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Copyright of Journal of Academic Library & Information Science is the property of Anhui University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that increased income inequality between individuals will reduce social affiliation within dyadic interactions. In three experiments, we examined the effects of income inequality on key indices of affiliation using semi-structured interactions. In the first two experiments, a participant and confederate were randomly assigned to a low- or high-power role and compensated mildly or extremely unequally. In Experiment 3, inequality and inequity were orthogonally manipulated to determine whether inequality's social consequences are moderated by the fairness of the income distribution. We demonstrated that greater inequality produced more negative emotional responses, reduced desire for closeness, and harsher evaluations of one's partner, regardless of one's power role and the equitability of the income distribution. We also obtained evidence that greater inequality reduces behavioral warmth, although this effect was less consistent. Our results begin to unpack the psychological processes through which income inequality worsens societal well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased social power—defined as one's influence on another's behavior—guides activation of one's behavioral activation system which, in turn, elicits greater positive emotion. Positive emotion has also been linked to greater health. The current research assessed whether power and positive emotion are related to health. In Study 1, participants (N = 403; Mage = 48.33 years) wrote a narrative about a time in which they felt powerful or powerless. Greater self-reported feelings of power, concurrent with more frequent use of positive emotional words within the narrative, was associated with fewer references to health within the narrative. In Study 2, participants (N = 401; Mage = 33.05 years) primed with the concept of power (vs. powerlessness) reported greater health competency through enhanced positive emotion. Findings provided preliminary data supporting the continued study of power to better understand the link between positive emotion and health. Future research should elucidate the long-term relationships between these variables to examine whether increased power can produce downstream positive effects on health and health behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTo what extent has China’s status risen, and how? Despite the pivotal role of China’s status in shaping its foreign policy and global phenomena, there is no scholarly consensus on where China is ranked in the global hierarchy and how it attains such a position. Building on empirical studies that use diplomatic exchanges and extending them by employing social network analysis, this article provides the first systematic analysis of China’s standing in the global status hierarchy. My findings show that China’s status has experienced significant growth with a substantial increase in the number of diplomatic recognitions received. While the United States garnered more recognition than China, the gap between the two has narrowed significantly over the last three decades, and, when considering the quality of diplomatic ties, China’s status even surpassed that of the United States by 2005. Additionally, my findings suggest that both exogenous and endogenous factors worked in concert to elevate China’s status. The rise of China’s status did not occur automatically with its economic or military capabilities’ growth. Instead, relational dynamics were also important: recognition from the most prestigious country, the United States, in the 1970s triggered a domino effect, prompting other countries to recognize China. Furthermore, China’s emphasis on aligning with the developing Third World enables it to uniquely position itself in diplomatic networks by engaging with both well-connected and marginalized countries. This diplomatic portfolio, in turn, equips China with significant social and brokerage power, suggesting that its influence is far more formidable than its material capabilities alone would imply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivePeople differ in how they regulate their emotions, and how they do so is guided by their beliefs about emotion. We propose that social power-one's perceived influence over others-relates to one's beliefs about emotion and to emotion regulation. More powerful people are characterized as authentic and uninhibited, which should translate to the belief that one should not have to control one's emotions and, in turn, less suppression and more acceptance. More powerful people are also characterized as self-efficacious and confident, which should translate to the belief that one can control one's emotions and, in turn, more reappraisal and acceptance.MethodTwo preregistered studies using four samples (Ntotal  = 1286) tested these hypotheses using cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys as well as diaries.ResultsIn Study 1, power related to beliefs about emotion and emotion regulation in hypothesized ways. Study 2 also largely supported the hypotheses: The belief that one should not have to control one's emotions accounted for the links between power and suppression and acceptance, whereas the belief that one can control one's emotions accounted for the link between power and reappraisal.ConclusionPower and emotion regulation are interconnected, in part because of their links with beliefs about emotions.

Air pollution, population growth, and the lack of fossil energy sources are critical factors that drive people toward clean and renewable energies in the current century. Biogas is suitable for rural farmers as a source of clean energy. Since there are many social interactions in knowledge exchange and sharing, the transfer of skills, and participation among individuals, various actors are involved in the network. The power and influence of actors and the social interactions between smallholder farmers and these actors fuel the development of biogas consumption in rural areas. Therefore, this study analyzes the social network structures and characteristics of various actors by social network analysis (SNA) in knowledge sharing, the transfer of skills, and participation networks among traditional smallholder farmers in Iran. The research sample consisted of some smallholder farmers in four provinces of Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Golestan, and Kermanshah (144 smallholder farmers). The research instrument was a questionnaire designed as a matrix. The findings showed that based on the betweenness centrality score, biogas-consuming smallholder farmers (34.56) and cooperatives of smallholder farmers (24.79) were the main actors in the network of knowledge sharing, respectively. Furthermore, biogas-consuming smallholder farmers (28.04) and pioneer smallholder farmers (27.11) were the main actors in the network of participation, respectively. The betweenness centrality score revealed that cooperatives of smallholder farmers (29.23) and opinion leaders (23.33) were the main actors in the network of skills transfer, respectively. It can be concluded that these actors had high social power and influence among smallholder farmers and can be the core of the smallholder farmers’ social networks. It means that they can influence the development of biogas consumption among Iranian smallholder farmers.

This study explores the linguistic indexes of power dynamics through the lens of linguistic politeness and impoliteness in Arab media discourse. This objective was achieved through examining Abu Shawkat's utterances systematically utilizing well-established politeness theories, impoliteness paradigms, plus cooperation principles. The examination delves into Abu Shawkat's patriarchal authority and its impact on their discursiveness from the viewpoint of complex societal interplays involving power relations, social distance assessments and imposition. Characters skillfully employ varied strategies of both politeness and impoliteness techniques alongside slight offensiveness methods for effectively navigating these subtly shifting landscapes to ultimately achieve various social objectives. The study emphasizes the need for comprehending politeness theories when navigating complex dramatic dialogues. Face-threatening acts and politeness strategies determine the relative power dynamics in the conversation between dramatic characters. In addition to that, this analysis shows how impoliteness can create complex authority hierarchies whilst simultaneously claiming autonomy within a narrative structure. This study in conclusion amplifies our understanding of the linguistic interplay weaved within dramatic discourse, primarily if it is tied deeply with Arab cultural nuances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the Special Section on China's Twitter diplomacy. Arguing that the concepts of hard power and soft power may no longer reflect the ever-intricate state of global politics in the twenty-first century, it intersects two distinct concepts in international relations, Peter van Ham's social power and Robert Pape's and T.V. Paul's soft balancing theory, to examine China's public diplomacy and its outcomes in the COVID-19 era (2019–2023). It is a case study of the communication strategies of the Chinese embassy in Paris, whose ambassador, Lu Shaye, proudly presents himself as a wolf warrior diplomat. To untangle China's social power and soft-balancing mechanisms in Sino-French relations, this article uses quantitative and qualitative mix-methods, applied to three distinct datasets: N = 9,162 tweets from three Chinese diplomatic accounts in France; interviews and reports in the French broadcast and printed media; and foreign policy documents and statements. It shows that China's social power consists of mainly place branding, while some of its communication attempts to frame certain issues and set the agenda in China–France relations and global affairs, by undermining, frustrating and delegitimizing, that is soft-balancing, the French and the West at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peki is an Ewe-speaking community in present-day southeastern Ghana. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this community became a hub for the trade in enslaved people. To take charge of the Atlantic economy, the Peki invited the North German Missionary Society to their community in 1847, intending to use them to gain direct access to European merchants on the coast. They also established a franchise of the influential Dente deity of Krachi at Dzake, one of eight Peki settlements. This paper explores the archaeology of the Dente shrine and its role in the historical memory of the Peki community's entanglements in the Atlantic trade. We employ archaeological, historical, and ethnographic evidence to show how the Peki elites leveraged African indigenous spiritualism to control the post-abolition trade in people. We highlight how contemporary memories of the Atlantic trade in Peki have been constructed through selective processes of remembering and silencing in the face of burgeoning roots and heritage tourism in Ghana. The paper underscores the contradictory roles of an African indigenous religious institution in the complex and syncretic responses to the Atlantic trade in people. It helps us to understand the distinctive power-building strategies that a local community of the West African hinterland adapted to survive in the shadows of expansionist states during the Atlantic trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though we know activists want to change the world, including the people living therein, we are often disinclined to see in activism the desire for social power, thinking of "power" as a dirty word. However, by overlooking this aspect of activist motivation, we may be occluding our view onto an important aspect of activist frustration which can lead to burnout. Data collected among German environmental activists suggest that, controlling for self‐esteem and resilience, social power motivation does indeed predict levels of burnout. However, rather than causing burnout as though it were an independent variable apart from burnout (i.e., as seen within a "naturalistic" approach), it is argued that—given the nature of activism as the enacted desire to change others—the frustrated desire for social power is part of what burnout inherently is for activists. Thus, by taking the perspective of "interpretive social science," the current piece attempts to encourage both reflection on the particulars of burnout among activists and greater sensitivity to the context‐dependent nature of burnout in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belief in gendered social power imbalance (i.e. males are more powerful than females) leads to undesirable gender disparities, but little is known about the developmental origins of this belief, especially in Eastern cultures. We investigated the development onset of this belief by focusing on 4–7-year-old Japanese children while considering another belief (females are nicer than males) for comparison. In the dyadic context tasks, children saw pairs of animated characters depicting powerful–powerless or kind–unkind postures and judged the characters' gender (boy or girl). Results suggested both ‘nice = female’ and ‘powerful = female’ gender stereotypes in children. In the collective context tasks, children were presented with stories in occupational contexts, including multiple unspecified people and verbal cues, describing more explicitly the powerful and nice traits of the protagonists. The results replicated the ‘nice = female’ gender stereotype. Moreover, early ‘powerful = male’ gender stereotypes were seen in 6-year-old boys but not among girls in general. These findings demonstrate that Japanese children's beliefs regarding gender differences in power vary depending on the context in which male–female interactions are presented. Additionally, the study reveals that signs of the ‘powerful = male’ social power gender stereotype emerge around the age of 6.

Scholars have investigated the social sources of power that correctional officers embrace as their means of control over people who are incarcerated. However, this work has been conducted with community correctional officers and those working in state prisons, with almost no attention to officers who work in local jails. Jails are distinctive in ways that may be important for the bases of power on which officers may draw, and the current study analyzed data from officers employed by a large urban jail. Jail officers favored coercive power more so and referent power less so than has been reported in prior studies of prison officers. Further, we employed latent class analysis to identify groups of officers and analyzed covariates of the resultant classes. We discuss implications for understanding the exercise of power in local jails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of age in determining speakers’ politeness strategy is a crucial aspect of language use, and this paper examines the politeness phenomena in the Luwu Tae’ language.This study used a descriptive quantitative approach and a newly developed social relation symmetry model to collect data from 15 respondents and investigate how age influences the use of politeness strategies. The study found that when interacting with older interlocutors, speakers tend to use a more deferential variety and employ a negative politeness strategy. However, when speaking with people of their own age, speakers tend to use a more informal style and employ a positive politeness technique. These findings suggest that age is a significant factor in determining politeness strategies among the Luwu Tae’ language ethnic groups, with the local wisdom of treating everyone with respect and behaving nicely being a key factor passed down from generation to generation. Age has become an important social variable of power influencing politeness techniques in the region.

The significance of producing socially appropriate utterances, not just linguistically correct ones, has given rise to a plethora of studies on speech acts. In this regard, the performance of second and foreign language learners against the norms of the target language and the factors affecting them have yet to be thoroughly investigated. To contribute to this ongoing research, this study aimed to elicit pragmatic requestive features of Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners with respect to (a) request directness, (b) request perspective, (c) internal modification, and (d) external modification in eight social situations. This study also examined whether language proficiency and two contextual factors of social power and social distance affect Iranian EFL learners' requests in English. Participants were a total of 60 university students or graduates who had taken TOEFL in the past 2 years and were thus categorized into low and high proficiency levels. A Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) was employed to elicit requests. To achieve the objectives of this study, both descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA were employed. The results showed a significant main effect for contextual factors; participants' choice of requestive features was affected by the two social factors of power and distance. Proficiency, however, did not have a significant effect on the pragmatic performance of participants. The findings of this study showed pragmatic development of participants on the one hand and some evidence of their underdeveloped pragmatic performance on the other hand, which makes explicit instruction a necessity. Plain Language Summary: Contextual Variables and Language Proficiency in Requests Purpose: This study aimed to elicit pragmatic requestive features of Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners with respect to (a) request directness, (b) request perspective, (c) internal modification, and (d) external modification in eight social situations. This study also examined whether language proficiency and two contextual factors of social power and social distance affect Iranian EFL learners' requests in English. Methods: Both descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA were employed in the present study. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed pragmatic development of participants in some aspects of request realization on the one hand and some evidence of their underdeveloped pragmatic performance on the other hand. Implications: Explicit instruction for the development of sociopragmatic competence of EFL learners is essential. Limitations: Because of the lack of access to native speakers, this study employed existing data on their performance in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managers—whether they realize it or not—have a profound influence over how people they work with think and feel. This article presents ten nonverbal behaviors managers should (or should not) be doing, the science behind them, and the tools to start modifying them. The ten topics covered are: avoiding micro-aggressions, liking and valuing others, building trust and consensus, listening, resting "cranky face," power, status, intelligence, deception, and how to leverage the "wisdom of the crowd" to better "read" others. Knowing these nonverbal strategies can potentially make managers more effective in their workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-standing debate is whether social influence improves the collective wisdom of a crowd or undermines it. This paper addresses the question based on a naïve learning setting in influence systems theory: in our models individuals evolve their estimates of an unknown truth according to the weighted-average opinion dynamics. A formal mathematization is provided with rigorous theoretical analysis. We obtain various conditions for improving, optimizing, and undermining the crowd accuracy, respectively. We prove that if the wisdom of a finite-size group is improved, then the collective estimate converges to the truth as the group size increases. We show that whether social influence improves or undermines the wisdom is determined by the social power allocations in the influence system: if the influence system allocates relatively larger social power to relatively more accurate individuals, it improves the wisdom; on the contrary, if the influence system assigns less social power to more accurate individuals, it undermines the wisdom. At a population level, individuals' susceptibilities to interpersonal influence and network centralities are both crucial. To improve the wisdom, more accurate individuals should be less susceptible and have larger network centralities. Particularly, in democratic influence networks, if relatively more accurate individuals are relatively less susceptible, the wisdom is improved; if more accurate individuals are more susceptible, the wisdom is undermined, which is consistent with the reported empirical evidence. Our investigation provides a theoretical framework for understanding the role social influence plays in the emergence of collective wisdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social determinants of health are an emerging focus within physical therapist practice, research, education, and advocacy as a necessary condition for movement system health disparities. Fundamental cause theory suggests that the sociopolitical environment sets the context for individuals' socioeconomic positioning, which determines the availability of resources that are necessary for groups and individuals to maintain health. These resources include knowledge, money, power, prestige, and social connections. Yet, it is the hierarchical organization of society that dictates both the availability of socioeconomic resources and the ability of patients and clients to use those resources to promote and maintain movement system health. The presence of social hierarchies indicates the need for physical therapists to consider social power as a key determinant of movement system health. Consideration of social power in clinical initiatives and advocacy agendas would provide a framework for physical therapists to begin the dynamic, and often, adversarial process of breaking down social hierarchies and redistributing social power, rather than simply redistributing socioeconomic resources, in pursuit of societal transformation and community-building. This Perspective discusses social power as the fundamental driver of movement system health inequalities and explores the effects of social power on exposure, susceptibility, experience, and recovery related to movement system pathology—including the influence of social power on the ability of people to acquire socioeconomic resources and convert them to health-relevant resources. This perspective concludes with recommendations for physical therapists to identify and dismantle inequalities in social power through structural competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adopts a qualitative approach to examine language dynamics and power relations in interactions among participants in High Court proceedings in Calabar, southern Nigeria. The study utilises insights from speech act theory and the theory of language and power to account for the way in which institutional linguistic choices depict social roles, conveyed through speech acts that enact unequal power relations in the courtroom context. Data were generated during a year of fieldwork, through observation, note taking, and reading of legal proceedings in law chambers. The findings show the patterned linguistic peculiarities that characterise the interactions between participants (judges, counsel, litigants, witnesses, interpreters, and audiences) in the courtroom setting. The interactions instantiate a structured discourse pattern that appropriates discourse roles, discourse control, turn-taking, and talk domination as power devices. These discourse practices index asymmetry in power relations between participants and situate the courtroom as a site with institutionalised idiosyncrasies for power rehearsal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between decision-making styles and social power among consumers of table tennis sports brands, with a specific focus on comparing domestic and foreign brands. In today's dynamic market, where consumer behavior plays a pivotal role, understanding the factors that shape consumer choices and the dynamics of social power is crucial for organizations and enterprises operating in the multi-billion dollar sports goods industry. Consumer behavior is influenced by various internal and external factors, including individual preferences, social interactions, and the power dynamics within consumer-seller relationships. By delving into the concept of purchase decision style, this study aims to understand how consumers make choices when selecting table tennis sports brands. The examination of decision-making styles will shed light on whether consumers prioritize factors such as quality, brand reputation, fashion trends, hedonistic experiences, price considerations, indifference, confusion, or loyalty. Furthermore, the study will investigate the notion of social power and its impact on consumer-seller relationships. Social power reflects the ability to influence or control others in social interactions, and in the context of the table tennis sports market, it encompasses the extent to which sellers can harness and dominate consumers' financial resources. Similarly, the power of sellers is influenced by their role as suppliers of goods and services that meet consumers' needs. The research will explore how the interdependence between consumers and sellers shapes their power dynamics and ultimately affects consumer behavior. To achieve these objectives, the study will employ a comprehensive scale designed to assess consumer power. This scale will measure various dimensions, including consumer influence, consumer resistance, social influence, and social resistance. By quantifying these dimensions, the research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between decision-making styles and social power among consumers of table tennis sports brands. Ultimately, the findings of this research will contribute to the body of knowledge on consumer behavior in the sports goods market and provide valuable insights for organizations and enterprises seeking to succeed in this highly competitive industry. By recognizing the significance of decision-making styles and social power, companies can tailor their marketing strategies, enhance customer satisfaction, and establish long-lasting relationships with their target consumers. The present study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to investigate the relationship between decision-making styles and social power among consumers of table tennis sports brands, specifically comparing domestic and foreign brands. The target population of the research included both male and female purchasers of table tennis sports products. Due to the unlimited and unknown size of the population, a sample size of 382 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula for unlimited populations. The sampling method used was convenience sampling. The data collection instrument consisted of two parts. The first part comprised demographic questions, including age, gender, marital status, education level, sports background, consumer type, and income. The second part of the research instrument consisted of two standardized questionnaires. The first questionnaire was the Sproles and Kendall (1986) consumer decision-making style questionnaire, which consisted of 41 items and eight subscales: quality-oriented, brand-oriented, fashion-oriented, hedonistic, price-oriented, careless, confused, and loyal. The second questionnaire was Brill's (1992) consumer social power questionnaire, consisting of 30 items and four subscales: consumer influence, consumer resistance, social influence, and social resistance. Both questionnaires utilized a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "completely disagree" (1) to "completely agree" (5). The face and content validity of the questionnaires were determined by obtaining feedback from fifteen university professors and experts in the field of sports marketing management. The reliability of the questionnaires was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For data analysis, descriptive statistics including frequency and frequency percentage were computed using SPSS 25 software. Additionally, a structural equation model was employed to present the data using AMOS 24 software. The results indicated that consumer decision-making styles, specifically the fashion-oriented, pleasure-oriented, and loyal styles, had a significant negative impact on consumers' social power. According to the determination coefficient of 43.9%, the variations in consumers' social power were related to pleasure-oriented, loyal, and fashion-oriented styles. Additionally, the research results from the ANOVA test revealed that decision-making styles, such as brandoriented, pleasure-oriented, price-oriented, indecisive, and confused, differed between men and women. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the social power of male and female sports consumers. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide important insights into the relationship between decision-making styles and social power among consumers of table tennis sports brands. The results highlight the significant impact of specific decision-making styles on consumers' social power. Firstly, the research identified that fashion-oriented, pleasureoriented, and loyal decision-making styles had a notable negative influence on consumers' social power. This suggests that individuals who prioritize fashion trends, seek hedonistic experiences, or exhibit strong brand loyalty may experience a decrease in their social power within the context of consumer-seller relationships. This finding emphasizes the need for marketers and organizations to consider the diverse decision-making styles of consumers and adapt their strategies accordingly. Moreover, the determination coefficient of 43.9% indicates that a substantial proportion of the variations in consumers' social power can be attributed to pleasure-oriented, loyal, and fashion-oriented decision-making styles. This highlights the importance of understanding and catering to these specific styles in order to effectively influence consumers' social power and ultimately shape their purchasing behavior. Additionally, the research results from the ANOVA test demonstrate that decision-making styles differ between men and women. Specifically, brand-oriented, pleasure-oriented, priceoriented, indecisive, and confused decision-making styles exhibited significant differences between the genders. This gender-based variation in decision-making styles emphasizes the need for marketers to consider gender-specific preferences and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly to effectively target and engage male and female consumers. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the social power of male and female sports consumers. This indicates that the level of influence and control exerted by sellers may vary between genders within the table tennis sports market. Marketers should be cognizant of these gender-based dynamics and seek to develop strategies that empower both male and female consumers, thereby enhancing their social power and fostering stronger consumer-seller relationships. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between decisionmaking styles, social power, and gender differences among consumers of table tennis sports brands. The findings underscore the importance of understanding and addressing diverse decision-making styles and gender-specific preferences in marketing strategies. By tailoring their approaches to accommodate these factors, marketers can effectively influence consumers' social power, enhance consumer satisfaction, and ultimately drive success in the competitive sports goods market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of knowledge about impolite disagreement strategies can result in misunderstanding and consequently lead to an unsuccessful process of communication. This study was an attempt to explore how male and female Iranian EFL learners might be different in their perception of impolite disagreement speech acts in relation to social power. To this end, 1080 cases of disagreement speech acts were collected through a Multiple Discourse Completion Task (MDCT) questionnaire from 60 upper-intermediate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners (30 males and 30 females). A structured interview was also conducted to realize the reasons for which the participants choose disagreement strategies. The data were analyzed based on the taxonomy of impoliteness proposed by Culpeper (2005). The results revealed that there is a significant difference in the frequency-use of impolite disagreement strategies employed by Iranian upper-intermediate EFL students. Moreover, it revealed that the gender of interlocutors makes differences in the use of strategies by participants and they had different preferences for male and female interlocutors when they opted for impolite disagreement. Moreover, it was revealed that the social power of interlocutors plays a key role in the use of impolite disagreement strategies used by participants. This study has implications for EFL instructors, EFL students, and EFL curriculum designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While ample evidence supports an association between power and dominance, little is still known about how temporary experiences of power influence the way people come to see themselves and others. The present research investigates the effect of social power on self- and other-face recognition, and examines whether gender modulates the direction of this effect. Male and female participants were induced to feel either powerful or powerless and had to recognize their own face and those of same-sex strangers from a series of images ranging from a dominant to a submissive version of the original. Results showed that males more frequently chose a dominant self-image under high power, whereas females selected a submissive self-image under low power. When presented with faces of same-sex targets female participants relied on low-power features (i.e., submissiveness) of the self in the perception of others (assimilation effect), whereas male participants more often selected a dominant image of strangers when feeling powerless (constrast effect). The effects of power did not extend to more deliberate judgments of dominance and likability, suggesting that respective biases in face recollection operated at an implicit level. This research underscores the cognitive and motivational underpinnings of power and related gender gaps in power attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate the strategies of condolence speech act as expressed by Jordanian students at Irbid University College and identified the respective role of social power and social distance in offering these strategies. It employed qualitative and quantitative research methods, and the study participants included 100 university students ranging from 19 to 23 years old. The data were collected using an adapted version of the discourse completion test and coded based on the coding schema. The results of the study demonstrated that praying for God’s mercy and forgiveness for the deceased was the most frequent strategy used by the participants, and expressing sympathy was the least frequently used strategy. When the power and distance aspects of the relationship between the speakers are concerned, the results showed that some of the strategies such as ‘praying for God’s mercy and forgiveness to be with the deceased' and ‘offering condolences’ are low-risk strategies to threaten the face needs of the bereaved people. Moreover, the results showed that the use of these strategies was mainly attributed to the participants’ culture, religious orientation, social power, and social distance between the interlocutors. Finally, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are briefly discussed in this article.

Abstract Ecosurveillance has proliferated in recent years, generating vast amounts of data on the natural environment. Ecosurveillance also has significant potential impacts on humans; therefore, researchers and policymakers need new conceptual tools to anticipate and mitigate any negative effects. Surveillance studies is an interdisciplinary field in the social sciences, providing a number of insights and practical lessons for predicting and managing the complex impacts (positive and negative, intended and unintended) of surveillance tools and practices. We draw on surveillance studies literature to propose two tools to guide designers and practitioners of ecosurveillance—a ‘red flag checklist’ to anticipate potential problems, and a ‘considerations guide’ to inform design decisions across a wide range of ecosurveillance systems. These tools will help ensure that the coming era of ecosurveillance is guided by responsible and ethical practices towards wildlife and humans alike, while also realizing the potential of these technologies for improving environmental outcomes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The present program of research involved developing and evaluating three fully structured measures of facilitative and adverse social experiences during adulthood described by the developmental theory of embodiment (DTE) as shaping the quality of the experiences of living in the body. The Physical Freedom Scale - adulthood (PFSa) addresses physical experiences, the Mental Freedom Scale – adulthood (MFSa) assesses exposure to social environments that either facilitate or constrict freedom from constraining social discourses, and the Social Power and Relational Connections Scale – adulthood (SPRCSa) covers experiences of accessing, or being barred from, social power and empowering relational connections. The pilot study (N = 92) involved item revision and deletion. Study 1 (N = 412) involved factor analyses of the three scales, leading to the emergence of six, three, and four factors in the PFSa, MFSa, and SPRCSa, respectively. The study also provided initial support for the internal consistency of the scales and subscales, as well as their convergent validity. Study 2 (N = 373) confirmed the factor structure of the scales from study 2. Study 3 (N = 64) demonstrated that the scales and their factors were stable over a 3-week period. The scales can be used to study integrated sociocultural models of embodiment. • The Physical Freedom Scale – adulthood (PFSa) covers a range of physical experiences. • The Mental Freedom Scale – adulthood (MFSa) addresses exposure to social stereotypes. • The Social Power and Relational Connection Scale (SPRCSa) addresses social power. • The PFSa, MFSa, and SPRCSa demonstrate good reliability and validity among women. • The PFSa, MFSa, and SPRCSa can be used to test integrated sociocultural theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental theory of embodiment (DTE) is a research-based theory of social factors that shape the experience of embodiment, a construct that is strongly correlated with body esteem and body appreciation. The DTE is anchored in prospective and retrospective qualitative research studies with cisgender girls and women of diverse backgrounds. This paper describes the first comprehensive quantitative study of factors in the social environment the DTE delineates as shaping the experience of embodiment involving a cross-sectional design, among 412 cisgender women. The 13 quantitative social factors correlated positively with the Experience of Embodiment Scale and accounted together for over 60% of its score variance. The findings of significant positive correlations between all social factors and of a large shared variance amongst these factors in a simultaneous multiple regression predicting the experience of embodiment are in line with the DTE and with a multi-level model of causality central to public health perspectives, whereby social structures and positions, such as those related to gender, shape multiple lower-level protective and risk factors. Future studies of the theory should include prospective designs with samples of varied backgrounds along different dimensions of social location. • This is a study of the social factors of the developmental theory of embodiment. • Social factors in three social domains correlated with the experience of embodiment. • The social factors accounted for 60% of the variance of a measure of embodiment. • This cross-sectional study provides support for the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief response concerns Arash Abizadeh's recently proposed four-place 'grammar' of agential social power: that the social power of an agent, V, with respect to outcome type O consists in V's capacity to effect outcomes of type O 'with the assistance of agents X, despite the resistance of agents Y '. Among other problems, this grammar implies that all agential power is social power. I propose, in place of Abizadeh's grammar, that V 's social power with respect to O consists in V 's capacity to effect O with the assistance of X, thereby affecting patients Y. Among other things, this grammar goes further than Abizadeh's in rejecting the tradition, owing to Max Weber, that holds that all social power is power to overcome resistance. Talk of overcoming resistance drops out of the definition of social power completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milad T Jannesari,1 Mohammadali Zolfagharian,2 Samaneh Torkzadeh3 1School of Business, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Marketing, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA; 3Department of Marketing, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, USACorrespondence: Milad T Jannesari, School of Business, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email miladjannesari@gmail.comBackground: Undeniably, international entrepreneurship is important to a nation’s development. The government has engaged in various activities to support international entrepreneurship in China. However, the results were less embracing, particularly among students. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence students’ intentions toward international entrepreneurship is vital in the effort to develop entrepreneurship. Therefore, this study examined whether social power and international entrepreneurship intention are related based on social capital theory, as well as the possible influence of cultural intelligence and socioeconomic status on this relationship.Methods: A quantitative study was conducted to test the hypotheses. Data were collected through paper-based questionnaires from 372 undergraduate students at 19 universities in China. The partial least squares structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses using the SmartPLS software.Results: Social power has a positive effect on international entrepreneurship intentions, and motivational cultural intelligence plays a mediating role in this relationship. In addition, behavioral cultural intelligence played a mediating role in this relationship but not in the hypothesized direction. The effect of social power on international entrepreneurship intentions via motivational cultural intelligence is strengthened by socioeconomic status. However, socioeconomic status failed to moderate the mediating effects of social power on international entrepreneurship intentions, as transmitted through behavioral cultural intelligence.Conclusion: This study contributes to the scarce empirical literature on students’ international entrepreneurship intention in China by testing the relationship between social power and international entrepreneurship intention via cultural intelligence. In addition, these findings demonstrate that future research should focus on improving students’ perceptions of international entrepreneurship as an important career choice.Keywords: international entrepreneurial intention, social capital theory, social power, cultural intelligence, socioeconomic status

Individuals in positions of power are often required to make high-stakes decisions. The approach-inhibition theory of social power holds that elevated power activates approach-related tendencies, leading to decisiveness and action orientation. However, naturalistic decision-making research has often reported that increased power often has the opposite effect and causes more avoidant decision-making. To investigate the potential activation of avoidance-related tendencies in response to elevated power, this study employed an immersive scenario-based battery of least-worst decisions (the Least-Worst Uncertain Choice Inventory for Emergency Responses; LUCIFER) with members of the United States Armed Forces. In line with previous naturalistic decision-making research on the effect of power, this research found that in conditions of higher power, individuals found decisions more difficult and were more likely to make an avoidant choice. Furthermore, this effect was more pronounced in domain-specific decisions for which the individual had experience. These findings expand our understanding of when, and in what contexts, power leads to approach vs. avoidant tendencies, as well as demonstrate the benefits of bridging methodological divides that exist between “in the lab” and “in the field” when studying high-uncertainty decision-making.

The present study expands previous research on the effects of power on stereotyping by investigating the impact of two types of power (social power and personal power) on two universal dimensions of social perception; warmth and competence. Results from an experiment (N = 377) in which participants were randomly assigned to provide their impression of either (1) poor people or (2) rich people, suggest that the two types of power produce different effects on perceptions of warmth and competence. Personal power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of warmth whereas social power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of competence as well as agency, which was identified as a separate dimension. The pattern of results is discussed in view of previous work on power effects and stereotyping, and potential explanations and suggestions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individualistic methodology that largely dominates economic thought is incapable of thinking of social facts as anything other than the aggregation of individual facts. In so doing, it ignores the powerful sui generis forces that emanate from the social sphere itself and that shape individual behaviour and subjectivity. Moral, aesthetic, and religious values are the paradigmatic illustration of this. But economic value is also a force of this nature. It cannot be identified with a substance, be it utility or labour. This new perspective provides the economist with new tools for thinking about what a monetary community is. In so doing, it lays the foundations for a renewed dialogue with the social sciences in general and sociology in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past few decades have witnessed a prevalence of applying dynamical models to the study of social networks. This paper reviews recent advances in the investigation of social networks with a predominant focus on agent-based models. Starting from classical models of opinion dynamics, we survey several recently developed models on opinion formation and social power evolution. These models extend the classical models' cognitive assumption that individuals' opinions evolve on a single issue by incorporating various sociological or psychological hypotheses to account for the evolution of opinions over multiple or a sequence of interdependent issues. We summarize basic results on the asymptotic behaviors of these models and discuss their sociological interpretations. In addition, we show how these models play a role in the emergence of collective intelligence by applying them to a naïve learning setting. Novel results that reveal how individuals successfully learn an unknown truth over issue sequences are presented. Finally, we conclude the paper and discuss potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Power has long been associated with dishonesty. Here, we examined the contributions of personal and structural factors associated with power. Across five studies (N = 1,366), we tested the hypothesis that being dominant, more than having power and felt prestige, predicts dishonesty in incentivized tasks, moral disengagement, and breaking of Covid-19 containment rules. Dominance and dishonesty were positively associated (Study 1). Furthermore, dominance contributed to the positive relationship between occupational power and dishonesty in natural settings (Studies 2 and 5). Different types of power had inconsistent effects on dishonesty (Studies 3 and 4). Prestige was unrelated to dishonesty. Dominant individuals were overrepresented at the top, suggesting that the association between power and dishonesty may derive from self-selection processes, rather than power itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research consistently indicated that social power influences one's fairness consideration. However, it is unclear how social power and context jointly affect inequity aversion and whether these processes would be manifested in brain activities. In this study, participants were randomly assigned into either high or low power condition and then took part in a modified ultimatum game (UG) as responders in both gain and loss contexts, with their event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded. Behavioral results showed that powerful participants were more likely to reject unfair offers in both contexts compared with powerless ones. In addition, powerful participants showed a more negative feedback-related negativity (FRN) loss-win difference wave (d-FRN) upon presentation of proposed offers compared with powerless participants only in the gain context. Interestingly, in a later time window, differences of P300 responses to proposed offers were modulated by social power in both gain and loss contexts. These results suggested that powerful people were more sensitive to fairness levels and FRN may manifest fairness consideration in a gain context, but not in a loss context. Meanwhile, P300 is sensitive to fairness considerations in both gain and loss contexts. • Powerful people were more sensitive to fairness levels in social interactions. • FRN may manifest fairness consideration in a gain context, but not a loss context. • P300 is sensitive to fairness consideration in both gain and loss contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nootropics are a range of substances used to improve memory, learning, cognition, and brain function. Based on their potential as enhancement drugs, nootropics have gained popularity in society and are extensively propagated via social media. However, there is currently no research focusing on the role that social media influencers play within the nootropic market. This investigation sought to identify social media influencers who discuss nootropics, explore the services they offer and further investigate how this cohort influences their followers. Ethnographic observations were conducted of YouTube and Instagram over a period of six months and subjected to an iterative inductive approach. Drawing on the theory of social power, which is the ability of an individual or group to influence another person's psychological or behavioral aspects, we examine how influencers shape follower perceptions related to nootropics. Nootropic influencers discussed the use of various nootropics and provided a range of services, including discount codes to purchase nootropics, and sold protocols and user guides. To attract followers, gain content views, and generate income, nootropic influencers exert and rely upon informational, expert, reward, and referent power to gain traction online and influence their audience. This is primarily achieved through YouTube video discussions, where nootropic influencers share their insights and shape audience beliefs and behaviors. Recognizing the health complications associated with nootropics, alongside the power held by nootropic influencers, we argue that harm reduction efforts ought to be developed to combat the increasing use of such substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]