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This is a unique volume in which a critical introduction and multiple chapters offer a wide-ranging discussion of medieval conceptions of the nature of humankind, its relationship with the universe, and the processes of thinking by which both are conceptualized. Concentrating on the centuries spanning the High Middle Ages, chapters include in-depth analyses of such ideas as the habit as the ultimate dwelling place of the soul, the Soul of the Universe and its relation to humanity, and the Agent Intellect's part in the functions of the mind regarding abstraction and intuition. This book explores how metaphysical Intelligences interact with our movements, how the desires of our minds affect the acquisition of knowledge, as well as asking how and why analysis of the makeup of animal souls took place. The High Middle Ages was a crucially important epoch in the history of intellectual endeavor. This volume appeals to students and researchers; it discusses and evaluates the contributions on the subjects of mind, soul, and the cosmos of some of the finest Christian, Jewish, and Moslem intellects in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Theologians, philosophers, and cosmologists include Aquinas, Grosseteste, Avicenna, Gersonides, Buridan, the School of Chartres, as well as many others. The overarching theme of this collection of essays is that vitally new conceptions of what it meant to be a rational Human, the purpose of thought in relation to the journey of the soul, and the metaphysical character of our universe contributed enormously to the paradigm-shifting nature of this age.

This encyclopedia volume comprehensively reflects the basic knowledge and the latest research results in the field of psychology. In this reference book, the knowledge system, basic concepts, basic theories, as well as important figures, representative works and institutions of psychology are well organized in encyclopedic entries. The whole work includes more than 1,300 entries and about 570 figures, making it a full and detailed introduction to the origin and development of psychology.

This book examines questions of experimental design, in social science principally concerning what happens if shortcuts are allowed in the design, analysis, and interpretation of psychological research. The author argues that shortcuts lead to experimental results that are of low power and lack the precision that should be afforded experimental work. Consequently, it should not be surprising that psychological science has difficulty replicating its findings. A more specialized focus is the lack of success of self-esteem training techniques despite their widespread usage. The failure of self-esteem training is contrasted with the success of work that involves the use of standardized testing procedures and scores, such as IQ. From this perspective, while self-esteem and IQ testing have been each proposed as Hole Grails, meaning that they constitute comprehensive influences on many aspects of behavior, only IQ can function in this manner. It is also argued that some areas of social science, particularly unconscious bias, have not been subjected to sufficient critical scrutiny, and therefore are associated with rather weak empirical profiles that do not justify the popularity of the procedures. Throughout the book, the work habits of modern scientists are contrasted with those of one of science's most successful practitioners, Charles Darwin, and to a lesser extent, Sigmund Freud. Contrasts between the historically-validated work of Darwin on the one hand, and modern psychological science, suggest avenues of methodological improvement in the practice of modern psychological science.

This book presents an English translation, by Nicolas and Lamiell, of the entirety of a German-language text authored by William Stern (1871-1938) and published in 1900. Its publication is widely considered to mark the founding of that sub-discipline of psychology devoted to the systematic study of individual and group differences. The book includes an introductory chapter by Nicolas and Lamiell, placing Stern's work into historical context and discussing its influence on the work of scholars who followed.By making this available for the first time for an Anglophone audience, it fills a significant gap in the history of psychology literature and offers a springboard into much needed critical discourse on the contemporary state of psychological testing in particular, and on the study of individual and group differences more broadly. It holds fresh insights for those specializing in the fields of personality psychology, educational psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology; as well as to practitioners in the fields of personal and educational counseling.

This is the very first authoritative book on the role of Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) in the history of psychology. Carus was the initiator of the notions of development, unconscious, and archetype in psychology. The book emphasizes the interdisciplinary focus of Carus'work as it was based on the literature and art of his time and is closely related with medicine and Naturphilosophie. The readership of the book will get access to the life course of a key figure of science of the 19th century.

This book is the first comprehensive intellectual biography of Johannes Linschoten, whose work has been credited with helping to bring down the Utrecht School of phenomenological psychology. The authors show this to be a mistaken assumption in the light of Linschoten's entire oeuvre and demonstrate his importance for an understanding of a phenomenological psychology that necessarily coexists with an experimental, scientific psychology. In the Netherlands, Linschoten is particularly appreciated for his last book, published posthumously. That volume, Idols of the Psychologist, took a critical look at phenomenological psychology and its pretensions while simultaneously acknowledging that a phenomenological outlook is a necessity for beginning any kind of experimental investigation. Most commentators on this book considered Linschoten a convert from phenomenology to experimental psychology, but have either ignored his earlier, substantive work or have not seen the importance of the intellectual context for his final work. By examining his life and the full extent of his voluminous writings, this book demonstrates Linschoten's importance for the development of psychology in the Netherlands and beyond. It will shed new light on the life and work of Johannes Linschoten as well as the Dutch school of phenomenology and its postwar contributions to psychology in Europe and North America. Furthermore, for the first time, this book brings together important aspects of Linschoten's life with his prodigious output. It demonstrates how his life and work created a unique psychology that deserves to be continued and developed.

This book examines the Jungian imperative that the Third must become the Fourth through the lens of Carl Jung's complex reception of Plato. While in psychoanalytic discourse the Third is typically viewed as an agent that brings about healing, the author highlights that, in the case of Jung, an early emphasis on the Third as the “transcendent function” gave way to an increasing insistence on the importance of the Fourth. And yet, he asks, why must “the Third become the Fourth”? Paul Bishop begins with a survey of work on Jung's relation to Plato, before turning to Jung's readings of the Timaeus and Black Books, as well as Goethe's Faust II and Nietzsche's Zarathustra. He proceeds to unpick Jung's statements on the Third and the Fourth though a compelling analysis of how Jung draws upon religious and alchemical traditions, Pythagorean numerology, his own dream-like experiences and Plato's cosmology. This book will appeal to practitioners and to scholars working in the history of ideas, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and psychoanalytic theory.

Dieses Buch untersucht die Entstehung und frühe Entwicklung der forensischen Psychologie in Deutschland vom späten neunzehnten Jahrhundert bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs und beleuchtet die interdisziplinären Anfänge und die umstrittene Entwicklung des Fachs. Ursprünglich als Psychologie aller an Strafverfahren Beteiligten gedacht, versprach diese neue Disziplin, sich von der ausschließlichen Konzentration auf den Kriminellen zu lösen und eine ganzheitliche Sichtweise der Auswirkungen menschlicher Fehlbarkeit auf die Strafjustiz zu bieten. Wie in diesem Buch dargelegt wird, war die forensische Psychologie in der Zwischenkriegszeit jedoch weitgehend zu einer Psychologie des Zeugen geworden; ihr Fokus wurde durch die Anforderungen des Gerichtssaals eingeengt. Anhand detaillierter Studien des Berchtold-Prozesses von 1896 und des Frenzel-Prozesses von 1930 geht das Buch der Frage nach, ob die Spannungen zwischen Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Gerichtsmedizin, Pädagogikund Recht in Bezug auf psychologisches Fachwissen in der Gerichtspraxis präsent waren, und untersucht, warum sich bis 1939 noch kein klarer Sieger im'Kampf um die forensische Psychologie'abzeichnete.

Originaltext mit philosophischen sowie historischen Kommentaren von Nikolay Milkov Als habilitierter Mediziner und Philosoph hat Rudolph Hermann Lotze durch seinen interdisziplinären Ansatz die Entwicklung der Psychologie im 19. Jahrhundert wie kein anderer geprägt. Im Unterschied zu anderen Wissenschaftlern der Zeit hat Lotze die neue Disziplin konsequent in enger Verbindung mit der Philosophie betrachtet, wie besonders in Medicinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (1852) deutlich wird. Dies bedeutete seine bewusste Abkehr von der Herangehensweise, die Psychologie ganz über experimentelle Untersuchungen und damit die Empirie zu definieren. Lotze scheute sich jedoch, diese entstehende Disziplin „philosophische Psychologie“ zu nennen, für ihn war sie nur physiologische Psychologie, herausgearbeitet mit Hilfe der Philosophie: Sie stellt Tatsachen fest und untersucht, wie Körper und Seele sich zueinander verhalten, tut dies jedoch nicht nur empirisch, sondern auch „metaphysisch“. In diesem Band wird Lotzes Originaltext untersucht, kommentiert und eingebettet in den soziokulturellen Hintergrund der Entstehungszeit, um einen tiefen, aber verständlichen Einblick in diesen Bereich der Psychologie zu geben.

This book presents, for the first time in English, a comprehensive anthology of essays on Christian Wolff's psychology written by leading international scholars. Christian Wolff is one of the towering figures in 18th-century Western thought. In the last decades, the publication of Wolff's Gesammelte Werke by Jean École and collaborators has aroused new interest in his ideas, but the meaning, scope, and impact of his psychological program have remained open to close and comprehensive analysis and discussion. That is what this volume aims to do. This is the first volume in English completely devoted to Wolff's efforts to systematize empirical and rational psychology, against the background of his understanding of scientific method in metaphysics. Wolff thereby paved the way to the very idea of a scientific psychology. The book is divided into two parts. The first one covers the theoretical and historical meaning and scope of Wolff's psychology, both in its internal structure and in its relation to other parts of his philosophical system, such as logic, cosmology, aesthetics, or practical philosophy. The second part deals with the reception and impact of Wolff's psychology, starting with early reactions from his disciples and opponents, and moving on to Kant, Hegel, and Wundt. The Force of an Idea: New Essays on Christian Wolff's Psychology shows not only that Wolff's psychological ideas have been misinterpreted, but also that they are historically more significant than traditional wisdom has it. The book, therefore, will be of interest to historians and philosophers of science, historians of philosophy and psychology, as well as to philosophers and psychologists interested in understanding the roots of scientific psychology in 18th and 19th century German philosophy.

This book situates the work of the Soviet psychologist and neurologist Alexander Luria (1902-1977) in its historical context and explores the'romantic'approach to scientific writing developed in his case histories. Luria consistently asserted that human consciousness was formed by cultural and historical experience. He described psychology as the ‘science of social history'and his ideas about subjectivity, cognition and mental health have a history of their own. Lines of mutual influence existed between Luria and his colleagues on the other side of the iron curtain, but Psychologies in Revolution also discusses Luria's research in relation to Soviet history – from the October Revolution of 1917 through the collectivisation of agriculture and Stalinist purges of the 1930s to the Second World War and, finally, the relative stability of the Brezhnev era – foregrounding the often marginalised people with whom Luria's clinical work brought him into contact. By historicising science and by focusing on a theoretical approach which itself emphasised the centrality of social and political factors for understanding human subjectivity, the book also seeks to contribute to current debates in the medical humanities.

This book presents an overview of the work of the most important Psychology researchers in Brazil, contributing to the internationalization of the discipline and fostering cross-cultural approaches in the field. Over the last two decades, Psychology research has experienced an enormous growth in Brazil, which has placed the country among the ten nations with the highest scientific output in the area. A big part of this output, however, remains inaccessible to the majority of the international community because it's mainly published in Portuguese. This book intends to overcome this barrier, presenting a highly relevant sample of the best Psychology research produced in Brazil to those who are unable to read in Portuguese. In each chapter, a top Brazilian researcher is invited to present a summary of his/her main contributions to the field. The result is a rich overview of the main areas in which Brazilian psychologists have concentrated their work over the last decades, such asDevelopmental Psychology, Community Psychology, Educational and School Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Health Psychology, History of Psychology and Social Psychology. By putting together such a wide array of topics, Psychology in Brazil – Scientists Making a Difference offers a rich overview of the research in the country to psychologists, educators and social scientists in general interested in cross-cultural approaches within the Behavioral Sciences.

This volume explores themes originating from the work of Jean Améry (1912–1978), a Holocaust survivor and essayist—mainly, ethics and the past, torture and its implications, death and suicide. The volume is interdisciplinary, bringing together contributions from philosophy, psychology, law, and literary studies to illuminate each of the topics from more than one angle. Each essay is a novel contribution, shedding new light on the relevant subject matter and on Jean Améry's unique perspective. The ensuing picture is rich and multifaceted, uncovering unforeseen traits of Amery's thought, and surprising correlations that have so far been under-researched. It invites further studies of the Holocaust and its consequences to take their cue from non-neutral first person reflections.

Dies ist eine rasante bebilderte Reise durch die „Klassiker“ der Psychologie: Begegnen Sie berühmten Psychologen und Philosophen, erleben Sie bahnbrechende Experimente und Theorien der Psychologiegeschichte und entdecken Sie verblüffende Eigenarten des menschlichen Denkens, Fühlens und Handelns. Alles, was die Psychologie so spannend macht, wird in 19 kompakten Kapiteln unterhaltsam, humorvoll, ein wenig schräg und dennoch fachlich korrekt dargestellt. Dabei entstehen Bilder in Ihrem Kopf, die Sie so schnell nicht wieder vergessen werden! – Das macht nicht nur Spaß, sondern könnte sich auch in Psychologie-Prüfungen als praktisch erweisen...

This book explores C.G. Jung's complex relationship with Friedrich Nietzsche through the lens of the so-called'visionary'literary tradition. The book connects Jung's experience of the posthumously published Liber Novus (The Red Book) with his own (mis)understanding of Nietzsche's Zarathustra, and formulates the hypothesis of Jung considering Zarathustra as Nietzsche's Liber Novus –– both works being regarded by Jung as'visionary'experiences. After exploring some'visionary'authors often compared by Jung to Nietzsche (Goethe, Hölderlin, Spitteler, F. T. Vischer), the book focuses upon Nietzsche and Jung exclusively. It analyses stylistic similarities, as well as explicit references to Nietzsche and Zarathustra in Liber Novus, drawing on Jung's annotations in his own copy of Zarathustra. The book then uses Liber Novus as a prism to contextualize and understand Jung's five-year seminar on Zarathustra: allthe nuances of Jung's interpretation of Zarathustra can be fully explained, only when compared with Liber Novus and its symbology. One of the main topics of the book concerns the figure of'Christ'and Nietzsche's and Jung's understandings of the'death of God.'

Das Buch, das anlässlich der 2020 anstehenden 100-jährigen Wiederkehr des Todes von Wilhelm Wundt verfasst wurde, enthält eine repräsentative Zusammenstellung kommentierter Originaltexte.Ein wesentliches Fazit der Quellen-Analyse: Wundt lässt sich weder in die Schublade'Naturwissenschaft'noch in die Schublade'Geisteswissenschaft'einpassen. Seine hohe Integrationskraft befähigte ihn, ein System zu erarbeiten, das hinreichend tragfähig war, um in der zeitlichen Nachfolge ein breites Spektrum wissenschaftlicher Problemstellungen zu generieren.

Nur wenige Texte in der Psychologie sind auch nach einem Zeitraum von einem Dreivierteljahrhundert von Bedeutung geblieben – das Werk Produktives Denken von Max Wertheimer stellt eine solche Ausnahme dar. Mit diesem Buch, das gleichzeitig eine Streitschrift im Sinne der Gestaltpsychologie ist, werden die „produktiven“ (einsichtsvollen) versus automatischen (unreflektierten) Denkprozesse für viele Lebensbereiche herausgestellt. Neben schulrelevanten Beispielen ist auch das Kapitel über die Entstehung der Relativitätstheorie von Albert Einstein von bleibendem Interesse für die heutige Generation von Psychologen, Pädagogen, Hirnforschern, Neuroinformatikern und Philosophen. Wertheimer hatte dabei die einzigartige Möglichkeit, Einsteins Denken im direkten Gespräch zu analysieren. Ein einführender Kommentar von Viktor Sarris für die vorliegende Neuherausgabe der deutschen Übersetzung des amerikanischen Originals bietet eine ausführliche Darstellung der Entstehungsgeschichte und Rezeption von Wertheimers Werk.

This book argues that the story of the orphan girl Pollyanna (namely, her strategy of playing the “glad games” to manage loss, abuse, and social prejudice) serves as a framework for critiquing historical forms of Western scientific Pollyannaism. The author examines Pollyannaism as it relates to the sciences, demonstrating how the approach has been used throughout modern Western history to enforce happiness and to criticize negative human emotional states. These efforts, carried out by scientists and popularized as scientific, focus on negating the role of the environment and on promoting varied forms of emotional control. Ultimately, the book emphasizes strategies used to compel individuals into becoming Pollyannas about science itself.

This book provides an overview and discussion of Cultural Psychology of Semiotic Dynamics (CPSD) as a general developmental science. It discusses the challenging interplay between the sophisticated abstract concept of a holistic-dynamic understanding of the psyche and the concrete human experience. Chapters begin by framing the specific topics discussed in the book and elaborating on the border “zone” in between individual and collective-societal meanings. Subsequent chapters and a final conclusion discuss CPSC as an abstractive conceptual enterprise. The book is divided into sections, each beginning with a chapter written by Jaan Valsiner. The individual sections focus on (I) the nature of psyche as a semiotic constructive process; (II) the primacy of affect as semiotic constructive processes, highlighting the role of the sublime as a border between mundane and aesthetic experience; and (III) the ambivalent core of the human mind, marked by the constructive and destructive semiosis for encountering the sublime as locus of novelty emergence. Cultural Psychology as Basic Science will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers and professors in the fields of psychology, anthropology, history, philosophy, and research branches of the social sciences.

Was Menschen als schön empfinden, ist seit rund 150 Jahren nicht nur Gegenstand philosophischen Nachdenkens sondern auch systematischer experimenteller Untersuchungen. Dafür hat der Leipziger Philosoph und Experimentalpsychologe Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) entscheidende Grundlagen geschaffen. Die vorliegende Neuausgabe seiner 1876 veröffentlichten Vorschule der Aesthetik verbindet den Originaltext dieses Werks mit einem ausführlichen editorischen Kommentar, der die historischen Entstehungsbedingungen seines empirischen Zugangs zur Ästhetik, die Intentionen und das Methodenverständnis Fechners und die zwiespältige Rezeption seines Werks in der Fachwelt seiner Zeit nachvollziehbar macht. Diese werkgeschichtliche Analyse stützt sich über den Originaltext und zeitgenössische Kommentare hinaus auch auf die erstmals 2004 veröffentlichten Tagebücher Fechners, aus denen der persönliche Zugang des Autors zu seinem Forschungsgegenstand ersichtlich wird.

Emil Kraepelin (15. Februar 1856-7. 0ktober 1926) hat Erinnerungen hinterlassen, die bisher nicht veröffentlicht worden sind. Mitarbeiter und Kollegen Kraepelins aus den letzten Jahren vor seinem Tod und Familien­ angehörige wußten von dem Lebensbericht. Da sie sich jedoch nicht sicher waren, ob diese Erinnerungen einem größeren Publikum zugänglich ge­ macht werden sollten, blieben die Erinnerungen bisher unveröffentlicht. Bei einer Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der 50. Wiederkehr des Todestags von Emil Kraepelin in München (1976) stimmten die auf dieser Feier anwesen­ den Nachkommen Kraepelins dem Vorschlag der Herausgeber zu, die'Le­ benserinnerungen'zu publizieren. Dadurch wird erst jetzt mehr über das Le­ ben eines Mannes bekannt, dessen Werk die gesamte Psychiatrie seit Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts entscheidend und nachhaltig beeinflußt hat. Wenn man die Lebenserinnerungen liest, wird man sich eingestehen, daß man im Grunde wenig über die Persönlichkeit und den Lebensweg dieses großen Psy­ chiaters wußte. Bisher fehlt ja auch immer noch eine breit angelegte und um­ fassende wissenschaftliche Biographie über Kraepelin. Diese Lücke wird nun durch die Veröffentlichung der'Lebenserinnerungen'keineswegs geschlos­ sen. Aber vielleicht wird die Publikation dieser Erinnerungen doch zu einer Biographie anregen, die das rechte Licht auf die Persönlichkeit, den Lebens­ weg und das wissenschaftliche Werk Kraepelins zu werfen vermag.