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Abstract The challenge of elderly care presents a formidable task, demanding the collective attention of governmental bodies and diverse sectors of society. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the research and development of Social Elderly Care Service (ECS) has emerged as a dominant trend, holding substantial importance in the establishment of an efficient ECS system. This study aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for the advancement of China's ECS system, achieved through the harmonious integration of a social ECS system with AI capabilities. This paper introduces the fundamental theory of AI, delving into the intricacies of the greyscale model of AI. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the current landscape of elderly care and elder care institutions, offering scientific data and insights to propel further research on AI development and system construction. Through an analysis of the existing research status, the study identifies prevalent issues within the AI-ECS integration, emphasizing pivotal factors influencing the construction of a robust social ECS system. To address these concerns, the study puts forth specific and viable policy recommendations. Notably, the questionnaire's statistics underscore that 83% of the elderly populace would opt for AI-driven solutions in selecting intelligent products, thereby underscoring the pivotal role of AI within the social ECS system. The challenges facing elderly care systems, including demographic shifts, resource constraints, and evolving societal norms, demand innovative solutions for providing efficient and effective care. This study addresses these challenges by exploring the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Social Elderly Care Services (ECS) in China. By delving into the theory of AI and assessing the existing research status, the study identifies key issues in AI-ECS integration and proposes viable policy recommendations. Insights from stakeholder surveys further highlight the importance of AI-driven solutions in meeting the needs of the elderly population.

The challenge of elderly care presents a formidable task, demanding the collective attention of governmental bodies and diverse sectors of society. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the research and development of Social Elderly Care Service (ECS) has emerged as a dominant trend, holding substantial importance in the establishment of an efficient ECS system. This study aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for the advancement of China's ECS system, achieved through the harmonious integration of a social ECS system with AI capabilities. This paper introduces the fundamental theory of AI, delving into the intricacies of the greyscale model of AI. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the current landscape of elderly care and elder care institutions, offering scientific data and insights to propel further research on AI development and system construction. Through an analysis of the existing research status, the study identifies prevalent issues within the AI-ECS integration, emphasizing pivotal factors influencing the construction of a robust social ECS system. To address these concerns, the study puts forth specific and viable policy recommendations. Notably, the questionnaire's statistics underscore that 83% of the elderly populace would opt for AI-driven solutions in selecting intelligent products, thereby underscoring the pivotal role of AI within the social ECS system. The challenges facing elderly care systems, including demographic shifts, resource constraints, and evolving societal norms, demand innovative solutions for providing efficient and effective care. This study addresses these challenges by exploring the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Social Elderly Care Services (ECS) in China. By delving into the theory of AI and assessing the existing research status, the study identifies key issues in AI-ECS integration and proposes viable policy recommendations. Insights from stakeholder surveys further highlight the importance of AI-driven solutions in meeting the needs of the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental downward support plays an important role in urban and rural sustainable development. It is of great significance to study parental downward transfers and their motivation. However, there is no consensus on the motivation behind parental downward transfers in China. This study examines the timing and monetary impacts of social pensions on parental downward transfers and assesses the motivations behind them. We found that pension insurance encouraged rural parents to provide time and monetary support to their children. Unlike rural parents, pension insurance increased the monetary support of urban parents but inhibited their time support. Because of the higher income level of urban parents and the better organization of the domestic service market, parents have the motivation and conditions to reduce their time support and increase monetary support. Our findings highlight the importance of parental downward transfers in urban and rural sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty as a social phenomenon represents one of the biggest problems today, both globally and in the Republic of Serbia. Socially sensitive categories are at particular risk of poverty, including the elderly population. In this regard, elderly poverty is interconnected with discrimination against the elderly and their social exclusion. Therefore, one of the most common challenges that old age imposes is the issue of financial security for the elderly after reaching a certain age. There is a certain number of elderly people who have reached the retirement age prescribed by law but, due to various circumstances, have not met the requirements for acquiring the right to retirement, disability or a family pension. In such situations, the only currently available option of material security for that group of people in Serbia is the realization of the right to benefits within the social protection system. In addition to the previously mentioned support through the social protection system, there has been a social pension institute as a security model for decades in various social security systems. The primary objective of social pensions is to reduce the poverty rate among the elderly, primarily ensuring social security for individuals who have not qualified for retirement pensions, while simultaneously decreasing the overall poverty rate in society, thereby ensuring the conditions for achieving social justice as the fundamental goal of social law. The subject of analysis in this paper is social pension as one of the possible models for reducing elderly poverty, discrimination and social exclusion in the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental downward support plays an important role in urban and rural sustainable development. It is of great significance to study parental downward transfers and their motivation. However, there is no consensus on the motivation behind parental downward transfers in China. This study examines the timing and monetary impacts of social pensions on parental downward transfers and assesses the motivations behind them. We found that pension insurance encouraged rural parents to provide time and monetary support to their children. Unlike rural parents, pension insurance increased the monetary support of urban parents but inhibited their time support. Because of the higher income level of urban parents and the better organization of the domestic service market, parents have the motivation and conditions to reduce their time support and increase monetary support. Our findings highlight the importance of parental downward transfers in urban and rural sustainable development.

There are continued debates on whether social pensions should be universal or targeted. This paper investigates this issue from the perspectives of Thai older persons regarding the old-age allowance system. The paper uses data from the 2016 Population Change and Well-being in the Context of Aging Society Project with the final sample of 6,040 individuals aged 60 and older. The study employs probit regression analysis, where the dependent variable is whether the respondent thinks that the old-age allowance should be universal or targeted. Independent variables include individual, household, social, and economic characteristics. The paper finds that those with high or low education and those with high or low economic well-being tend to prefer the targeted system compared to the middle group. Family status, individual values, and social norms also influence the preferences. The two main mechanisms explaining the preferences of older persons are self-interest and altruism. The findings suggest that the old-age allowance system should continue to provide basic income security for all older persons. Separate poverty relief programs can be implemented to support individuals in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We based our study on statistical, actuarial, and predictive methods, including the method of moving ages. We assessed qualitatively and quantitatively Russian self-employed. Their potential for participation in pension insurance is assessed using foreign experience. We proposed promising instruments for pensions of self-employed. We concretized the concept of self-employed for the Russian pension system based on international approaches. Their number, gender, age and professional composition and income level are estimated, including international comparison. Further, we predicted the demographic number of self-employed as potential recipients of social pensions. Their income potential for pension insurance is assessed. Finally, we developed recommendations for using the best foreign experience to expand the coverage of self-employed with pension insurance.

It is of great significance to promote rural household energy transition to improve residents' welfare and sustainable economic development. However, economic poverty and income uncertainty hinder households' transition to cleaner energy. The initiation of social pension plays a crucial role in combating income shock and promoting household consumption. In contrast, there is little literature on the relationship between social pension and household energy consumption. This article addresses this question by exploring the role of social pension in promoting household energy transition. We adopt the Chinese Household Ethnicity Survey (CHES, 2013) and apply the control function approach to test for the causal effects of social pension in promoting household energy transition. Our empirical results reveal that social pension reduces rural residents' adoption of solid fuels. The reduction effect of social pension on household solid fuel use will be significantly enhanced with the increase in family members participating in the social pension program. We also find that household members with religious faiths and the number of ethnic minorities within a family could strengthen the negative effect of social pension on household solid fuel use. Moreover, we identify intra-household transfer and labour mobility within the family as channels. Our findings suggest that expanding access to social pension would have considerable benefits in promoting household energy transition. • This paper investigates how the social pension program affects rural household energy transition. • Social pension reduces rural residents' adoption of solid fuels. • Household members with religious faiths strengthen the negative effect of social pension on household solid fuel use. • The number of ethnic minorities within a family strengthens the negative effect of social pension on household solid fuel use. • Intra-household transfer and labour mobility within the family are the underlying channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the relation between social pension benefits and health among poor older individuals in Colombia based on a qualitative case study (N = 51) using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were beneficiaries of the Colombia Mayor social pension programme, recruited through snowball sampling in one rural and one urban area. Participants reported using cash benefits mainly for purchasing essential foods and medicines, as well as for paying for household utilities and satisfying personal needs. Beneficiaries of the programme view the latter as being positively associated with their health as it not only satisfies material needs but also increases their sense of autonomy, emotional wellbeing and also promotes a positive and cheerful attitude. Despite most beneficiaries perceiving the programme as positively associated with their health and wellbeing, results also highlight the importance of the various individual- as well as contextual-level factors in determining the relation between social pensions and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of farmers' old-age security and land use have long been the focus of Chinese scholars' and governmental attention. Land transfer plays a vital role in promoting agricultural scale operations, adjusting agricultural structures, and improving land utilization, while the old-age security function of land is one of the important factors affecting land transfer. Based on the data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study uses the probit and structural equation models to explore social pension and family support mechanisms and pathways with regard to farmers' land transfer. The results show that: (1) Social pension has a significant negative effect on farmers' rent-out land, but a significant positive effect on rent-in land. Compared to farmers who do not participate in the New Rural Pension System (NRPS), the probability of rent-out land for farmers who participated in NRPS decreased by 2.44%, and rent-in land increased by 2.26%. (2) Family support has a significant positive effect on farmers' rent-out land, but a negative effect on rent-in land. (3) Agricultural labor time plays a mediating role in the effect of social pension and family support on both farmers' rent-out land and rent-in land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overcoming negative trends in the social development of society becomes the most important task of state and municipal government in the formation of a social protection system for a socially oriented state. The article discusses the tools of state financial support and the financial mechanism for implementing the state social policy for persons with disabilities in Russia.

Thailand is among the few developing countries that provide social pension for a significant majority of its older adults. In 2009, the government amended the Old‐Age Allowance (OAA) scheme from a means‐tested to a near‐universal social pension program. Analyzing nationally representative data from the Surveys of Older Persons in Thailand, we found significant changes over the last decade in the patterns of old‐age income sources and filial economic support for parents aged 60 and above. Results show the declining importance of children and the rising significance of OAA as the primary income source. Yet, reliance on OAA was not necessarily associated with a decline in nonmonetary intergenerational support for the parents. Findings reveal that older persons whose main income source was OAA were less likely than others to report income adequacy and positive psychological well‐being, suggesting that the scheme may have little impact in dampening inequality among older Thais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of countries have introduced noncontributory pension to guarantee a minimum income for disadvantaged seniors. The current state of knowledge does not inform us how this change has impacted senior tourism demand and industry. Additional pension income may relax budget constraints and provide an opportunity to fulfill a desired level of tourism. For disadvantaged elderly, however, its impact on tourism choice is not clear because of consumption needs for other necessities and limited mobility. This study examines a recent social pension reform in South Korea to study the impact of old-age income security on tourism demand. We find that a doubling of public pension benefits is associated with an average of 23–59.5% increase in travel frequency and 52–96% rise in travel spending among benefit-eligible seniors. These results suggest that pension reforms aiming to improve old-age income security will have a positive influence on the tourism and hospitality industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of farmers’ old-age security and land use have long been the focus of Chinese scholars’ and governmental attention. Land transfer plays a vital role in promoting agricultural scale operations, adjusting agricultural structures, and improving land utilization, while the old-age security function of land is one of the important factors affecting land transfer. Based on the data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study uses the probit and structural equation models to explore social pension and family support mechanisms and pathways with regard to farmers’ land transfer. The results show that: (1) Social pension has a significant negative effect on farmers’ rent-out land, but a significant positive effect on rent-in land. Compared to farmers who do not participate in the New Rural Pension System (NRPS), the probability of rent-out land for farmers who participated in NRPS decreased by 2.44%, and rent-in land increased by 2.26%. (2) Family support has a significant positive effect on farmers’ rent-out land, but a negative effect on rent-in land. (3) Agricultural labor time plays a mediating role in the effect of social pension and family support on both farmers’ rent-out land and rent-in land.

In this study we investigate the impact of the receipt of contributory and social pensions on the labour supply of individuals in Egypt, using individual fixed-effect regressions and panel data from the Egypt Labour Market Panel Surveys in 2006 and 2012. The study compares the effect of social pensions and contributory pensions. We find that the receipt of contributory pensions reduces the probability of working as well as the probability of having a waged job of household members aged from 15. The receipt of social pensions has no significant effect on the probability of working for those aged 15-60. However, receiving social pensions can reduce both working and labour market participation of people aged over 60.

This study investigates the effect of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on the ex post food poverty and ex ante vulnerability of the rural elderly across different regions, by applying a nationally representative survey dataset. Using province-specific food poverty lines calculated by a least-cost linear programming approach, the overall estimated vulnerability to food poverty in rural China is 28.7%, with a majority of them being vulnerable due to low expected food expenditure. Regional analysis indicates that more developed regions experience lower food poverty incidence and vulnerability compared with less developed regions. To address the endogeneity of pension payment, a fuzzy regression discontinuity design finds that pension income significantly increased the expected food expenditure amongst the elderly, thus decreasing the vulnerability. Estimation results for heterogeneous groups suggest that the NRPS worked better for the elderly who are chronically poor and those who are vulnerable due to low expected food expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wieś & Rolnictwo is the property of Instytut Rozwoju Wsi & Rolnictwa, Polska Akademia Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the impact of cultural norms on arrangements made for old-age support. Using data from a recent national household survey in China, I show that clan culture is significantly associated with a set of individual values about the purpose of childbearing. I then find that, among older people in rural China, clan culture is positively related to birth rates and the likelihood of having a son, coresidence with adult or married sons, and receiving financial transfers from non-coresident children. Finally, I find a significantly negative relationship between clan culture and enrollment in social pension programs. The overall results indicate that cultural norms have a significant influence on arrangements for old-age support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the “socialist revolution” in 1977, the Seychelles introduced a universal social pension, free education and free health care. This path of the Seychelles to universal social policies is unique in several regards. On the one hand, the policies were financed by economic growth triggered by a non-dogmatic economic policy that focused on three partly state-led, partly privately driven key sectors. Especially important were services (tourism, finance) that replaced the colonial plantation economy. On the other hand, the country also successfully navigated the Cold War by attracting capitalist development aid to finance “socialist” policies. Finally, social policies contributed to a relatively high standard of living and persisted throughout economic and political liberalisation.

Objectives This study examines the effects of the social pension reform on the well-being of older adults in Korea. Our study provides an estimate of the impacts of social pension in an industrialized and urbanized context. Methods We use monthly panel data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of the Korea Statistical Office. We identify the effects of social pension by utilizing an exogenous variation in the benefit level generated by the reform in 2014. We apply a triple-differences approach to remove potential selection biases related to program participation. Results The higher benefit increases gross income. It does not decrease primary income and private transfer income. It increases consumption and reduces poverty significantly. Discussion Our findings contrast with those from the literature. The Korean literature fails to find positive effects on the well-being of older persons. The literature of other countries finds negative incentive effects. The discrepancy may result from differences in methodological approaches and social and cultural contexts and institutional characteristics of the social pension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesises the characteristics of social pensions across Asia and evaluates the effect of a new social pension in the Hong Kong SAR, the Old Age Living Allowance (OALA), on poverty alleviation, coverage rates and fiscal sustainability. We found that the effectiveness of the OALA in reducing old‐age poverty was limited, although it has led to an increase of retirement pension coverage by 6%. The OALA is projected to face substantial cost increases in the medium and longer term. Increasing the level of OALA benefits would be a direct means to enhance its poverty alleviation effect but may potentially be hampered by concerns about the fiscal sustainability of such changes. More obfuscated alternatives for Hong Kong policy makers to affect old‐age poverty alleviation include adjusting the indexing rules of benefit level payments and the eligibility criteria to reduce the stigma attached to the current policy choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Enfoques: Ciencia Política y Administración Pública is the property of Universidad Central de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Occupational annuity, as a supplementary means of basic pension security, plays an important role in the reform of the socialist pension security system in China. Establishing and perfecting occupational annuity will not only help to improve the pensions system, but also help to narrow the gap between enterprises and institutions, and it will establish an effective incentive mechanism for talented people so as to enhance the efficiency of staff management in public institutions. Occupational annuity is not only related to the long-term development of institutions, but also affects the vital interests of public officials. Starting with the concept and characteristics of occupational annuity, this paper tries to analyze the role of occupational annuity in the reform of the socialist pension security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the migration of young people from the rural to the urban regions in China, the growth of the ageing population in the rural regions has been accelerating. Concurrently, since 2009, China has begun to implement a new rural social pension insurance scheme. Can the new rural social pension insurance adequately protect China’s rural elderly in times of population ageing? This paper analyses the benefits to the rural elderly under China’s new rural social pension insurance and finds that the insurance cannot adequately protect its rural elderly population. Further, the insurance scheme still has many problems that need to be resolved. China should revise its new rural social pension insurance to adapt to its ageing population. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2009, China began to implement a new social pension scheme in rural areas. We examine the impacts of this social pension on two main components of rural household expenditure, consumption and agricultural production investment. Our findings show that on average, rural households increase consumption by 1-3% and agricultural investment by as high as 6-9% in pilot counties. Further estimations reveal that the pension mainly affects the households with old-aged members and the poorer families, and that the saving rate hasn't been changed by the pension, which support more the contingent income than the life-cycle hypothesis. We also find that among various types of expenditures, the most dramatic increases have occurred in food consumption and operational inputs on agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social pension, introduced in 2008 in Korea, has now become the most prominent old age income for most older adults. As of May 2022, it paid a monthly benefit of around USD 275 for 6.0 million older persons aged 65 and over who belong to the bottom 70% of the income and asset distribution. Although social pension's objectives focus on alleviating old age poverty and increasing income levels, it also encompasses a clear implication on health: social pension benefit can be spent on items or activities that improve the beneficiary's health. Using the Korean Longitudinal Study on Ageing data, between 2006 and 2018, and the Propensity Score Matching combined with Generalized Difference-In-Differences based on event study design, this study investigates the effects of receiving the social pension on objective measures of health that are representative of health and well-being in old age, by benefit duration. Study results showed that continually receiving social pension significantly improved beneficiaries' grip strength and cognitive ability. Grip strength was improved by 2.3-kg in the fifth year of receiving social pension. Additionally, the cognitive ability (K-MMSE score) was improved by 1.309 points in the first year. Results of descriptive analysis suggested that the social pension may have benefitted the health of the beneficiaries by improving their nutrition, health care utilization, and physical activities, and reducing financial strain and associated stress level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the cumulative effects of nation-wide social pension programs on older adults' objective health measures by benefit duration up to five years, in a high-income country setting where old age income security systems are under-developed. • First evidence of cumulative effect of social pension on health by benefit duration. • Social pension improved grip strength in the fifth year of receiving the benefit. • Cognitive ability of the elderly beneficiary was immediately improved. • Social pension may benefit health via nutrition, healthcare use, and reduced stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]