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Coding social work practice in research studies can present a number of challenges for researchers aiming to break down elements of practice into variables. Using as an example, a completed study t...

Автор статьи настаивает на необходимости определения оснований социальной ответственности, чтобы избежать апелляции к эмоциям и моральному дискурсу при оценке исторических событий. Показано, что идеи И. Канта не дают возможности разрешить проблему ответственности вне свободы и концептуализировать коллективную ответственность. Некоторые решения предложены Х. Арендт, осмысляющей политическую ответственность как коллективную. Структурный подход А.М. Янг позволяет перенести акцент на деперсонализацию в условиях большого числа посредников, последствия действий которых невозможно просчитать, и оценивать ответственность в категориях каузальности. Говоря о присвоении коллективной ответственности личностью и оценивая степень ответственности, необходимо учитывать уровень вовлеченности в структуру и качество выполняемых задач. In the proposed article, the author insists on the need to determine the grounds of social responsibility, since this will avoid appeals to emotions and moral discourse when evaluating historical events. At the first step, the author turns to the ideas of I. Kant, showing that the resources of his theory do not allow solving the problems of responsibility outside of freedom and conceptualizing collective responsibility. The author finds some solutions in X. Arendt, conceptualizing political responsibility as a collective one. A.M. Young's structural approach allows us to shift the focus to depersonalization in the conditions of a large number of intermediaries, the consequences of whose actions cannot be calculated, and to assess responsibility in the categories of causality. Thus, the author speaks about the assignment of collective responsibility by an individual; while assessing the degree of responsibility, it is necessary to take into account the level of involvement in the structure and quality of the tasks performed. This allows us to understand the role of historical dynamics actors without emotional and moral assessments.

This paper addresses the study of tumulus necropolises among the pre-Hispanic population of Gran Canaria. In this first characterisation, their emergence is contextualised in the social framework o...

El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como objetivo general describir la agroindustria de la palma de aceite en la zona norte de Colombia, es decir, el Caribe colombiano en la última década. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología de corte cualitativo y el método fue de revisión documental por matrices. La principal conclusión es que la sostenibilidad de un territorio, en este caso el departamento del Magdalena, dependerá de las relaciones entre la agroindustria y la naturaleza. Sin olvidar que la agroindustria de la palma de aceite se encuentra inmersa en el tejido social, de donde se sigue la necesidad de evidenciarlo, en virtud de las relaciones complejas entre el entramado social, el medio ambiente y los agentes económicos.

Este trabajo aborda el estudio de la dinámica poblacional y demográfica de la ocupación prehispánica de Gran Canaria. Para ello se ha recurrido al análisis de la distribución del sumatorio de probabilidad de las dataciones radiocarbónicas procedentes, en este caso, de contextos funerarios. Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con dos modelos teóricos nulos de crecimiento poblacional, tratando de explicarlos teniendo en cuenta la información arqueológica disponible, en relación con los cambios diacrónicos registrados en las fórmulas sepulcrales indígenas, así como a partir de las variaciones detectadas en la ocupación del territorio a lo largo de todo el poblamiento insular. Para precisar el marco temporal sujeto a examen, se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico formal estimativo del intervalo de confianza para establecer la fecha de poblamiento más temprana de Gran Canaria. Se contribuye también de este modo al renovado debate sobre las fechas de los primeros establecimientos permanentes de población en el Archipiélago. Todo ello ha facilitado una propuesta de marco temporal y social desde el que explicar las particularidades de un proceso de poblamiento insular complejo en el que confluyen dinámicas internas y externas This work addresses the study of the population and demographic dynamics of the pre-Hispanic occupation of Gran Canaria. For this purpose, we have resorted to the analysis of the summed probability distributions of radiocarbon dates from different funerary contexts. The results were compared with two theoretical null models of population growth, explaining them based on the available archaeological information, linked to the diachronic changes recorded in the indigenous burials, as well as the variations in the occupation of the territory throughout the historical sequence of the ancient Canarians. To specify the time frame under examination, a formal statistical analysis was carried out to estimate the confidence intervals to place the earliest date of settlement of Gran Canaria. This work also contributes to the renewed debate on the dates of the first permanent settlements in the archipelago. In sum, this has facilitated the proposal of a temporal and social framework to explain the particularities of a complex process of island population in which internal and external dynamics converge.

The aim of this article is to describe the social aspects that affect performing the role of grandmother. The historical-sociological approach was chosen to research this topic. It uses knowledge of previous situations and processes to an in-depth understanding of the contemporary situation. Interviews realized with eight grandmothers of children aged 6–8 were analyzed. The article presents the grandmothers’ reflection of the social framework for performing the grandmother’s role. In grandmothers’ opinions, this framework has a significant impact on the possibilities of performing a grandmother’s role. Using the historical-sociological approach also allowed us to identify changes in the framework during the last decades. These changes are explained on examples of the last three generations of grandmothers in the text.

This article explores the social framework of spiritism in the Balearic Islands and Catalonia during the time Fernando Ortiz lived there, and the connections of active spiritists with the pedagogic...

Among the states that participated in World War I, Bulgaria is an interesting case, being the only Slavic and the only small state allied with the Central Powers. In addition, Bulgaria was the first member of the Quadruple Alliance that admitted their defeat with the Armistice of Thessaloniki (16/29 Sep 1918). The armistice signed in the Greek Macedonia capital ended not just Bulgaria’s three years involvement in the Great War, alongside Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, but also a longer period of violent confrontations if we include the two Balkan Wars too (1912-1913). After the implication in these successive conflicts, the small Slavic state had seen significant human and material losses (155,000 deaths on the battlefields, 400,000 wounded, and over 155,000 deaths due to diseases). One in six men aged 20 to 50 lost their lives during the period October 1912 to September 1918. The hereby study deals with the effects of these losses, sufferings and deprivations (doubled by the bitterness of defeat but also by hopes of winning the victor’s benevolence) at different layers: the army, the civilian population, the political life and the diplomacy. The study does not lack references to the “Dobrudjan Issue”, which dominated the Romanian-Bulgarian relations for almost the entire period 1878-1940. The bibliography includes contributions by prestigious specialists in Bulgarian and Balkan history, written or translated in Bulgarian, Romanian, English, French or Italian, completed with Romanian military documents.

We discuss the extension of corn and potatoes in Galician Atlantic agriculture during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an innovation process that facilitated rapid circulation of a new cattle feed from the Americas to Europe. Specifically, we focus on Galicia from 1890 to 1940, a time of significant scientific interest with regard to genetic improvements. This new science made it possible to develop double hybrid corn plants that became widespread after the 1920s. In this article we will describe the conditions accompanying the introduction and spread of these American crops, as recorded by modernist historiography, then analyse the institutional and social framework – knowledge networks, innovation systems and institutional and social tools – that enabled genetic advances in the twentieth century. To accomplish this, we must trace the journey of seeds and knowledge across the Atlantic from places such as the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1918) to the Galician Biological Mission (1921), among others.

В статье рассматривается возможность регенеративного планирования малого города на основе природно-рекреационного и социально-пространственного каркасов. Проведен социально-пространственный анализ населенных пунктов и дана классификация элементов природного комплекса Кушвинского городского округа. Представлена модель градостроительной регенерации малых поселений. Комбинация ее двух каркасов даст представление пространственной структуры, которая определяет наиболее значимые элементы пространства, тем самым формируя планировку города., The article considers the possibility of regenerative planning of a small city based on natural-recreational and socio-spatial frameworks. The socio-spatial analysis of settlements is carried out and the classification of elements of the natural complex of the Kushvinsky urban district is given. A model of urban regeneration of small settlements is presented, the combination of its two frameworks will give an idea of the spatial structure that determines the most significant elements of space, thereby forming the layout of the city.

Currently, no common definition of PEBs exists, which complicates technical solutions’ and business models' development across different climatic zones. This chapter defines a PEB based on thorough research conducted in the EU-funded EXCESS project. The chapter begins with a discussion on PEB backgrounds, such as PEB concepts' origin and comparison of concepts similar to PEB. After that a technical framework is introduced by presenting different technical criteria that need to be considered. Based on the EXCESS project's research, a positive energy building (PEB) is defined as ‘an energy-efficient building that produces more energy than it uses via renewable sources, with high self-consumption rate and high energy flexibility, over a time span of one year’. After the technical framework introduction, a social framework of PEBs is discussed. Finally, a technically and socially feasible PEB definition is provided. This discussion includes PEB as part of an energy community and PEBs in relation to smart readiness indicator.

Tombs of the kings of the Western Han dynasty (202 B.C.E.–9 C.E.) often contain burial items that are related to the material culture of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe. These artifacts are usually interpreted in a general sense, for instance as a sign for the fascination of the Han elite with the exotic. A closer analysis of relevant finds, however, shows different strategies of dealing with foreign influences. While the exchange with the empire’s northern neighbors is evidenced through goods for which identical excavated parallels from the steppe exist, the royal tombs of the Han also contained items that resemble and reference steppe motifs and objects but were clearly produced locally and for local consumers. Especially the latter type of artifacts can thus not simply be interpreted as the passive byproduct of exchange relations. Instead, we have to acknowledge that design, production, and usage of these objects were based on conscious decisions. Based on the insight that objects always have a social function, this article argues that the Han elite not only appropriated steppe influences and motifs but also strategically (re)produced and integrated them into their world in order to redefine, enhance, and strengthen their position within their social framework.

Hegemonic masculinity has been especially linked, among other aspects, to unhealthy behaviors and heterosexuality. This study aimed to explore the discourses of masculinities with young Spanish men with different sexual orientations (heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals), comparing them with the social representations that are put into practice on Instagram. Three qualitative approaches were triangulated to seek a richer comprehension and interpretational level: discussion groups, semi-structured interviews, and an online non-participant observation on Instagram with a total of 26 young men aged between 18 and 24. Results indicate that hegemonic masculinity discourse is still significant when understanding and experiencing young men’s masculinities, promoting behaviors that put their health at risk and generating psychological discomfort, especially among non-heterosexual men. Our findings provide knowledge of the social framework that legitimizes and reproduces male domination in younger generations both online and offline and how this is reflected in men’s health. This work was supported by GENDER NET Plus Co-Fund (reference number 2018-00968) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (reference number PCI2019-103580) under the PositivMasc European project; and the Spanish Ministry of Universities under the grant received from the Programa Nacional de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) for the first author (reference number FPU19/00905).

This article presents a new social framework for understanding the origins of trolling and its expansion from an obscure practice, limited to a handful of boards on Usenet, to a pervasive component of Internet culture. I argue that trolling originated, in the term of sociologists, as a form of boundary maintenance that served to distinguish communities of self-identified online insiders from others beyond the boundaries of their community and to drive outsiders away from their spaces. This framework can help us to better understand the transformations that trolling has undergone in the decades since its inception, as well as the persistence of misogyny and prejudice throughout the history of the practice.