makes providing help more difficult, the help is less reachable); help-seeking during the pandemic (people seek less help because of the pandemic, seeking remote help is easier, the frequency of help seeking didn’t change); the effects and governing of the pandemic situation (the pandemic can have negative effects on mental health; after the pandemic mental health might get worse; the governing of the pandemic situation in Lithuania could be more fluent). The current study reveals positive aspects of mental health professionals’ adaptivity during the pandemic, as well as severe problems which are related to the access to the mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The concept of social exclusion is widely used in academia and social policy discourse in European countries. However, one of the constituents of social exclusion, namely, exclusion from social relationships, remains unclear and underdeveloped both conceptually and empirically. Moreover, knowledge on the patterns of exclusion from social relationships among men and women in later adulthood is even less advanced. Therefore, we developed a multidimensional scale for measuring an individual's level of embeddedness in social relationships and examined the gender patterns of social embeddedness. We applied latent class analysis to survey data collected on a sample of 2015 residents of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia aged 50+. We derived a seven-class model based on a continuum from strong to weak social embeddedness. We identified two classes with a high level of exclusion from social relations and, conversely, two classes with a high level of social embeddedness. Subsequent multinomial regression analysis revealed that gender was a statistically significant predictor in the cases of the most excluded class and one of the most socially embedded classes.

Įvadas. Socialinių normų teorija pagrįstų intervencijų efektyvumo mažinant studentų alkoholio vartojimą tyrimų rezultatai prieštaringi. Manoma, kad šios intervencijos veiksmingai mažina rizikingų vartotojų alkoholio vartojimą, tačiau gali skatinti mažiau ir rečiau už referentinės grupės narius alkoholio vartojančių asmenų vartojimą. Tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti 1) galimą neigiamą normatyvinio grįžtamojo ryšio, perteikiančio realius alkoholio vartojimo rodiklius (aprašomosios normos poveikis), poveikį mažiau už referentinės grupės vidurkį vartojančių alkoholio studentų ketinimams jo vartoti; 2) ar grįžtamojo ryšio pateikiama informacija apie alkoholio vartojimo priimtinumą referentinėje grupėje (įsakomosios normos poveikis) gali apsaugoti nuo minėto neigiamo poveikio. Metodai. Studentų alkoholio vartojimo ir požiūrio į bendraamžių vartojimą rodikliai buvo surinkti apklausiant 234 universiteto studentus. Iš jų eksperimente dalyvavo 26 mažiau ir rečiau už visų apklaustų studentų vidurkį alkoholio vartojantys studentai. Intervenciją sudarė normatyvinio grįžtamojo ryšio, perteikiančio studentų alkoholio vartojimą ir požiūrį į bendraamžių vartojimą, pristatymas. Rezultatai. Aprašomosios normos poveikį patyrę tyrimo dalyviai spiritinius gėrimus nurodė ketinantys vartoti didesniais kiekiais nei šio poveikio nepatyrę tyrimo dalyviai. Ketinimai suvartoti daugiau spiritinių gėrimų patyrus įsakomosios normos poveikį nesumažėjo. Išvados. Aprašomosios normos poveikio taikymas gali sustiprinti mažiau už referentinės grupės narius vartojančių studentų ketinimus vartoti spiritinius gėrimus didesniais kiekiais. Įsakomosios normos poveikis, kaip priemonė eliminuoti šį neigiamą efektą, galbūt nėra veiksmingas. Background. Social norms theory-based interventions have been widely used to reduce alcohol consumption among college and university students. Lately, it has been argued that such interventions may actually increase alcohol use among light drinkers. However, little studies have been focused on testing this possible negative effect. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the possible negative impact of descriptive normative feedback (DNF) on drinking intentions among students whose baseline drinking scores were below the average of a reference group. We also studied the preventive effect of injunctive normative feedback (INF). Methods. Actual descriptive and injunctive norms were collected from 234 university students. From those who reported drinking below the norm, 26 were randomly assigned to a control or intervention condition that received normative feedback via PowerPoint presentations over two meetings. Results. DNF increased students’ intentions of spirits drinking frequency and quantity. Meanwhile intentions to drink beer, cider, wine and cocktails remained the same. Increased intentions to drink spirits were not reduced by INF. Conclusions. Findings suggest that DNF-based interventions might negatively affect the use of spirits among those students who consume less than their peer norm by increasing their intentions to drink spirits more often and in larger quantities. Ways other than the INF to prevent this negative effect need to be further explored.

Sveikatos raštingumas – svarbi visuomenės sveikatos sritis. Nepakankamas sveikatos raštingumo lygis gali lemti paauglių žalingą elgesį, turintį neigiamos įtakos jų sveikatai, todėl svarbu plėtoti ir vertinti visuomenės sveikatos intervencijas, kurios galėtų skatinti geresnį paauglių ir jaunų žmonių sveikatos informacijos supratimą ir jos panaudojimą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokinių alkoholio vartojimo ir sveikatos raštingumo sąsajas. Tyrimo metodai. Anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodu buvo apklausti 1038 Lietuvos mokyklų 11-12 (III-IV gimnazijos) klasių mokiniai. Sveikatos raštingumo lygiui įvertinti buvo naudojamas HLS-EU-Q47 išsamus 47 klausimų sveikatos raštingumo klausimynas, išverstas į lietuvių kalbą. Kita anketos dalis sudaryta iš socialinių-demografinių klausimų bei klausimų apie alkoholio vartojimą. Statistinė analizė buvo atlikta naudojant statistinių duomenų apdorojimo programas SPSS, Microsoft Excel ir WinPepi. Kategorinių duomenų analizei buvo naudojamas χ2 kriterijus ir Fisher palyginimo testas. Dviems nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims buvo naudotas Mann-Whitney U testas, o kelioms nepriklausomoms ranginėms imtims – Kruskal-Wallis testas. Ryšiams tarp ranginių kintamųjų nustatyti buvo naudojamas Spearman koreliacijos koeficientas (rs). Rezultatai. Daugiau kaip pusės (53,3 proc.) mokinių sveikatos raštingumo lygis buvo pakankamas arba puikus, o kas 10 mokinio – neadekvatus. Berniukų ir 11 (III gimnazijos) klasių mokinių sveikatos raštingumas blogesnis, nei mergaičių (p

Bandymas žudytis paveikia ne tik bandantį žudytis, tačiau ir jo šeimą, jį supančius žmones. Pastarieji išgyvena netekčiai būdingas gedėjimo stadijas. Tėvų išgyvenimus galima skirstyti į psichologinius (baimė, šokas, panika ir kt.) ir fizinius (galvos skausmas, silpnumas, pykinimas ir kt.) pojūčius. Tyrimo metu tėvai išsakė lūkesčius, susijusius su nepakankama sveikatos priežiūros specialistų teikiama informacija, netaktišku bendravimu, psichosocialine ir finansine pagalba tėvams ir visai šeimai. Tėvai tikisi, kad pasikeis visuomenės požiūris į psichikos sutrikimų turinčius asmenis. Šį stigmatizuotą požiūrį galėtų mažinti ar visai panaikinti visuomenės švietimas apie psichikos sutrikimus, bendravimo ypatumus su psichikos sutrikimais sergančiais bei būdus, kaip suteikti pagalbą šiems asmenims. Tėvai norėtų, kad ugdymo specialistai mokėtų atpažinti savižudybės riziką, mokėtų spręsti susidariusias problemas ir su tėvais, ir su riziką turinčiais vaikais. Tyrimo metodika. Šiam darbui atlikti buvo pasirinktas kokybinio tyrimo metodas, buvo atliekamas pusiau struktūruotas, individualus interviu. Tyrimui pasirinkti tėvai, kurių vaikai yra po parasuicido ir tyrimo metu gydėsi psichiatrijos skyriuje. Gauti tyrimo duomenys analizuojami turinio dedukcinės kokybės analizės metodu. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti tėvų išgyvenimus ir lūkesčius po vaiko parasuicido. Tyrimo klausimai: 1) kokie tėvų išgyvenimai po vaiko parasuicido? 2) kokie tėvų lūkesčiai po vaiko parasuicido? Attempted suicide affects not only the person trying to commit suicide, but also his family and the people around him. The latter go through the stages of mourning characteristic of loss. Parents’ experiences can be divided into psychological (fear, shock, panic, etc.) and physical (headache, weakness, nausea, etc.) sensations. Parents, during the study, expressed expectations regarding the lack of information provided by health care professionals, tactless communication, and psychosocial and financial assistance not only to parents but to the whole family. Parents expect a change in public attitudes towards people with mental disorders. This stigmatized approach could be reduced or eliminated by educating the public about mental disorders, the peculiarities of communication with people with mental disorders, and ways to aid these people. Parents want educators to be able to recognize the risk of suicide, to be able to solve problems with both parents and children at risk. The aim of the study: To analyse the parents’ experiences and expectations after the child’s parasuicide. Research method. For this work, the method of qualitative research was chosen, and a semi-structured, individual interview was conducted. Parents whose children were after parasuicide and were treated at the Psychiatric Clinic during the study were selected for the study. The obtained research data was analysed by the method of content deductive quality analysis. Research questions: 1. What are the parents’ experiences after the child’s parasuicide? 2. What are the parents’ expectations after the child’s parasuicide?

In this article, I used autoethnography to describe and analyze my experience of being bereaved by suicide and researching spirituality during suicide bereavement. The culture silenced my grief, and this is congruent with the experiences of my research participants. The religious community, in my case, did not help me and added to my spiritual and psychological pain. The silenced parts of my loss started to make sounds, such as psychological disturbances, but also as unconscious and conscious choices, which led to immersing myself in the research of spirituality during suicide bereavement. Research on the topic goes hand in hand with my search for spirituality during suicide bereavement and reviewing my loss. My story suggests that despite the negative experiences with Catholic priests, spirituality during suicide bereavement can become a vital resource to find meaning for the loss and the pain of grief and can take many different and even unexpected forms. Keywords: spirituality; suicide bereavement; silent grief; trauma; autoethnography.

Objective Higher education students express high levels of suicidal ideation. However, data on students’ knowledge of suicide and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help are lacking. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate students’ suicidal ideation, suicide literacy and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and to assess whether these variables were interrelated. Methods Higher education students completed an online survey that consisted of 12 questions on suicide literacy (based on the Literacy of Suicide Scale), the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale and the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale. Results A total of 2004 students completed the survey. Female students and biomedical students showed the highest suicide literacy and most positive help-seeking attitudes. Higher study year was associated with more positive help-seeking attitudes. Art students expressed the highest levels of suicidal ideation. Suicide literacy had a weak positive correlation with help-seeking attitudes (Spearman’s rho = 0.186). Conclusions Suicidal ideation, suicide literacy and help-seeking attitudes may differ according to student’s gender, study year and study field. Better suicide literacy may promote psychological help-seeking behavior.

This study investigated early dating experiences by exploring the complex aspects of firsttime and later romantic involvement as well as the surrounding circumstances. In total, 377 young people (with the median age being 17 years) were investigated in six high schools in two cities in Lithuania using a questionnaire designed for research purposes by the authors. The results from this study in Lithuania contribute to the field by showing current data on the cultural and psychosocial aspects of dating experiences in high schools. This investigation into first-time and later dating creates an appropriate window to explore and investigate the attitudes, dating habits, and experiences of late adolescents, comprising negative experiences and sexual harassment, which could be used to build preventative programmes. The obtained results provide various data that are useful for trying to better understand the current habits and experiences of young people, for public health specialists, educators, and doctors and also provide an opportunity for monitoring trends, dynamic changes over time, and cross-cultural comparisons. Keywords: dating; high school students; adolescents; dating violence; sexual harassment; alcohol use; drug use; inebriation; sex education; cultural contexts.

BackgroundAlong with other suicide risk factors, masculinity has been analyzed as an important subject for suicidal behavior in men. This study examines masculinity as a gender self-confidence which is the intensity of an individual's belief that he meets his standards for masculinity. We use Hoffman and her colleague's concept, which provides two theoretical constructs as elements of gender self-confidence: gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Gender self-definition relates to how salient masculinity is in one's identity; gender self-acceptance relates to how positively one views his masculinity.MethodsThe quantitative research approach was applied in the study. The survey with a nonprobability quota sampling design was implemented to collect the data. The sample consisted of 562 Lithuanian men from various age groups and regions. The age of participants varied from 18 to 92 years (M = 42.99, SD = 17.18); 40.9% of men were from cities, 28.1% from towns, and 30.8% from rural locations. We used the Hoffman Gender Scale to measure gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance. Suicide risk was estimated with the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. Patient Health Questionnaire-2 was used to measure depression symptoms as a controlled variable. Statistical analysis of regression and moderation was used to test the hypothesis.ResultsHigher gender self-definition and higher gender self-acceptance were associated with lower suicide risk. The moderation analysis showed that in men with relatively low gender self-definition, the effect of gender self-acceptance on suicidality was larger than in men with high or moderate gender self-definition.DiscussionWe conclude that a stronger gender self-confidence is an important protective factor in male suicide risk. Both, a smaller part of masculinity in one's identity and a negative view of one's masculinity have a cumulative effect on increased suicide risk. The findings have been discussed in accordance with the theories that explain suicidal behavior through the lenses of self-concept.

Background The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes a new diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). There has been very little research investigating associations between CPTSD symptoms and suicide risk following sexual abuse. This and questions concerning similarities and differences between CPTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD), led to the current study that aimed to explore indirect associations between sexual abuse and suicide risk through the symptoms of CPTSD and borderline traits. Methods The study sample comprised 103 adults with a history of traumatic experiences (Mage = 32.64, SDage = 9.36; 83.5% female). In total, 26.3% of the participants reported experiencing sexual abuse during their lifetime. The clinician-administered International Trauma Interview (ITI) was used for the assessment of ICD-11 CPTSD symptoms. Self-report measures were used for the evaluation of borderline pattern (BP) symptoms and suicide risk. Mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the mediating effects of CPTSD and BP symptoms for the association between sexual trauma and suicide risk. Results In a parallel mediation model, CPTSD and BP symptoms mediated the association between sexual abuse and suicide risk, following adjustment for the covariates of age, gender, and whether the traumatic experience occurred in childhood or adulthood. Around 73% of participants who met diagnostic criteria for CPTSD reported previous suicide attempt(s). Conclusions Suicide risk assessment and intervention should be an important part of the management of victims of sexual abuse with CPTSD and BP symptoms.

Straipsnyje analizuojama smurto artimoje aplinkoje dinamika Klaipėdos mieste 2010–2020 metais. Pristatant registruotų smurto atvejų analizę siekiama atskleisti 2011 m. priimto Lietuvos Respublikos Apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymo (toliau – ANSAAĮ) funkcionavimo realybę, įvertinant tą faktą, kaip smurtas, ilgą laiką buvęs santykinai marginalizuotu reiškiniu, iškeliamas į aktualios socialinės problemos lygį. Vertindami šio reiškinio dinamiką 10-ies metų laikotarpiu, autoriai linkę atmesti hipotezę, kad smurtavimo kultūros tradicijos per kelerius metus pasikeitė. Per analizuojamą laikotarpį smurtas artimoje aplinkoje įsitvirtino kaip vienas labiausiai paplitusių smurtinių nusikaltimų Lietuvoje, užgožiantis kitas smurto formas. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas keturių rodiklių – smurtautojų šeiminė padėtis, lytis, pakartotinis nusikalstamumas ir amžiaus kohortų sąsajos – sociologinis įvertinimas, kuris atskleidžia socialinį įstatymo priėmimo efektą, kaip ANSAAĮ „ištraukė“ į paviršių žinomą, bet sąmoningai „nepastebimą“ tikrovę. Straipsnyje pateikiamų smurto segmentų analizė lemia konkrečių smurto artimoje aplinkoje prevencijos priemonių ir programų strategijų kūrimo prielaidas, nes svarbus ne tik smurto artimoje aplinkoje teisinis reglamentavimas, bet ir tikslinių grupių nustatymas, kuris peržengtų populiarius šio reiškinio stereotipus. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: smurtas artimoje aplinkoje, LR Apsaugos nuo smurto artimoje aplinkoje įstatymas, smurto raiškos segmentai – smurtautojų šeiminė padėtis, lytis, pakartotinio nusikalstamumo dažnis ir amžiaus kohortų sąsajos. The article analyses the dynamics of domestic violence in the city of Klaipėda during the period from 2010 to 2020. The analysis of reported cases of violence is intended to reveal the functioning reality of the Republic of Lithuania’s Law on Protection against Domestic Violence (LPADV) adopted in 2011, and to evaluate the fact that violence, as a conditionally marginalised phenomenon for a long time, is raised to the level of an actual social problem. In evaluating the dynamics of this phenomenon over the ten-year period, the authors reject the hypothesis that cultural traditions of violence have changed over the years. During the period analysed, domestic violence has established itself as one of the most widespread violent crimes in Lithuania, overshadowing other forms of violence. The article introduces four indicators of sociological assessment, which consist of the abuser’s family situation, gender, recurrent criminality, and associations between age cohorts, in a focused manner, which reveals the social effects of the adoption of the law, demonstrating ‘the disclosure’ of the known but deliberately ‘overlooked’ reality by the LPADV. The analysis of segments of violence presented in the article suggests the development of specific measures for the prevention of domestic violence and programme strategies, because not only is the legal regulation of domestic violence significant, but so is the identification of target groups that go beyond popular stereotypes of this phenomenon. Keywords: domestic violence, the Republic of Lithuania’s Law on Protection against Domestic Violence, patterns of violence segments, abuser’s family situation, gender, recurrent criminality rate, associations between age cohorts.

Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip savipagalbos mokytojų gyvenimo istorijose konstruojamas vadinamasis terapinis naratyvas. Giluminių interviu su tiriamos grupės nariais analizė atskleidė, kad vyrauja bendra šios grupės terapinio naratyvo struktūra. Joje adaptuojama Vakarų terapinės kultūros perspektyva, kuri modifikuojama, įvedant „tikro“ ir „netikro“ noro keistis ar paties pokyčio dichotomiją. Laimės stokos priežastys aiškinamos bendra vyraujančia, specifiškai Lietuvai būdinga, emocine kultūra, kuriai priskiriama baimė, nepasitikėjimas, nesaugumas ir teigiamų emocijų demonstravimo stigmatizavimas, kaip Lietuvos patirtos kultūrinės traumos ir visuomenės anomijos pasekmė. The article discusses how a therapeutic narrative is constructed in the life stories of selfhelp teachers in Lithuania. In-depth interviews with the members of the study group revealed that a prevalent structure of the narrative of this group could be discerned and identified as therapeutic narrative. It adapts the perspective of Western therapeutic culture and modifies it by introducing the dichotomy of ‘true’ and ‘false’ desire for self-transformation. The causes of personal misery are here explained by the prevailing emotional culture specific to Lithuania. This culture is characterised here by general fear, mistrust, insecurity, and the stigmatisation of the display of positive emotions as consequences of the experienced cultural trauma and anomie in the Lithuanian society.

Vyrų savižudybės neretai siejamos su vyriškumo normomis, kurios skatina tam tikrą savižudybės riziką didinantį elgesį. Tačiau mokslininkai taip pat svarsto, kad nagrinėjant vyriškumą svarbu vertinti ne tik vyriškumo stereotipus, bet ir atsižvelgti į asmenines subjektyvias nuomones apie tai, kas yra vyriškumas. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti ir palyginti turinčių ir neturinčių minčių apie savižudybę vyrų subjektyvias nuomones apie vyriškumą. Apklausos metu 281 vyras atsakė į atvirą klausimą „Kas Jums yra vyriškumas?“ Atsakymai buvo analizuojami taikant turinio analizės metodą. Įvertinus tyrimo dalyvių mintis apie savižudybę, visa imtis buvo padalyta į dvi grupes: turinčius ir neturinčius minčių apie savižudybę. Šių dviejų grupių atsakymai į atvirą klausimą buvo palyginti pasitelkiant statistinius skaičiavimus. Paaiškėjo, kad turintys minčių apie savižudybę vyrai dažniau minėjo, kad jiems vyriškumas yra emocijų kontrolė, intelektualumas ir orientacija į sprendimus. Neturintys minčių apie savižudybę vyrai dažniau minėjo šeimą ir rūpinimąsi ja kaip svarbius vyriškumo aspektus. Rezultatai parodė, kad tam tikri vyriškumo aspektai gali būti susiję su didesne savižudybės rizika, tačiau tyrimas atskleidė ir tokią vyriškumo dalį, kuri gali būti atsparumo šaltinis. Male suicides are often associated with masculinity norms that encourage certain behaviours that increase the risk of suicide. For example, research shows that restricted emotionality, avoidance of seeking help and self-reliance are associated with higher suicide risk. However, these pre-formulated aspects of masculinity do not necessarily reflect men’s subjective opinions of what masculinity is to them. Researchers argue that it is important to consider personal views about what masculinity is, not only stereotypes about masculinity. The aim of this study is to reveal and compare the subjective opinions about the masculinity of men with and without suicidal ideation. 281 men answered the open-ended question during the survey: “What does masculinity mean to you?”. The answers were analyzed using a content analysis method. We transformed qualitative data into quantitative and compared them statistically between two groups: men with and without suicidal ideation. It turned out that men with suicidal thoughts were more likely to mention that masculinity is the control of emotions, intelligence, and decision-making. Men without suicidal thoughts were more likely to mention family and caring for it as essential aspects of masculinity. The results showed that certain aspects of masculinity might be related to higher risk for suicide, but the study also revealed the masculinity that might be a source of coping.

Background and Objectives: Suicidality among adolescents is a global mental health issue. However, the post-suicidal care of minors is insufficient and lacks complexity, as repeated attempts occur. Further, little is known about the social (i.e., family setting) and psychological (for example, exposure to bullying, suicidality, or addiction within a close environment) backgrounds of minors who engage in suicidal behavior in Lithuania. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate and compare psychosocial factors that may influence minors’ decisions to attempt suicide for the first time and then repeatedly and to extract notes for future clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Data from 187 cases of suicide attempts by minors treated at the Children’s Hospital of Vilnius University Santara Clinics from January 2011 to January 2018 was obtained and analyzed. Results: The data showed that 48.7% of minors hospitalized because of a suicide attempt had a history of previous suicide attempts. Minors who attempted suicide repeatedly were more often engaged in non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (p = 0.033). Further, a small number had experienced suicide within their close surroundings (p = 0.045). The comparative analysis did not reveal any significant differences in psychosocial backgrounds between first-time attempters and those who attempted suicide for at least a second time. Conclusions: Social and psychological support after a suicide attempt in a pediatric setting is lacking efficiency, as minors who repeatedly attempt suicide suffer from similar psychosocial burdens. Complex and targeted follow-up care is needed. Keywords: adolescents; attempted suicide; follow-up care.

Per Abiejų Tautų Respublikos padalijimus ir po jų XVIII–XIX amžių sandūroje Lietuvos elitas patyrė daug permainų: ėmė ryškėti takoskyra tarp Apšvietos idėjų šalininkų ir konservatyviosios aristokratijos. Pirmieji siekė reformų ir valstybės savarankiškumo bei visuomenės progreso. Antrieji nepalaikė pertvarkų ir siekė išsaugoti buvusią visuomenės sanklodą, neretai siekė Rusijos imperijos politikų paramos. Būtina tyrinėti ne tik to laikotarpio elito veiksmus politikos srityje, bet ir jų buitį bei gyvenimo būdą. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, ką galima sužinoti apie veiksnius, galėjusius padaryti įtaką Liudviko Skumino Tiškevičiaus (1751–1808) – vieno svarbesnių XVIII–XIX amžių sandūros Lietuvos politinių veikėjų – sveikatai. Pagrindinis straipsnio herojus istoriografijoje vertintas kaip vienas iš konservatyvių pažiūrų didikų, didžiausią dėmesį skyręs savo materialinių gėrybių kaupimui. Darbe tiriama, kas žinoma apie grafo sveikatos sutrikimus. Taip pat aiškinamasi, kokie produktai buvo vartojami jo virtuvėje, kurie jo gyvenime egzistavę streso veiksniai galėjo padaryti įtaką jo sveikatai. Taip pat minimos jo mirties aplinkybės ir laidotuvės. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Rusijos imperija, aristokratija, sveikata, ligos, alkoholio vartojimas. Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz (1751–1808), the last Grand Marshal of the Duchy of Lithuania and First Marshal of the Nobles of the Lithuanian Governorate in Tsarist Russia, was not known as a gifted politician. He supported the conservatives in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before the Third Partition in 1795, and he was among the nobles who were supported by Russia and who were fundamentally hostile to reforms and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. In the Russian Empire, he was quite loyal to the new government, with no higher ambitions. Contemporaries and historians often emphasised Skumin Tyszkiewicz’s pursuit of wealth and luxury as troubling. Could it have directly or indirectly influenced his health? The article deals with this issue. The main sources were the accounts of Tyszkiewicz’s Vilnius treasury and provincial estates, and other informative financial documents, which tell us about the nobleman’s diet and his purchases of medication. Tyszkiewicz’s personal and financial correspondence, his memoirs and his funeral sermon, were used as well. During the early period of his life, references to Tyszkiewicz’s health problems are not very numerous. In fact, they are rather fragmentary and unspecific. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, Tyszkiewicz’s health was seriously undermined, he suffered from gout and other health problems, and he very rarely left his Garodnia estate. Knowledge about the aristocrat’s kitchen is indeed plentiful. Meat was served in abundance: beef (which probably predominated), lamb, pork, turkey, chicken and goose meat were all used in Skumin Tyszkiewicz’s kitchen. In addition, we know that wild animals were served (hare, roe deer, beaver, elk), wild birds (hazel grouse, partridge, western capercaillie, black grouse, common snipe), and small birds (such as nightingale, Bohemian waxwing, and even European bee-eater). There was also no shortage of fish, both local (pike, perch, tench, eel, European cisco and others), and imported (sturgeon, anchovy, herring). The nobleman used eggs, local and imported cheeses, rye bread and wheat bread, and rice. There was no shortage of vegetables either (carrots, lettuce, parsley, dill, cabbage, kohlrabi, potatoes). Tyszkiewicz’s kitchen was full of spices (black peppers, allspice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg). Chocolate, coffee, cream, sugar and honey were used as well. We also know quite a lot about local and imported alcohol for the nobleman: Burgundy, Hungarian wines, Champagne, regular and strong beer, porter, English ale, and French and cinnamon vodka. It can be concluded from the accounts that he consumed a lot of alcohol, especially beer. Research into the diet of his last year shows that although he used alcoholic beverages, sugar and a large quantity of flour dishes, Tyszkiewicz’s diet really did not lack healthy products, such as vegetables, greens, lean meat and fish. His death, however, was hardly unexpected, according to the memoirs of his daughter Anna Potocka. Presenting the results of the autopsy in his memoirs, Joseph Frank wrote that Skumin Tyszkiewicz must have felt unwell, as he was found with a completely ossified aorta, huge kidney stones and stony lung calcifications, a consequence of gout. It is difficult to judge whether the pursuit of luxury and abundant consumption led to the death of Skumin Tyszkiewicz. He lived as was usual in his epoch. The lifestyles of many other nobles were hardly different. But a deeper comparative analysis, requiring future research, may answer this question. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian Empire, aristocracy, biography, health, disease, nutrition, alcohol consumption.

Lietuva jau kelis dešimtmečius patenka tarp šalių, kurių savižudybių rodikliai yra didžiausi pasaulyje, tačiau tyrimų, kuriuose būtų nagrinėjami socialiniai ir demografiniai moterų savižudybių aspektai, Lietuvoje trūksta. Šio straipsnio tikslas – apskaičiuoti demografinius nuostolius, kuriuos patiria Lietuva dėl moterų savižudybių, ir įvertinti šių nuostolių socialinę ir demografinę diferenciaciją. Empirinė tyrimo dalis atlikta naudojant prarastų gyvenimo metų skaičiavimo metodiką. Tyrimo duomenų šaltiniai: Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija, Higienos institutas ir Human Mortality Database. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad nuo 2007 iki 2020 metų prarastų potencialių gyvenimo metų skaičius Lietuvoje statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo nuo 376 [321; 431] iki 287 [238; 335], tačiau moterų savižudybių lygio kaita buvo nenuosekli, o demografinių nuostolių dėl savižudybių mažėjimas buvo beveik perpus lėtesnis negu vyrų. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: demografinė diferenciacija, Lietuva, mirtingumas, moterų savižudybės, psichikos sveikata. In many countries of the world, including Lithuania, suicide rates for men are several times higher than for women. Therefore, the phenomenon of men’s suicide is receiving a lot of attention in public, scientific, and political discourses. In contrast, much less attention is paid to tackling women’s suicides and women’s mental health problems. Lithuania has been among the countries with the highest suicide rates for both men and women in the world for several decades, but research on the social and demographic aspects of women’s suicide in Lithuania is lacking. This paper aims to examine the demographic losses that Lithuania suffers from women suicides and assess the socio-demographic differentiation of these losses. The empirical part of the study was based on the calculation of years of life lost methodology. The years of life lost method is acknowledged as an accurate measure for assessing the impact of specific causes of death on premature mortality. Data sources for this study were the World Health Organization, Institute of Hygiene, and Human Mortality Database. The results of our study show that the number of years of lives lost due to women’s suicide decreased statistically significantly from 376 [321; 431] in 2007 to 287 [238; 335] in 2020. In Lithuania, the total number of women suicide was the highest among the 80+ year age group, however, the number of years of life lost due to suicide was the highest among the 30-39 year age group. The change in women’s suicide rates was inconsistent and for women, the decline in demographic loss due to suicide was twice as slow as for men. Nevertheless, the number of years of lives lost due to women’s suicide was about 5 times smaller than that of men in 2020. In Lithuania, high rates of women’s suicide reflect the poor state of women’s mental health, which poses challenges to the country’s mental health policy and sustainable demographic development. Keywords: demographic differentials, Lithuania, mental health, mortality, women’s suicide.

Aim. Social care institutions in Lithuania meet the major physical needs of elderly people in Lithuania; however, the psychological, social, and emotional aspects can often get neglected. The aim of the article is to fi nd a theoretical solution to the problem of satisfying the community needs of the Elderly at long-term inpatient care institutions. Methods. The article uses theoretical methods of reviewing, analyzing and summarizing the scientific literature to reveal the following problematic issues: What is the meaning of community spirit for the elderly in social care institutions? How Socio-cultural activities can strengthen the sense of community in care homes for seniors? Results. The results of the study revealed that a sense of community and safe emotional bonds in care institutions are especially important for psychosocial health and strong social ties for elderly. Socio-cultural work in communities is not only concerned with people’s social well-being and their most basic needs. It also involves interpersonal interaction between seniors of the community, helping with their self-realization, sharing common spiritual values - trust, gratitude, and respect - for a full sense of life. Conclusion. Community spirit can be strengthened by the socio-cultural traditions at the institution, the opportunities for self-expression stem from artistic activities, participation in self-education, and cultural events. The role of social workers is important, especially in motivating and involving people with greater health constraints to participate more actively in community life, ensuring equal opportunities for a full, high quality, and dignified old age.

In this article, we would like to look at video games from the point of view of a critical theory that incorporates some psychoanalytic ideas in the understanding of a subject and develops them further in the understanding of cultural forms. Since the general field of synthesis of critical theory and psychoanalysis lies precisely in the analysis of the formation of subjectivity in the interweaving of social, cultural, economic mechanisms, we will therefore turn to those authors who work in this direction. The article will examine the ideas of Zizek S., Dean J., Mcgowan T., Stiegler B., Andrejevic M., Bone A. These authors are actively involved a number of psychoanalytic concepts (lack, desire, pleasure, enjoyment) for understanding late capitalist society, literary theory, film, video games. However, in the beginning we will turn to understanding the game and its role in the life of people and their psyche from the point of view of the psychoanalysis of S. Freud and J. Lacan. Using the language of psychoanalysis and critical theory, the article will examine and analyze the network incremental video game “New Year Tree”, created by the Belarusian brand Stark-studio (http://starkstudio. by), which was first published in 2010 and, at first glance, has nothing to do with violence. In this context, we would like to consider the mechanisms of infinity and drive on the example of this incremental game. Keywords: video games, incremental games, Critical Theory, invisible violence, tyranny of infinity and enjoyment.

Tikslas – įvertinti asmenų, gavusių Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugas, požiūrį į suteiktą pagalbą ir jos veiksmingumą. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas atliktas kiekybinės anketinės apklausos būdu 2019 metų gegužės-rugpjūčio mėnesiais įstaigose, kuriose teikiamos Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugos. Kiekybinė tyrimo anketa sudaryta iš klausimų, skirtų surinkti duomenis apie socialinius-demografinius rodiklius, savižudybės grėsmę, paslaugų gavimo ypatumus, pasitenkinimą paslaugomis bei požiūrį į jų poveikį. Tiriamųjų atsakymai buvo apdoroti ir analizuojami „Microsoft Excel 2007“ ir „IBM SPSS 20.0“ programomis. Rezultatai ir išvados. Dauguma Kauno miesto savižudybių prevencijos modelio paslaugas gavusių tyrimo dalyvių atvejo vadybą, psichologines ar savitarpio pagalbos grupes ir anonimines psichologo konsultacijas vertino teigiamai. Daugiausia atvejo vadybos paslaugą išbandžiusių asmenų pastebėjo teigiamus pokyčius, gaunant emocinę paramą, žinias, kur galima kreiptis pagalbos ir mažinant mintis apie savižudybę, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo sprendžiant problemas, gerinant bendravimo įgūdžius ir asmeninius santykius. Psichologinėse arba savitarpio pagalbos grupėse dalyvavę asmenys daugiausia teigiamų pokyčių pastebėjo gaunant emocinę paramą, žinias, kur galima kreiptis pagalbos ir didinant viltį, kad pavyks išspręsti sunkumus, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo mažinant nerimą ir stresą, sprendžiant problemas, gerinant asmeninius santykius. Daugiausia anonimines psichologo konsultacijas gavusių asmenų pastebėjo teigiamus pokyčius, gaunant emocinę paramą, didinat viltį, kad pavyks išspręsti sunkumus ir gerinant emocinę savijautą, o mažiausiai pastebėjusių teigiamus pokyčius buvo gerinant asmeninius santykius, bendravimo įgūdžius, sprendžiant problemas. Raktažodžiai: savižudybės, prevencija, psichosocialinės paslaugos, pagalbos gavėjai, veiksmingumas. The aim of the study: To evaluate the approach of the persons receiving Kaunas city suicide prevention model services to the received psychosocial help and its’ effectiveness. Methods. The research was conducted from May to August 2019 in organizations, which provide services of Kaunas city suicide prevention model. The quantitative questionnaire consisted of questions about socio-demographics, suicide risk, service delivery characteristics, the satisfaction of received psychosocial help and the approach to their impact. MS Excel 2007 and SPSS 20.0 were used for statistical data analysis. Results and conclusions. Case management, psychological or support groups and anonymous psychological counseling were rated positively by the majority of persons, who received Kaunas city suicide prevention model services and participated in the research. Participants, who received case management, most noticed positive changes in getting emotional support, increasing knowledge about psychosocial help and reducing suicidal ideation. However, positive changes in solving problems, improving communication skills and personal relationships were least noticed after involvement in case management. The participation in psychological or support groups mostly helped to get more emotional support, to increase knowledge about psychosocial help and hope about problems solved in the future while the least noticed positive changes were in reducing anxiety and stress, improving personal relationships and skills of problems solving. Participants, who had anonymous psychological consultations, were most likely to notice positive changes in getting emotional support, increasing hope about problems solved in the future and improving emotional wellbeing. However, positive changes in improving personal relationships, communication skills and solving problems were least noticed after getting anonymous psychological consultations. Keywords: suicides, prevention, psychosocial services, aid recipients, effectiveness.

Straipsnyje analizuojama pedagogų nuomonė apie agresyvaus mokinių elgesio apraiškas ir galimas jų pasekmes – AMOK. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti pedagogų nuomonę apie agresyvų mokinių elgesį ir galimas jo pasekmes – mirtinai pavojingus smurto išpuolius – AMOK. Uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti Klaipėdos „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijos pedagogų nuomonę apie agresyvų mokinių elgesį ir mokytojų veiksmus susidūrus su tokiu mokinių elgesiu; 2. Išsiaiškinti Klaipėdos „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijos pedagogų nuomonę, ar agresyvus mokinių elgesys gali išprovokuoti mirtinai pavojingus smurto išpuolius – AMOK. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (mokslinės literatūros analizė), empiriniai (anketinė apklausa raštu), statistinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad „Žemynos“ ir Klaipėdos Eduardo Balsio menų gimnazijose egzistuoja agresyvaus mokinių elgesio problema, o dėl nuolatinių mokinių patyčių bei agresijos ir kitose Lietuvos mokyklose gali susidaryti sąlygos kilti mirtinai pavojingiems smurto išpuoliams – AMOK. Daugiau nei pusės tyrime dalyvavusių mokytojų nuomone, mokyklose egzistuoja agresyvaus mokinių elgesio problema, o vaikai norėdami būti populiarūs ir sulaukti daugiau aplinkinių dėmesio dažnai elgiasi agresyviai. Bullying and violence among students are becoming a sensitive issue not only for the school community and parents but also for the society, where is the increase in the growing number of aggressive students. It can cause severe social outcomes or even deadly mass assaults, in this case, AMOK. The aim of the research – to analyse teachers’ opinion on students’ aggressive behaviour and its possible consequences, deadly mass assaults, AMOK. The objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the opinion of teachers, who are working at Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium about student’s aggressive behaviour and teachers‘ actions when they are confronted with such student’s behaviour. 2. To reveal the opinion of teachers at Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium whether aggressive students’ behaviour can provoke deadly mass assaults, i.e. AMOK. The sample of the research consists of 33 teachers from Klaipėda Žemyna Gymnasium and 41 teachers from Klaipėda Eduardas Balsys Art Gymnasium. The methods of the research: theoretical (the analysis of scientific sources), empirical (a written survey), statistical data analysis. The schools’ community face with the issue of students’ aggressive behaviour, and constant bullying and aggression among students in Lithuanian schools. This may lead to deadly mass assaults – AMOK. The findings of the research show that more than half of the total number of teachers, who participated in the research, believes that the issue of students’ aggressive behaviour exists in schools, as children usually behave aggressively, as want to be popular and get more attention from other people in their environment.

The article discusses the problem of prevention of radicalisation in religious schools in Europe. In this publication the authors of the publication aim to present a systematic analysis of the legal framework of religious education and its relationship and limitations in the aim to prevent radicalization. In order to achieve the aim of the research the following tasks will be carried out: revealing of the essence of the freedom of right of thought, religion and conscience and their relation to religious education; analysing documents, strategies and policies addressing the prevention of radicalization in Europe; evaluating the intersection of right to religious education and the need to prevent radicalisation. The question is relevant due to the ever-increasing number of terrorist acts performed by persons who have been born in European states (so called home-grown terrorists). The publication discusses the right to religion and the right to religious education and its limitations. The development of EU policy in the field of counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation is extensively discussed. Finally, the guidelines are drawn for the conciliation of the freedom to religion and beliefs and the pressing need to prevent persons from radicalisation.

Background: A loved one’s loss due to suicide can be a traumatic experience and trigger a complex grief process. Although spirituality, defined as a search for the Sacred in a broad sense, can be a resource and an obstacle in coping with the suicide bereavement process, there is a gap in scientific understanding of the role spirituality plays during the process. Methods: To explore the role of spirituality in people bereaved by suicide, we recruited 11 women who lost a life partner due to suicide. We conducted semi-structured interviews and analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: We identified the following three themes: spirituality is a supportive resource that can be reached for or achieved without conscious involvement; spirituality provides helpful ways to cope with grief; spirituality makes the grief process more difficult. Conclusions: Spirituality, if personally meaningful and supported by others, can function as a resource after a loved one’s suicide and even add to post-traumatic growth after the loss. On the contrary, spirituality-related issues, such as stigmatization and a lack of personally meaningful traditions, can distress the bereaved. Difficult spiritual experiences and questions can become an intricate part of the grief process. Keywords: postvention; suicide bereavement; spirituality; religion; religious coping; spiritual coping.

Santrauka. Dauguma tyrėjų, besigilinančių į smurto prieš moteris šeimoje problemą, naudoja senus bei rigidiškus įrankius, iš esmės skirtus vertinti fizinio smurto patirtį, ignoruojant kitas plačiai paplitusias smurto formas ar joms skiriant nepakankamai dėmesio. Taigi įvairios išgyventos patirtys ir smurto prieš moteris šeimoje problemos įvairiapusiškumas nėra atskleidžiami bei atpažįstami ir dėl to nesulaukia tinkamo tyrėjų, praktikų bei sprendimų priėmėjų dėmesio. Šiuo tyrimu buvo siekiama į lietuvių kalbą išversti ir adaptuoti dvi daugiadimenses skales: Sudėtinę smurto skalę (SSS, angl. Composit Abuse Scale) ir Ekonominio išnaudojimo skalę (EIS, angl. Scale of Economic Abuse). Taip pat siekta patvirtinti šių skalių validumą ir patikimumą, nustatant Lietuvos moterų patirtį artimuose santykiuose. Tyrime dalyvavo 311 intymaus partnerio smurtą patyrusių moterų. Abiejų skalių struktūra buvo patvirtinta taikant patvirtinamąją faktorinę analizę, o vidinis suderinamumas – naudojant McDonaldo omega koeficientą. Remiantis naujausiais tyrimais, buvo patvirtinta penkių faktorių SSS struktūra, susidedanti iš penkių subskalių: žiauraus įvairių rūšių smurto, seksualinio smurto, emocinio smurto, fizinio smurto ir priekabiavimo. Taip pat patvirtinta trijų faktorių EIS struktūra – ekonominės kontrolės, ekonomino išnaudojimo ir karjeros sabotavimo. Abi skalės pasižymėjo geru vidiniu suderinamumu. Adaptuotos ir validizuotos skalės, kuriomis matuojama įvairiapusė smurto prieš moteris šeimoje patirtis, leis surinkti išsamesnius duomenis, geriau atspindėti įvairias moterų patirtis smurtiniuose santykiuose ir atitinkamai praplėsti problemos nagrinėjimą bei sprendimo būdų pasirinkimą akademiniu, praktiniu bei politiniu lygiu. Many researchers are still relying on older and more rigid instruments focusing mostly on the physical aspect of intimate partner violence (IPV). This way multidimensionality of IPV and complex experiences of IPV survivors’ are overlooked by many researchers, practitioners and decision-makers. Therefore, our study aimed to adopt to Lithuanian two multidimensional scales: the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and the Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA). As well as confirm its validity and reliability for the use for determining the experiences of Lithuanian women in intimate partner relationships. Through various channels 311 women, survivors of IPV were recruited. The structure of both measurements was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and internal consistency using McDonald’s omega coefficient. Relying on the newest research we confirmed a five-factor structure for the CAS with the five factors being: Severe Combined Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Emotional Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Harassment. We also confirmed the three-factor structure for the SEA, resulting in Economic Control, Economic Exploitation, and Employment Sabotage. The instruments demonstrated high internal consistency. The validated instruments that measure multidimensionality of IPV will allow a more comprehensive data and knowledge collection of women’s experiences in abusive relationships.

Due to the high levels of alcohol use, alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease, and detrimental drinking patterns, Lithuania implemented a series of alcohol control policies within a relatively short period of time, between 2008 and 2019. Based on their expected impact on alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable harm, as well as their target population, these policies have been classified using a set of objective criteria and expert opinion. The classification criteria included: positive vs. negative outcomes, mainly immediate vs. delayed outcomes, and general population vs. specific group outcomes. The judgement of the alcohol policy experts converged on the objective criteria, and, as a result, two tiers of intervention were identified: Tier 1—highly effective general population interventions with an anticipated immediate impact, Tier 2—other interventions aimed at the general population. In addition, interventions directed at specific populations were identified. This adaptable methodological approach to alcohol control policy classification is intended to provide guidance and support for the evaluation of alcohol policies elsewhere, to lay the foundation for the critical assessment of the policies to improve health and increase life expectancy, and to reduce crime and violence.

Vyrų mirtingumas dėl alkoholio sąlygotų priežasčių Lietuvoje vis dar yra vienas iš didžiausių Europos Sąjungoje. Analizuojant 29 pusiau struktūruotus interviu su 35–45 m. vyrais, gyvenančiais Pietryčių Lietuvos regione, straipsnyje aptariamas socialinio ir aplinkos konteksto modelio (SAKM) poveikis jų alkoholio vartojimui. Siekiama atskleisti vyrų alkoholio vartojimo privalomosios normos formavimąsi, susijusį su socialiniu ir aplinkos kontekstu. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad socialinės normos (privalomosios ir aprašomosios) lemia alkoholio vartojimo įpročių formavimąsi paauglystės ir jaunystės laikotarpiu ir tęsiasi vėlesniame gyvenime. Išskiriami du alkoholio vartotojų tipai: pasiduodantieji socialinės aplinkos įtakai, kai tolesniame individo gyvenime privalomoji alkoholio vartojimo norma išlieka, ir atsispiriantieji socialinio konteksto įtakai, kai privalomosios normos reikšmė mažėja arba jos atsisakoma. Reikšminiai žodžiai: alkoholio vartojimas, socialinės normos, privalomoji ir aprašomoji normos, socialinis ir aplinkos konteksto modelis. Male mortality due to alcohol related causes in Lithuania is still one of the highest among European Union countries. This article discusses the impact of socio-environmental context on alcohol consumption by analysing 29 semi-structured interviews with 35-45 year old men living in the Southeast region of Lithuania. The aim of this article is to reveal the formation of injunctive alcohol consumption norms for men in relation to their socio-environmental context. The study revealed that the role of social norms (injunctive and descriptive) strongly determines the formation of alcohol consumption habits during youth and adolescence and continues in later life. There are two types of male alcohol consumption: the “Susceptible to the Influence of the Social Context” type, where the injunctive alcohol consumption norm is maintained for the rest of the individual’s life, and the “Resisting the Influence of the Social Context” type, where the injunctive norm decreases or is abandoned. Keywords: alcohol consumption, social norms, injunctive and descriptive norms, socio-environmental context model.

To reduce alcohol consumption, in 2018 the Lithuanian Government introduced new restrictions on alcohol sales time, consumer age, and alcohol advertising. These restrictions apply to the entire population, regardless of alcohol consumption behavior. Such actions of the government were provoked by the scale of the problem; according to the data provided by the World Health Organization and the European Union Commission, Lithuania sits among the leading countries in alcohol consumption.The policies taken by the government to reduce alcohol consumption are described by many economists as paternalistic, as they reduce an individual’s freedom of decision. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the changes in alcohol consumption behavior after the regulatory measures entered into force and the public attitude towards these measures based on research results.This article presents the results of a study first conducted in December 2016 by the researchers of the Faculty of Economics of Vilnius University and the representatives of the Lithuanian Business Confederation*. The aim of the study was to distinguish the different groups of alcohol consumers and their alcohol consumption behavior and attitudes towards the alcohol restriction policies.** To achieve this aim, an analysis of scientific papers, a population survey, and statistical analysis methods were used.The authors conclude that alcohol restriction policies, met with a relatively favorable public attitude, may have adjusted levels of alcohol consumption and its patterns, but the increase in the number of young people among alcohol consumers is not in line with the expected policy outcomes. The measures adopted did not encourage respondents to give up alcohol in the longer term (12 months).

Mimo dynamicznego wzrostu gospodarczego i istotnych przemian politycznych, do jakich doszło w ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat, mieszkańcy państw bałtyckich w dalszym ciągu narażeni są na ryzyko ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego w większym stopniu niż obywatele innych państw europejskich. Celem pracy jest dokonanie analizy stanu społecznego i oceny polityk wobec ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego Litwy, Łotwy i Estonii. Jak wynika z badań diagnostycznych przeprowadzonych w oparciu o metody statystyczne i wskaźniki społeczne, w tych państwach najbardziej zagrożone są osoby starsze, kobiety i dzieci. Z powodu szczególnych polityk narodowych i upolitycznienia problematyki etnicznej, również przedstawiciele mniejszości narodowych i grup etnicznych są podatni na zagrożenie ubóstwem i wykluczeniem. Wnioski płynące z niniejszych badań wskazują, że problem jest w dalszym ciągu istotny, a zagrożenie ubóstwem może wzrosnąć w sytuacjach kryzysowych.

Tyrimu siekta išsiaiškinti, kokio amžiaus, lyties ir kokius psichikos sutrikimus turintys VšĮ Respublikinės Vilniaus psichiatrijos ligoninės (RVPL) pacientai dažniau išgyvena savižudybės krizes, ar pandemija padažnino savižudybės krizes ir kokios grupės buvo labiausiai paveiktos. Tyrimo imtis – visi RVPL pacientai, kuriems nuo 2019 m. I ketvirčio iki 2021 m. II ketvirčio buvo atliktas savižudybės krizę išgyvenančių asmenų psichosocialinis vertinimas (N = 1323; amžius: nuo 10 iki 91 m., vid. 37,61 m.; 51,8 % vyrų ir 48,2 % moterų). Nustatyta, kad moterų imtyje savižudybės krizė dažniausiai pasitaiko 10–19 m. amžiaus, vėliau dažnis pastoviai mažėja; vyrų imtyje savižudybių krizių dažnis didėja nuo 10–19 m., pasiekia piką 30–39 m. amžiaus, o vėliau mažėja. Rečiausiai savižudybės krizes išgyvena 80>m. vyrai. Moterų imtyje savižudybės krizė dažniausia tarp pacienčių, kurių pagrindinė diagnozė yra šizofrenijos spektro sutrikimas; vyrų imtyje – asmenybės sutrikimas. Daugiau nei pusei savižudybės krizę išgyvenančių pacientų diagnozuotas sutrikimas dėl psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų (PAM) vartojimo. Dažniausia sutrikimų kombinacija – sutrikimas dėl PAM vartojimo kartu su asmenybės sutrikimu, ypač 20–49 m. amžiaus vyrų grupėje. Potrauminio streso sutrikimo diagnozė nustatoma ypač retai (0,5% atvejų). Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu (nuo 2019 m. I ketvirčio iki 2021 m. II ketvirčio) bendrasis savižudybių krizių dažnis nepakito, tačiau nustatyti pokyčiai atskirose grupėse: daugėja savižudybių krizių 30–39 m. ir 80>m. vyrų grupėse, tarp vyrų, kuriems nustatyti sutrikimai dėl PAM vartojimo ir organiniai psichikos sutrikimai; ir 70–79 m. moterų grupėje. Raktažodžiai: savižudybės krizė, psichiatrijos pacientai, COVID-19 pandemija. The aim of this study was to find out at what age, what gender and with what mental disorders patients of Republican Vilnius psychiatric hospital (RVPH) were more likely to experience suicide crisis, as well whether the pandemic increased suicide crisis rates and which groups were affected the most. This study sample – all RVPH patients who in the period of 2019 I quarter to 2021 II quarter were assessed with psychosocial assessment form for people surviving suicide crisis (N = 1323; age: from 10 to 91, mean 37,61; 51,8 % men and 48,2 % women). In the sample of women, suicide crisis was found to be most common among 10–19 years of age, the frequency decreased steadily in the later age; in the sample of men, the frequency of suicide crisis increased from 10–19 years of age, reached a peak in 30–39 years of age, and later it decreased, suicide crisis was the rarest in 80+ years men. In the sample of women, suicide crisis was most common among patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, while in a sample of men – with a personality disorder. More than half of the patients experiencing a suicide crisis have been also diagnosed with a disorder related to the use of psychoactive substances (PAS). The most common combination of disorders was a disorder related to the use of PAS in combination with a personality disorder, especially in the 20–49 age group of men. The diagnosis of PTSD was extremely rare (0.5% of cases). In general, in the period from 2019 I quarter to 2021 II quarter the frequency of suicide crisis did not change, yet changes were found in separate groups: the number of suicide crisis increased in 30–39 and 80+ groups of men, who were diagnosed with disorders related to PAS use and organic mental disorders; also, in a group of 70–79 years old women. Keywords: suicide crisis, psychiatric patients, COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Lithuania possesses one of the highest alcohol per capita consumption and has previously implemented alcohol control policies to reduce the alcohol-attributable burden. The aim of this study was to investigate Lithuanian cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate trends between 2001 and 2018 and to explore a possible link between CVD mortality rate and alcohol control policy implementation. Methods Lithuanian population mortality and alcohol consumption data for 2001–2018 were obtained from Statistics Lithuania and The State Register of Death Cases and Their Causes, Institute of Hygiene. Sex-specific CVD mortality rates were directly standardized to the European standard population by five-year age groups and categorized according to the ICD-10 codes for all CVDs (I00-I99), ischemic heart disease (IHD) (I20-I25), cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) and alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) (I42.6). Joinpoint regression analyses were performed to identify points of inflection to explore their alignment with five selected alcohol policy enactments. Results Overall, the 2001–2018 yearly mortality rates for all CVDs significantly decreased on average by − 1.6% (95% CI -2.0, − 1.2%) among men and − 2.1% (95% CI -2.5, − 1.8%) among women. Yearly changes in all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and ACM mortality rates were insignificant prior to their respective critical year points in 2006, 2005, 2008 and 2007, but significantly decreased afterwards by an average of − 2.4% (95% CI -2.7, − 2.0%), − 1.6% (95% CI -2.1, − 1.1%), − 1.2% (95 CI -1.7, − 0.6%) and − 4.5% (95% CI -7.3, − 1.6%) among men, and by − 2.7% (95% CI -3.0, − 2.3%), − 2.0% (95% CI -2.6, − 1.4%), − 1.8% (95% CI 2.4, − 1.3%) and − 6.6% (95% CI -10.7, − 2.2%) among women, respectively. The changes in the mortality rate trends for all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and especially ACM coincided with alcohol policies enacted on the January 1, 2008, January 1, 2009, April 1, 2014 and March 1, 2017. Conclusions Yearly mortality rates for all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and ACM have declined in Lithuania between 2001 and 2018, and declining trends were more prominent in women than in men. Among the ICD-10 CVD categories investigated, the points of inflection identified for the ACM mortality rate trend coincided best with the selected alcohol policy enactment dates.

Since the late 16th – early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch – the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.

ObjectivesThe aims of the study were (1) to describe trends in the prevalence of monthly alcohol use from 2003 to 2015 and (2) to analyse the associations between alcohol use and family-related and school-related factors, risk behaviours and perceived alcohol availability in Estonia compared with Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden.MethodsThe study used nationally representative data of 15–16-year-old adolescents from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Data from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Sweden collected in 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 were utilised (n=57 779). The prevalence of monthly alcohol use including light and strong alcohol use was calculated for each study year. A χ2 test for trend was used to evaluate statistically significant changes in alcohol use over the study period. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was used for assessing the association between alcohol use and explanatory factors. Marginal ORs with 95% CIs for each country were calculated.ResultsMonthly alcohol use decreased significantly among boys and girls in all countries from 2003 to 2015. In 2015, the prevalence of monthly alcohol use among boys was 36.1% in Estonia, 44.3% in Latvia, 32.4% in Lithuania, 32.3% in Finland and 22.4% in Sweden. Among girls, it was 39.1%, 45.9%, 35.6%, 31.8% and 29.1%, respectively. In all countries, higher odds of monthly alcohol use were observed among adolescents who skipped school, smoked cigarettes, used cannabis, perceived alcohol to be easy to access and had parents who did not know always/often about their child’s whereabouts on Saturday nights. Compared with Estonia, associations between alcohol use and explanatory factors were similar in Latvia and Lithuania but different in Finland and Sweden.ConclusionResults of cross-national comparison of alcohol use and explanatory factors could be effectively used to further decrease alcohol use among adolescents.

Šalys, susiduriančios su socialinėmis problemomis, kurios yra susijusios su neįgaliaisiais, taiko įvairias priemones ir būdus, siekdamos jas išspręsti. Viena iš tokių priemonių – valstybės pagalba. Nepaisant to, šių priemonių taikymas ne visada leidžia pasiekti valstybės politikoje nustatytų tikslų ir pagerinti tokius rodiklius kaip neįgaliųjų integracija į darbo rinką ir socialinės atskirties mažinimas. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama socialinė problema, susijusi ne tik su neįgaliųjų užimtumo didėjimu, bet ir su galimybių pagerinti šios grupės gyvenimo lygį tyrimais. Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti kitų šalių praktiką, siekiant sukurti efektyvų neįgaliųjų užimtumo įsitraukimo į darbo rinką modelį. Pagal pasirinktus rodiklius, atspindinčius socialinę atskirtį ir skurdą, atliekamas daugiakriteris ES šalių 2010–2018 m. laikotarpio vertinimas. Taikant paprastųjų svorių sudėjimo metodą (SAW), pagal politikos įgyvendinimo efektyvumą vertinamas ES šalių vykdomas valstybės politikos neįgaliųjų užimtumas ir jų socialinis įtraukimas. Remiantis atlikto daugiakriterio vertinimo rezultatais, nustatyta, kad sėkmingiausiai neįgaliųjų skurdo mažinimo ir užimtumo politiką analizuojamu 2010–2018 m. laikotarpiu įgyvendino dvi šalys – Nyderlandai ir Suomija. Remiantis Nyderlandų ir Suomijos vykdomos politikos pavyzdžiais, gali būti siūlomi du skirtingi reformos modeliai Lietuvai. Vienas iš siūlomų modelių galėtų būti nukreiptas į griežtų priemonių, skatinančių neįgaliųjų integravimą į darbo rinką, taikymą. Tam galima pasitelkti Nyderlandų politikos pavyzdį ir nustatyti kvotas darbdaviams, kurios leistų įdarbinti tam tikrą skaičių neįgalių asmenų. Tokiu atveju laukiami rezultatai būtų pasiekti ir be valstybės pagalbos teikimo, kadangi prievolė įdarbinti neįgaliuosius būtų įtvirtinta teisės aktais. Kitas siūlomas modelis susijęs su švelnesnių priemonių taikymu, t. y. valstybės pagalbos teikimu visoms įmonėms, pasirengusioms įdarbinti neįgalius asmenis. Kadangi Lietuvoje socialinėms įmonėms skiriama parama negeneruoja laukiamos naudos, šio modelio atveju tikslinga remtis suomių patirtimi ir socialinėms įmonėms skirti valstybės pagalbą, jei įdarbinami sunkią negalią (0–25 proc. darbingumo lygį) turintys asmenys. Taip pat labai svarbus ir valstybės sektoriaus vaidmuo kaip socialiai atsakingo darbdavio, priimančio sveikatos problemų turinčius asmenis, todėl šiam sektoriui galėtų būti nustatomos neįgaliųjų įdarbinimo kvotos. Countries facing social problems that are related to people with disabilities use a variety of instruments and methods to address them. One such measure is State aid. However, the application of these measures does not always lead to the achievement of public policy goals, the improvement of indicators such as the integration of people with disabilities into the labour market, and the reduction of social exclusion. This paper examines a social problem related not only to the increase in the employment rate of people with disabilities, but also to research on improving the living standards of this group. Lithuania has been promoting the employment of disabled people by providing State support for employing disabled people for more than a decade. It should be noted that this support scheme has remained practically unchanged throughout this period, and is provided to social enterprises where the employment of persons with disabilities provides limited opportunities for participation in society and does not change public attitudes towards persons with disabilities. This employment model shows sluggish progress in the reduction of unemployment and poverty among people with disabilities, and needs to be assessed and adjusted to implement various policy actions and measures. Efforts have been made to reform employment policy for people with disabilities since 2020, but these changes are not yet concrete, and State aid continues to be granted to disabled people employed based on a care-employment model. The impact of these changes may be insignificant in the future, so it is important for the State to fundamentally review the implemented policy based on the practice of other countries. The novelty of this paper and its contribution to science are reflected in the assessment of the effectiveness of the policies implemented by European Union countries in the field of disabled people. The aim of this article is to analyse the practices of other countries in order to develop an effective model for the employment of people with disabilities in the labour market. The analysis of EU countries for the period 2010–2018 is carried out according to the selected indicators, reflecting social exclusion and poverty. This analysis is performed using the SAW method, which integrates the values of the individual criteria of the countries analysed and the weights attributed to them into a single criterion. In this way, the best alternatives are ranked according to the values obtained, in which case countries are evaluated according to the effectiveness of the policy implementation. Considering the results of the evaluation, proposals for Lithuania are formulated. According to the results of the multi-criteria evaluation, two countries – the Netherlands and Finland – have been the most successful in implementing poverty reduction and employment policies for people with disabilities over the period analysed. According to the Dutch and Finnish policy examples, two different reform models for Lithuania can be formulated. One of the proposed models focuses on the application of strict measures to promote the integration of disabled people into the labour market. This takes its form from an example of Dutch policy, and introduces quotas for employers to employ a certain number of disabled people. In this case, the expected results would also be achieved without State aid, as the obligation to employ disabled people would be enshrined in legislation. Another proposed model involves the application of more lenient measures, such as the provision of State aid to all companies willing to employ people with disabilities. As the support provided to social enterprises in Lithuania does not generate the expected benefits, in the case of this model it is expedient to rely on the Finnish experience and to grant State aid to social enterprises if persons with severe disabilities (0–25% working capacity level) are employed. The role of the public sector as a socially responsible employer hosting people with health problems is also crucial, and quotas for the employment of people with disabilities could be set for this sector. As part of the reform under the proposed axes, the employment of disabled people would be directed towards an open labour market. In the short term, the impact of this reform on the reduction of poverty and material deprivation and on the social inclusion of people with disabilities would not be significant, but, in the long term, the participation of people with disabilities in the open labour market would lead to competitive wages and thus improve living conditions.

Alkoholizmo liga yra organizme vykstančių procesų, kurių ligonis negali kontroliuoti, rezultatas. Ši liga yra trauma visai šeimos sistemai ir daro įtaką vaikų vystymuisi bei sutuoktinės emocinei ir fizinei sveikatai. Straipsnyje aptariama, kokį poveikį šeimai daro alkoholizmo problema ir kaip šeimos nariai prisitaiko prie pakitusios šeimos sistemos, analizuojami sutuoktinės išgyvenimai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: šeima, alkoholizmas, priklausomybė, piktnaudžiavimas, išgyvenimai. Alcoholism has always been a sensitive issue for the state and society. It is a life threatening chronic disease that affects not only the health of the person who is abusing alcohol, but his social life too; it touches and violates the whole family system. The problem of alcoholism is a major trauma for the whole family, which deeply affects the development of children and the emotional and physical health of the wife. The wife of an alcoholic spouse assumes financial responsibility, responsibility for the well-being of children, and feels responsible for abusive husband’s actions. Wives of alcoholic partners try various ways to help their husbands stop using alcohol, try to cover the consequences of alcohol, hiding the problem of alcoholism in the family, and adapting to a distorted environment. The purpose of the study is to reveal experiences of spouses living with men who are affected by chronic alcoholism. In order to reveal the experiences of wives of alcoholic men, qualitative research method was selected by using a nonstructured indepth interview. The research was conducted in Kaunas city and involved 7 women aged from 45 to 60 years old. All the participants of the research attend Al-Anon group. The obtained data was analyzed on the basis of the narrative analysis method. Narrative research has been selected for individual women who live with alcoholic men and have a different perception of their reality. According to the results of the research, women, whose husbands are alcohol-dependent, experience psychological and emotional pressure, negative feelings, social exclusion, financial deprivation, and tend to blame themselves for a man’s addiction and a disrupted family system. Insecurity and responsibility for the future cause constant tension, which results a loss of women’s self-esteem, self-confidence, disruption of physical health and development of codependency. Keywords: family, alcoholism, addiction, abuse, experiences.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti alkoholio žalos vaidmens suvokimą blaivybės judėjimų (BJ) ir juos rėmusių skirtingų interesų grupių viešosios politikos siekiniuose. Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai: 1) aprašyti alkoholio politikos interesus; 2) atskleisti, kaip alkoholio žala buvo suvokiama klasikinio liberalizmo kontekste; 3) identifikuoti, kaip alkoholio žalą pozicionavo BJ; 4) išskirti BJ palaikiusias interesų grupes bei politinį atsaką į socialinių grupių reikalavimą. Straipsnis remiasi literatūros apžvalga bei interpretacija. Blaivybės hegemonijos (XIX a. ir XX a. pr.) laikotarpiu socialiniai judėjimai ir skirtingos interesų grupės alkoholio žalą suvokė holistiškai: pradedant geriančiuoju, bet pabrėžiant bendruomenės interesą. Klasikinis liberalizmas alkoholio žalą kitiems nei geriantysis laikė pagrįstu principu riboti geriančiojo laisvę. Atsižvelgiant į moralinį reguliavimą, blaivybė buvo dorybė ir aukštesnio statuso tapatybės bruožas, siejamas su asmens orumu, verte, produktyvumu, sveiku ir išsilavinusiu (ar to siekiančio) piliečiu. Socialiniai judėjimai, propagavę ir palaikę blaivybę, leido žmogui rinktis tarp dviejų kraštutinių alternatyvų, iš kurių viena vedė į degradaciją, kita – į klestėjimą. Šalia BJ, kurių nariai duodavo priesaiką nevartoti alkoholio, neskatinti kitų ir propaguoti blaivybę, buvo daug juos palaikiusių interesų grupių: moterys, kurios siekė šeimos ir šalies gerovės bei savo teisių; darbininkai, kurie siekė savo teisių; kapitalistai, kuriems reikėjo blaivių darbuotojų; socialistai, kuriems reikėjo darbininkų balsų; bolševikai, kuriems reikėjo blaivių darbininkų proletarinei sąmonei ugdyti. Blaivybė buvo išsilaisvinimo iš vergijos ir baudžiavos, tautinės sąmonės ugdymo, suverenios valstybės kūrimo priemonė, skatinusi išsilavinimą ir sveikatą. Blaivybę palaikė eugenikos, higienizmo, rasės gryninimo judėjimai. Per individualų ir kolektyvinį veiksmą BL blaivų gyvenimą įprasmino kaip aukštesnių tikslų siekimo priemonę. Siekiant blaivybei tinkamos aplinkos, reikėjo griežtos alkoholio politikos: nuo griežto licencijavimo iki visiškos prohibicijos. The purpose of this article is to reveal the role of the perception of alcohol’s harm in the outcomes of Temperance Movements (TM) and of the different interest groups that supported them. The tasks to achieve this goal are the following: 1) to describe the interests of alcohol policy; 2) to reveal how the harm of alcohol was seen in the context of classical liberalism; 3) to identify how the harm of alcohol was positioned by TM; 4) to outline the interest groups that supported TM and the political response to it. The article is based on the review and interpretation of literature. Social movements and different interest groups saw the harm of alcohol holistically during the period of Temperance hegemony (19th and 20th centuries): starting with the drinker but emphasizing the community interest. Classical liberalism considered the harm alcohol caused to other people, not the drinker himself, as a reasonable principle to restrict the drinker's freedom. Temperance in the context of moral regulations was a virtue and a feature of higher status with regard to the person’s dignity, value, productivity, health and education. Social movements that promoted and supported temperance allowed to choose between two extremities: i.e., one leading to degradation and the other to prosperity. TM members took a pledge to abstain from alcohol, to encourage others to be sober and to promote sobriety. There were several interest groups alongside TM that supported this movement: the women who sought welfare of the family and country and protection of their own rights; workers who sought their rights; capitalists who needed sober workers; socialists who needed the votes of the workers; the Bolsheviks, who needed sober workers to cultivate proletarian consciousness. Sobriety was a means to develop a national consciousness and create a sovereign state that promoted liberation and health. Temperance was supported by the movements of eugenics, hygiene and race purification. TM showed sober life to be the means of achieving higher goals through individual and collective action. A strict alcohol policy, which ranged from strict licensing to total prohibition, was required to achieve a sobriety-friendly environment.

Aims: The aim of this contribution was to estimate the impact of the last significant alcohol taxation increase in Lithuania in 2017 on alcohol consumption, incident cancer cases, and cancer mortality, as well as the number of cancer outcomes that could have potentially been averted in 2018 had larger increases in alcohol excise taxation been applied. Design: Statistical modelling was used to estimate the change in alcohol per capita consumption following the tax increase, and alcohol-attributable fraction methodology was then used to estimate the associated cancer incidence and mortality. Potential increases of current excise duties were modelled in two steps. First, beverage-specific price elasticities of demand were used to predict the associated decreases in consumption and cancer outcomes, and second, the outcomes arising from the actual numbers and the modelled numbers were compared. Method: Data were taken from the following sources: alcohol consumption data from Statistics Lithuania and the WHO, cancer data from the International Agency of Research on Cancer, and risk relations and elasticities of demand from published meta-analyses. Results: A total of 15,857 new cancer cases (8,031 in women and 7,826 in men) and 8,534 cancer deaths (3,757 in women and 4,777 in men) were recorded in Lithuania in 2018. Using the attributable fraction methodology, we estimate that 4.8% of 761 of these new cancer cases were attributable to alcohol use (284 in women; 477 in men), as well as 5.5% or 466 cancer deaths (115 in women; 351 in men). With the taxation increase of 2017, 45 new cases and 24 deaths will be averted over the next 10 years. Further taxation increases of 100% could double the number of new cancer cases averted or saved. Conclusion: In a high-consumption European country like Lithuania, alcohol use is an important and avoidable risk factor for cancer. Taxation is an important measure to reduce the alcohol-attributable cancer burden.

Alcohol is a major risk factor for burden of disease. However, there are known effective and cost-effective alcohol control policies that could reduce this burden. Based on reviews, international documents, and contributions to this special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH), this article gives an overview of the implementation of such policies in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region, and of best practices. Overall, there is a great deal of variability in the policies implemented between countries, but two countries, the Russian Federation and Lithuania, have both recently implemented significant increases in alcohol taxation, imposed restrictions on alcohol availability, and imposed bans on the marketing and advertising of alcohol within short time spans. Both countries subsequently saw significant decreases in consumption and all-cause mortality. Adopting the alcohol control policies of these best-practice countries should be considered by other countries. Current challenges for all countries include cross-border shopping, the impact from recent internet-based marketing practices, and international treaties.

Over the three last decades, Lithuania has reported some of the highest male suicide rates in the world. This paper relies on longitudinal census-linked data for Lithuania covering the entire male population aged 30–64 years during the 2011–2017 period. The study uses multilevel modelling to examine the importance of the selected individual- and area-level contextual characteristics. One of the key findings is the persistence of a suicide disadvantage among males living in rural areas. This disadvantage could not be explained by major sociodemographic characteristics and remained statistically significant for those individuals who migrated to urban areas. Unlike some other studies, we found that socio-economic area-level characteristics retained their significance after controlling for the major individual-level characteristics. This evidence highlights the potential for policies aimed at improving area-level conditions.

Aggression and violence among youth are researched as social phenomena in sport. This paper was designed to determine the occurrence of these behaviors as well as prosocial behaviors among young athletes. The current paper is a research report aiming to detect the frequency of aggressive behavior, social exclusion, prosocial behavior and cohesion in the youth environment, the frequency of personal experience of peer violence or social exclusion, and to evaluate cross-national differences in terms of occurrence of these phenomena.The field research was conducted in six European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia) on a sample of 482 children aged 6 to 16. The conducted questionnaire consisted of pre-existing scales and measures for specific behaviors and social aspects that formed the Youth Environment Assessment and Youth Characteristics Questionnaire. Previous personal experience of violence and social exclusion determined groups in the sample. One-way ANOVA and discriminant analysis were conducted to compare various variables and groups within the sample. The results have shown that aggressive and social exclusion behaviors are rare or very rare, predominantly in the form of verbal aggression in the sports club environment. The results of the conducted discriminant analysis indicate that prosocial and cohesion behaviors occur “quite often” to “often” among sports club athletes’ samples. The percentage of athletes who have had personal experience of violence or social exclusion in the last two years and whose feeling of hurt by that experience was assessed as “a lot” or “fully” on the measurement scale is estimated to be approximately 25 %. Mild cross-national differences emerged in the overmentioned variables, probably due to the sample specificity, or to cultural variety. The results indicate the need for longitudinal research on this topic since the sport is an environment in which cohesion can be developed among young athletes, but it is not free from social exclusion or aggression. Keywords: aggression; social exclusion; motivation; youth; sport.

Įvadas. Alkoholio vartojimas daro neigiamą poveikį vaikų, paauglių, jaunų žmonių, taip pat ir studentų sveikatai. Studentų alkoholio vartojimo ypatumų tyrimai galėtų padėti vykdyti žalingų psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų vartojimo prevenciją. Metodika. Apklausoje raštu dalyvavo 319 Klaipėdos universiteto studentų. Statistinei duomenų analizei naudota SPSS (24.0 versija) programa. Taikytas χ2 kriterijus, duomenys statistiškai reikšmingi, kai p ≤ 0,05. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 143 (44,8 proc.) vaikinai ir 176 (55,2 proc.) merginos. Pastarųjų 12 mėnesių laikotarpiu alkoholį vartojo dauguma (90,3 proc.) studentų. Pusė respondentų alų geria kelis kartus per mėnesį (47 proc.). Kelis kartus per mėnesį vyną geria 58 proc. respondentų, o silpnus alkoholinius gėrimus (sidrą, Mix, Fizz, alkoholinius kokteilius) - 42 proc. studentų. 55 proc. respondentų minėtų silpnų alkoholinių gėrimų nevartoja. Degtinės ir kitų stipriųjų gėrimų nevartoja 54 proc. respondentų, o kelis kartus per mėnesį išgeria 43 proc. respondentų. Nuo didelio kiekio išgerto alkoholio keletą kartų apsvaigę buvo pusė (48 proc.) apklaustųjų, o daugiau nei 10 kartų apsvaigę buvo 33 proc. respondentų. Degtinę ir kitus stipriuosius gėrimus bei alų merginos ir vaikinai vartoja vienodai dažnai. Vyną reikšmingai dažniau vartoja merginos. Pusė (50 proc.) respondentų mano, kad pagrindinę įtaką jaunimo alkoholio vartojimui daro draugai, o 22 proc.- užimtumo stoka. Pagrindinis vaidmuo rūkymo ir alkoholio prevencijai, studentų nuomone, tenka tėvams (37 proc.), draugams (27,9 proc.) ir žiniasklaidai (25,1 proc.). 75,9 proc. respondentų atsakė, kad turi pakankamai žinių apie sveiką gyvenseną, o savo žiniomis abejoja 19,7 proc. apklaustųjų. Išvados. Pastarųjų metų laikotarpiu ir pastarojo mėnesio laikotarpiu alkoholį vartojo dauguma tirtų studentų. Merginos ir vaikinai beveik visus alkoholinius gėrimus vartoja vienodai dažnai. Pagrindinės studentų alkoholio vartojimo priežastys yra draugų įtaka ir tinkamo užimtumo stoka. Nors tyrimas atskleidė, kad dauguma studentų mano, kad jie turi pakankamai žinių apie sveiką gyvenseną, visgi rekomenduotina paauglių ir jaunimo alkoholio vartojimo prevencijai skirti daugiau dėmesio. Alkoholio vartojimo mažinimas turėtų būti prioritetinis uždavinys formuojant sveikatos politiką vietiniu ir nacionaliniu lygmenimis. Raktažodžiai: paaugliai, jaunimas, studentai, alkoholio vartojimas, psichoaktyviosios medžiagos, prevencija. Introduction. Alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the health of children, adolescents and young people, including students. Students’ alcohol consumption studies could help prevent the use of harmful psychoactive substances. Materials and Methods. 319 university students participated in the written survey. SPSS (version 24.0) programme has been used for statistical data analysis. The criterion χ2 has been applied and the data was considered to be statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results. The study involved 143 (44.8%) boys and 176 (55.2%) girls. The majority of students (90.3%) have consumed alcohol in the period of the last 12 months. Half of the respondents (47%) indicated that they consume beer several times a month. 58% of the respondents consume wine, and low-alcohol beverages (Cider, Mix, Fizz, alcoholic cocktails) several times a month are consumed by 42% of students. 55 % of the respondents do not consume above mentioned low-alcohol beverages at all. Vodka and other strong alcoholic drinks are not consumed by 54% of the respondents at all, while 43% of the respondents consume these beverages several times a month. Half of the respondents (48%) have for several times been under the influence of alcohol after having drunk large amounts of alcohol, and 33% of the respondents have been under the influence of alcohol more than ten times. Both girls and boys consume vodka and other strong alcoholic beverages equally often. However, girls rather than boys consume wine significantly more often. Half of the respondents (50%) have noted that friends make major impact on the consumption of alcohol by young people, while 22% of the respondents believe that it is the lack of employment and busyness. In the students’ opinion the key role in the prevention of smoking and alcohol drinking lies with parents (37%), friends (27.9%) and the media (25.1%). 75.9% of the respondents said that they had enough knowledge about a healthy lifestyle, and 19.7% of the respondents said that they have doubts as regards their knowledge on healthy lifestyle. Conclusions. Over the last year and during the last month alcohol has been consumed by the majority of students that participated in the survey. Both girls and boys consume alcohol equally often. The key causes of alcohol consumption by students are the influence of friends and the lack of employment and busyness. The study has revealed that most students believe that they have enough knowledge about healthy lifestyles. However, it is recommended to pay more attention to prevention of alcohol consumption by adolescents and young people. Reducing alcohol consumption should be a priority in health policy formulation at local and national levels. Key words: adolescents, young people, students, alcohol consumption, psychoactive substances, prevention.

Tikimasi, kad moteris, svarbiausia vaiko globėja, atpažins ir patenkins visus jo poreikius. Socialinio darbuotojo pagalbos procesas prasideda kylant įtarimų, kad vaikas kenčia nuo nepriežiūros, artimoje aplinkoje patiria bet kokios formos smurtą. Darbuotojas pasiūlo konkrečius veiksmus, kurie padėtų šeimai keisti situaciją. Tyrimai atskleidžia, kad socialiniai darbuotojai, teikdami pagalbą šeimai, prioritetą teikia moterims-motinoms. Šiuo straipsniu siekiama aptarti, kaip tyrime dalyvavę socialiniai darbuotojai konstruoja pagalbą moteriai-motinai, kuri dėl alkoholio vartojimo per mažai rūpinasi vaikais. Straipsnyje vadovaujamasi kokybine hermeneutine metodologine perspektyva, kuri leidžia išryškinti socialinių darbuotojų profesinio vaidmens sampratą teikiant pagalbą šeimai ir motinai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: socialinis darbas, šeima, motinystė, hermeneutika, vaikų dienos centras. Contemporary social policy pays much attention to the ability of parents to secure a child’s future opportunities which would create social policy that anticipates the failure of the child as a future adult if the situation of families at social risk remains unchanged. It is expected that a woman will be the main carer of the children – she will recognise and satisfy all their needs. A social worker’s helping process starts with a suspicion that the child is suffering from neglect, experiencing some form of violence from his or her immediate surroundings; the social worker proposes specific professional actions that would help the family to change the situation. The purpose of this article is to discuss how social workers involved in the research are constructing a helping process for a woman-mother who, because of alcohol consumption, does not provide enough care for her children. The article is based on a qualitative hermeneutical methodological perspective, which allows to highlight the concept of the role of social workers in the provision of a helping process to the mother as a representative of whole family. The study revealed that a woman-mother is the main person with whom a social worker interacts within a family because women are understood to be responsible for family relationships and its financial situation. It can be assumed that in cases where a woman-mother abuses alcohol, the participants of the study believe that a control process should be initiated, but no research participant presented a family situation in the course of the research which would reflect the specific support provided by social workers to the dependent woman-mother. Keywords: motherhood, family, social work, hermeneutics, children day care centre.

Standartizuoti mirtingumo dėl alkoholio vartojimo rodikliai Lietuvoje yra vieni iš aukščiausių tarp visų Europos Sąjungos šalių, o nesaikingas alkoholio vartojimas yra įvardijamas kaip viena iš pagrindinių aukšto vidutinio amžiaus vyrų mirtingumo lygio priežasčių. Lietuvoje atlikta nemažai epidemiologinių ir visuomenės sveikatos tyrimų, kuriuose nagrinėjamos su alkoholio vartojimu susijusios visuomenės sveikatos problemos, tačiau mažai dėmesio skiriama tyrimams, kuriuose nagrinėjamas alkoholio vartojimas darbo vietoje. Šis tyrimas yra pirmasis, kuriame nagrinėjami unikalūs Lietuvos darbuotojų blaivumo patikros rezultatai. Iš viso buvo atlikta 2626903 blaivumo patikros testų analizė. Testai skirtingose Lietuvos įmonėse buvo atliekami nuo 2018 m. sausio mėn. 1 d. iki 2018 m. gruodžio mėn. 31 d. Statistinė duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad 0,32 proc. visų blaivumo patikros testų buvo teigiami. Testų dažnio rodikliai varijavo priklausomai nuo savaitės dienos ir mėnesio. Didžiausios teigiamų testų dažnio reikšmės buvo užfiksuotos vasarą. Pirmadienis iš kitų savaitės dienų išsiskyrė itin aukštomis rodiklio reikšmėmis. Tai liudija žalingo alkoholio vartojimo kultūros laisvalaikiu apraiškas Lietuvoje ir iš to išplaukiančia alkoholio žala darbui. Alkoholio žala darbui siejama ne tik su girtumo, bet ir pagirių sindromo keliamomis pasekmėmis. Alkoholio patikros sistema galėtų būti efektyvi prevencinė priemonė siekiant išvengti rizikų, kurios kyla dėl apsvaigusių darbuotojų. Alcohol consumption and alcohol related mortality rates are among the highest in Lithuania compared to other EU countries. Many epidemiological researches have been conducted in the field of alcohol related problems in Lithuania, however, this is the first study based on unique alcohol testing in the workplace database. Overall 2 626 903 alcohol workplace tests were analyzed. Routine and random alcohol at a workplace tests were conducted during the period of January 1– December 31, 2018 in different business companies in Lithuania. The results of descriptive statistical analysis show that 0.32% of all alcohol workplace tests were positive. The average blood alcohol concentration was 0.41 per mille among positive test results. Majority of positive tests (64.46%) did not exceeded 0.4 per mille – blood alcohol concentration at a workplace limit in Lithuania. The results of frequency analysis demonstrated that positive test frequency was statistically significantly higher in July (0.48%) and August (0.44%) compared to the annual average (0.32%). Frequancy analysis by weekdays results showed that positive test frequency was highest on Mondays (0.42%). Thus, positive test prevalence was higher in summer months, after weekends and national holidays. The results of our research highlighed hangover at a workplace problem related to drinking culture in Lithuania. Furthermore, routine alcohol testing system at a workplace may prevent loses of productivity and workplace accidents.