Search

The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the occupational diseases through the Hippocratic Corpus. Mainly, the analysis will be focus onEpidemics, that collect many medical histories, in order to analyze the workers’ medical care in Greek Medicine. Finally, we address the historiographical debate around the general access to medical Care in the ancient world., El presente trabajo analiza las enfermedades ocupacionales en el Corpus Hippocraticum. Principalmente nos centraremos enEpidemias, que recoge numerosas historias clínicas, con el objetivo de analizar la asistencia sanitaria de los trabajadores en la médica griega. Finalmente, abordamos el debate historiográfico en torno al acceso a la sanidad en el mundo antiguo.

This paper examines the trends and prospects of medical history in Japan. The study of medical history in Japan has developed in various periods and themes. In particular, many studies period have actively made full use of old documents and materials that have been well-preserved. This paper introduces the research trends of medical history in Japan, while discussing the issues surrounding the concept and designation of medical history in present day Japan. This can be seen as an inevitable phenomenon that emerged as methods of medical history research have become diversified, and there are many suggestions related to the future direction of this study. Based on this, this paper points out the characteristics of medical history research conducted in each period since the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, this investigation confirmed that the subjects and research methods of medical history became diversified under the influence of the nation state theory. Furthermore, this study also found that the major topics of medical history research are analysis of medical books, doctors and medical personnel, the starting point of modern medicine, the establishment and change of the medical system, the social impact of infectious diseases, and the discipline and management of the national body. In addition, studies are being conducted to compare how the regulations and operations of medicine and medical and hygiene systems are being developed in the context of “East Asia.”

At the Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM)’s biennial conference in Liverpool in July 2018, members gathered to discuss a short working paper developed by the Society’s executive committee to articulate the values underpinning the SSHM’s mission. The occasion marked the first public discussion of this document, in development since 2015, which was intended to encourage disciplinary self-awareness and engagement, to give a sense of the breadth and importance of work carried out in our field and to spark broader discussion. To further these aims as the Society celebrates its fiftieth anniversary, the working paper appears here, accompanied by a foreword from the Society’s Policy Development Officer and the lightly revised invited responses shared that day by five members at different career stages.

До ХХ в. историю медицины изучали преимущественно медики. Историко-медицинские представления эволюционировали от описания линейного прогресса в развитии медицины до проблемно-ориентированного подхода. Во 2-й пол. ХХ в. историки, философы, социологи создали так называемую социальную историю медицины , которая существенно расширила спектр исследований, но оставила нерешенными многие ключевые вопросы. В статье рассматриваются возможности потенциального сотрудничества представителей классической истории медицины, написанной врачами и для врачей, и современных социальных историков., In the 2nd half of the 20th century historians, philosophers, sociologists created the so-called social history of medicine , which significantly expanded the range of research but left many key problems unsolved. The article discusses the possibilities of potential cooperation of representatives of these two areas. Up to 20th century the medical history was studied mainly by physicians. The concepts in this sphere have evolved from describing linear progress in the development of medicine to a problem-oriented approach. In the 2nd half of XX century historians, philosophers, sociologists have created the so-called social history of medicine , which significantly expanded the range of studies, but left unresolved many key issues. The article discusses the potential cooperation between representatives of the classical history of medicine written by doctors for doctors and modem social historians.

En el presente artículo tenemos el objetivo de analizar el legado intelectual de los pioneros de la Historia social de la ciencia: John Bernal, Henry Sigerist y Benjamin Farrington. Esta generación de intelectuales, influida por los desastres de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, propuso nuevos paradigmas de estudio que abrieron vías originales en la historia económica y social. Concretamente, nos centraremos en la asistencia pública sanitaria y las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores. The aim of this paper is to analyse the intellectual legacy of John Bernal, Henry Sigerist and Benjamin Farrington, the founders of Social History of Science. Influenced by the disasters of the Second World War, this breed of intellectuals laid down new patterns of analysis in the field of the Economic and Social History. The paper will specifically focus on main topics such as the Public Health or the working conditions.

The social history of medicine is in the focus in Jenni Kuuliala’s article ‘Cure, Community, and the Miraculous in Early Modern Florence’. She discusses the interplay of lived medicine and lived religion in late sixteenth-century Florence based on the apostolic canonisation inquiry of St Andrea Corsini, held in Florence in 1606. Through testimonies about the healing miracles St Andrea performed, Kuuliala analyses the role the community had in the search for different medical and religious healing methods, and how medicine and religion collaborated and complemented each other in this time period.

This articleevaluates the establishment of a modern and centralized medicine in terms ofcreating boundaries between lay practitioners and the new medical staff in theLate Ottoman Empire. These boundaries were produced by the introduction of alegal framework and a new education system. This article intensifies the studyon the process of definition of boundaries by a study of documents in the PrimeMinistry Ottoman Archives. Have these boundaries been effectual indifferentiating the traditional from the modern and setting a distinct group ofmedical actors? The answer to this question is sought by the description of acompetitive environment for a multiplicity of actors of the domain of medicine.The article argues that the main problems of the process arose from theinsufficient number of physicians and remoteness to the center and did notvanish until the foundation of a settled Muslim Turkish professional body inthe 1890s.&nbsp, Bu makale, geç Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemindemodern ve merkezi tıbbı meslekten olmayan sağlık çalışanları ile yeni ortayaçıkan modern tıbbın uygulayıcılarının arasında tesis edilen sınırlar açısındandeğerlendirmektedir. Bahsedilen sınırlar yasal çerçeve ve yeni bir eğitimsistemi getirilerek üretilmiştir. Bu makale, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri’ndebelgelerin incelenmesi ile sınırların tanımlanma sürecine ilişkin çalışmayıderinleştirmektedir. Bu sınırlar, gelenekselin modernle arasındaki farkıayırmada ve medikal aktörlerden oluşan farklı bir grup oluşturulmada etkilimidir? Bu sorunun cevabı, tıp alanındaki çok sayıda aktör için rekabetortamının tanımlanmasıyla aranmaktadır. Makale, sürecin temel sorunlarınınyetersiz hekim sayısı ve merkeze olan mesafelerden kaynaklandığını ve busorunların 1890'larda yerleşmiş bir Müslüman Türk meslek örgütünün kurulmasınakadar ortadan kalkmadığını iddia etmektedir.

Medical culture is considered by the authors as social, political, cultural and economic force, the part of the general process of culture genesis and one of the sociocultural mechanisms of human adaptation. The medicine-related culture of peoples of the Lower Volga Region is represented as the essential component of world culture.

Although the women of the Paris Commune have frequently been depicted as ferocious fighters, setting fire to the streets of the capital, becoming well known as the pétroleuses; they also played a role in assisting the injured soldiers of the National Guard. Taking this two-month period in French political history as starting point, I will attempt to examine the contribution carried out by this group of women to medical assistance, following the call made by the feminine organization known as l'Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés (The Women's Union for the Defense of Paris and the Treatment of the Injured), on the 11th of April 1871.

dossier : Les Grandes familles en Méditerranée orientale texte intégral : http://cdlm.revues.org/index5745.html; International audience; The history of two Palestinian dynasties, the Abū Ġazālah from Nablus and the Khalidi from Jerusalem, reveals the way families were involved in the transmission of knowledge in the Ottoman and post-Ottoman world. During the modern era, the Abū Ġazālah nurtured an image of pious, charitable and professional physicians. They practiced traditional Ottoman medicine and spread their reputation all over Syria. Yet, the legal reform of the medical profession during the nineteenth century led the younger members of the family to resort to the new medical faculties of the Ottoman Empire for formal training. This conversion put an end to the family transmission of professional knowledge, but it allowed the family to keep medicine as a core element of its social image and values. At least since the seventeenth century, the Khalidis were known as notables of Jerusalem and specialists of Islamic law. They managed to maintain preeminence among the Jerusalem elites by holding strategic positions both in the religious courts of Jerusalem and in the neighboring cities. They also kept direct connections with the higher ranks of administration in Istanbul. During the nineteenth century, they decided to join the modernizing trends of Ottoman politics and to give a modern education to their sons. In the decade before First World War, religious knowledge was progressively replaced by medical expertise, allowing a new generation of Khalidis to inscribe itself into the new territorial framework of the Palestine Mandate. The example of Dr Hassan al-Khalidi, a cultivated man, a physician in Nablus and then in Jaffa, and a famous politician, illustrates the new territorial aura of the prominent Jerusalem families, as well as the tightening of its connections with such knowledgeable dynasties as the Abū Ġazālah.; L'histoire de deux dynasties palestiniennes, les Abū Ġazālah de Naplouse et les Khalidi de Jérusalem, montre des orientations différentes dans les stratégies des familles du monde ottoman et post-ottoman pour maintenir la connaissance scientifique comme un capital dans le giron familial. Les Abū Ġazālah ont élaboré, au fil de l'ère moderne et contemporaine, une image de médecins pieux, charitables et professionnels, versés dans la médecine ottomane traditionnelle, et ont diffusé cette réputation à travers l'espace syrien. Toutefois, la réforme de la profession et du droit médical au dix-neuvième siècle a conduit les rejetons de la famille à se tourner vers les facultés médicales modernes de l'Empire ottoman pour leur formation. Cette conversion signifiait la fin de la transmission familiale de la connaissance professionnelle, mais elle a permis à la famille de maintenir la médecine comme un élément fondateur de ses valeurs propres et de son image sociale. Les Khalidi, de leur côté, étaient connus à Jérusalem, au moins depuis le dix-septième siècle, comme notables et spécialistes du droit islamique. Ils ont réussi à maintenir leur position d'éminence parmi les grandes familles de Jérusalem en monopolisant certaines fonctions stratégiques dans les tribunaux religieux de la région de Jérusalem, et en maintenant des liens directs et constants avec la haute administration à Istanbul. Durant le dix-neuvième siècle, ils se joignirent aux hommes politiques modernisateurs de l'Empire : pour eux, ce choix se traduit par l'éducation moderniste qu'ils préférèrent désormais pour les fils de la famille, par exemple la formation médicale. La décennie précédant la première guerre mondiale fut ainsi marquée par un saut de la connaissance religieuse à la science médicale, qui permit à une nouvelle génération de Khalidi de se fondre dans le nouveau système territorial du mandat de Palestine. Le Dr Hassan al-Khalidi, lettré, médecin en poste à Naplouse puis Jaffa, et homme politique, incarne la nouvelle aura territoriale des grandes familles de Jérusalem, ainsi que leur rapprochement avec d'autres dynasties fondées sur le monopole de la culture savante comme les Abū Ġazālah.

Esta pesquisa se ocupou em analisar as condições de saúde das mulheres pobres de Porto Alegre, mais detidamente das internadas na Santa Casa de Misericórdia nas duas últimas décadas do século XIX, buscando examinar e compreender a relação estabelecida entre as mulheres pobres enfermas e suas doenças, com o saber médico e as ações médicas produzidas naquele hospital. Como consequência desse direcionamento de olhar para a medicina mais voltada às mulheres, a pesquisa também se deteve na área médica que distinguia a medicina feminina da masculina naquele dado período: a incipiente medicina da mulher, que se desenvolvia por meio das especialidades denominadas como obstetrícia e ginecologia. Desse modo, em decorrência, explorou a construção da medicina da mulher, ocupando-se sobre os primeiros desenvolvimentos da obstetrícia e da ginecologia na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. A partir de tal exame, também foi verificado se o desenvolvimento destas especialidades representou melhorias para a saúde das mulheres lá internadas e/ou avanços na forma como os médicos se preocupavam com o tratamento das mulheres naquele local, de um modo geral. A perspectiva teórica seguida vincula-se aos estudos da História Social, utilizando-se principalmente das categorias analíticas gênero e classe social. A argumentação principal da pesquisa foi buscada por meio de dados demográficos quantitativos. Entretanto, por meio de exame sobre vasto material de pesquisa, procurou-se qualificar não somente os números apresentados, mas também a análise e a argumentação sobre os mesmos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, seguiu diversos preceitos advindos dos estudos demográficos, em grande parte, vinculados à História Social, principalmente, ao examinar os dados de morbidade e mortalidade das mulheres analisadas. Como resultado da análise realizada, verificou-se que no início da década de 1880 poucas mulheres da população porto-alegrense procuravam a Santa Casa para tratamento e, quando o faziam, mormente se encontravam em grave estado de saúde, o que resultava em um alto índice de mortalidade de mulheres naquele hospital. Também se observou que raríssimas eram as mulheres que buscavam a Santa Casa para a realização do parto ou tratamento de moléstias ligadas à obstetrícia e à ginecologia, naquela década. No entanto, ao observar as causas de internação das mulheres em relação às ações médicas voltadas para a medicina da mulher dentro do hospital da Santa Casa até o final do século XIX, percebeu-se que aquela situação se modificava aos poucos, com o aumento do número de mulheres procurando o hospital para tratamento de diversas moléstias e realização do parto. Em um último plano, a partir da verificação sobre os dados de internação, concluiuse que as ações médicas implantadas na Santa Casa, impulsionadas em grande parte pelo maior aprofundamento em torno da obstetrícia e da ginecologia, resultaram no incremento de internações de mulheres e no decréscimo significativo da mortalidade feminina, naquele hospital, no final do século XIX. This research analyses the conditions of the poor women’s health of Porto Alegre, more specifically the patients in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in the last years of the century XIX, it taking to exam and to understand the relationship between the poor sickness women and his illness, with the medical knowledge and their actions in this Hospital. As a consequence of this direction to look for medicine more directed to women, these research also stopped in the medical field that distinguish female from male medicine in that specific period: the incipient women's medicine, which developed through the specific denominated as obstetrics and gynecology. In this way it was explored the construction of the medicine women, occupied themselves about the first developments of obstetrics and gynecologic at the Santa Casa Hospital from Porto Alegre. From this examination, it was also found that the development of these specialties represented improvements to the health of women hospitalized and advances in how doctors were concerned about the treatment of women in that place. The followed theoretical perspective connected to the studies of the Social History, using mainly the analytics categories in gender and social class. The main argumentation of the research was catch trough quantitative demographic bases. However, through the exams about a huge search material looks to qualify not just for the presented numbers, but also the analysis and argumentation about the topics. The methodological point of view, followed by several arising precepts of demographic studies, in the main of the Social History linked, mainly, examined the morbidity and mortality bases of the women analyzed. As the result of the analysis, confirmed that in the beginning of the decade of 1880 few women of the Porto Alegre population looked for the treatment at the Santa Casa Hospital, and when they did this, they usually were in serious healthy troubles that result in a high level of women’s mortality in those hospital. It also was observed that rarely women look for help in Santa Casa Hospital to realize their child-birth or illness treatment connected to the obstetrics and gynecologic methods. However, when it was observed the causes of the women hospitalization in relation to the medical actions that were directed to the women medicine inside the Santa Casa Hospital till the final of the century XIX, it was noticed that this situation modified slowly with the number of women who looking for the Hospital for treatment to several disease and to the child-birth realization. At least, from the verification about the bases of the hospitalization, it was concluded that the medical actions done at the Santa Casa Hospital were driven in the major part by the improvement about the obstetric and gynecologic methods, that resulted in an increasing of the women hospitalization and in the significant decreasing of the female mortality, in those hospital, at the final of the century XIX.

134f. Submitted by Caroline Souza (karol.sz@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-05T14:03:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão digital -Com o forceps na mão, ha de se parir uma naç.pdf: 1436993 bytes, checksum: 8071533466235cf2fa2ec4a8b2b2ab03 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-09-05T18:00:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão digital -Com o forceps na mão, ha de se parir uma naç.pdf: 1436993 bytes, checksum: 8071533466235cf2fa2ec4a8b2b2ab03 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-05T18:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão digital -Com o forceps na mão, ha de se parir uma naç.pdf: 1436993 bytes, checksum: 8071533466235cf2fa2ec4a8b2b2ab03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 Capes Este trabalho trata da institucionalização da prática dos médicos na Bahia do século XIX, enfatizando o processo de legitimação da Obstetrícia e a Ginecologia enquanto disciplinas ligadas ao trato do corpo feminino. Para tanto, além de um estudo sobre as reformas no ensino médico, também foi preciso compreender o contexto político no qual os médicos estavam inseridos. Assim, percebemos que o Império foi palco de inúmeras divergências dentro do corpo médico, o que dificultou a consolidação de um projeto mais homogêneo de profissionalização da classe. Por outro lado, empreendemos uma análise sobre a relação entre os doutores e suas pacientes, realçando as diferenças sociais, culturais e raciais existentes entre essas mulheres. Nos casos publicados na Gazeta Médica da Bahia os médicos deixam claro o modelo de mulher que para eles seria o ideal. Em contrapartida a esse ideal opunham-se as mulheres de carne e osso que protagonizaram as ocorrências transcritas ao longo deste texto. Portanto, tentamos entender os conflitos entre os médicos, bem como compreender a relação médico-paciente. Ao tratar das mulheres problematizamos a naturalização de características e papéis que eram considerados femininos. Assim, pontuamos a construção da idéia de maternidade, que vinha associada ao casamento. Por fim, percebemos que as mulheres soteropolitanas, em sua diversidade de classe e raça, reinventaram os padrões de comportamento, adaptando certos valores de acordo com a sua necessidade. This paper deals with processes of institutionalization of medical practice in Bahia in the nineteenth century, emphasizing the process of specialization of medical the fields of Obstetrics and Gynecology as disciplines related to the care of the female body. For this purpose, besides studing the changes on Medical Schools curriculums, it was necessary to understand the political context in which doctors were acting. Brazilian Empire was a stage of numberless divergences within the medical group staff, which hampered the consolidation of a more homogenous class of professionals. On the other hand, was important to have a deeper analysis of the relationship between doctors and their women patients, highlighting the social, cultural and racial differences among these women. In the cases published in the medical journal Gazeta Médica da Bahia, doctors made clear the model of woman they would consider ideal In contrast, this ideal was opposed to the women of flesh and blood founded on the documents transcribed throughout this text. Therefore, we tried, from different perspectives, to understand the conflicts among doctors, and to understand the doctor-patient relationship. When dealing with women, we tried to question the naturalization of roles and characteristics that were considered feminine, like the social construction of motherhood ideamotherhood, which was associated with marriage. Finally, we realized that the women of Salvador, in their diversity of race and class, reinvented the standards of behavior, adapting certain values according to their needs. Salvador

In the late 1920s, both the German public and the medical profession were debating over what many had come to see as a ‘crisis of medicine’. Articles in the medical press, in daily newspapers and magazines as well as popular books, discussed the ‘crisis’ extensively. Medical scientists responded to the crisis debate by embracing holistic ideas. Crisis-mongers identified as the main crisis symptoms economic hardship amongst doctors and an increase in the numbers of heterodox practitioners. They argued that orthodox medicine had lost the trust of the patients mainly because modern medicine had become too ‘mechanistic’ and ‘materialistic’. They suggested that modern doctors, restrained by the ‘iron cage’ of sickness insurance bureaucracy and by the need to be ‘scientific’, had lost the charisma of the healer, which in their view made heterodox practitioners successful.The crisis debate started in 1919 with fierce struggles between doctors’ professional organisations and the sickness insurance funds, who provided the lion share of the incomes of the great majority of doctors. These struggles were shaped by what has come to be known as ‘Weimar Culture’: continued economic, social and cultural turmoil and an intellectual climate dominated by a field of tension between on the one hand, anti-modernism and neo-conservative cultural critique, and on the other, a fascination for ideas of rationalisation and modernisation, both technological and social. This study examines how in this context doctors, medical scientists, civil servants, insurance managers, non-licensed healers, parliamentarians and patients re-interpreted a constellation of economic difficulties and professional struggle as a fundamental ‘crisis of medicine’.Drawing on published and unpublished material, the study identifies a group of medical ‘heretics’ as the main crisis-mongers. It examines their motivations and arguments. Did doctors really suffer economic hardship? The evidence suggests that they suffered rather less than other sections of the population. This aspect of the crisis debate was an attempt, I suggest, to secure for the medical profession a larger share of the limited resources available for health care. How charismatic were lay practitioners? Organisations of non-licensed practitioners in fact emulated the professionalisation tactics of the medical profession. Situating the ‘crisis’ in the larger context of ‘Weimar Culture’, this study attempts to reconstruct how, while the ‘heretics’ idealised lay practitioners as charismatic healers and while the doctors’ professional organisations demanded a ban on ‘quackery’, heterodox medicine was undergoing its own rationalisation process