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In this article, the authors reflect on social consequences of the deagrarianization process, based on their study conducted in the Blaszki commune in central Poland. The study shows deagrarianization in the making, as the region is prone to land being concentrated among the largest farms and to the deactivation of the majority of smallholders. Our research indicates how farmers specialize, quit livestock farming, and endure work overload. It also shows attitudes among younger farmers, who in most cases reject farming as their future career. Among the social consequences of deagrarianization, we note the erosion of community life, conflicts between entrepreneurial farmers and smallholders, and growing distrust. We then reflect on the deagrarianization process's roots, which lie in anti-peasant prejudices and the modernization paradigm in Polish social sciences and in the public sphere.

O debate acerca dos desastres e das situações de emergência ganhou destaque nos últimos anos, já que esses são eventos com alto potencial para desencadear uma série de consequências físicas, psíquicas e sociais. Objetivou-se discutir os aspectos biopsicossociais referentes ao derramamento de óleo em 2019 no litoral brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, realizado por meio de dados secundários, já coletados e analisados. Utilizou-se dados governamentais; não-governamentais; e estudos científicos publicados em periódicos com revisões por pares, com data de agosto de 2019, início da visualização do óleo no litoral brasileiro, até novembro de 2020, período de finalização deste. Como resultados discutidos, se iniciou através histórico do fato e as suas consequências socioambientais, danos à fauna e flora, assim como à vida daqueles que dependem das atividades no mar, como pescadores, consumidores e voluntários. Discutiram-se e foram evidenciadas fragilidades nas políticas ambientais brasileiras, principalmente no que tange ao Plano Nacional de Contingência, pelo retardo no acionamento deste. Evidenciou-se ainda a contribuição da Psicologia nas dimensões biopsicossociais, nas subjetividades e idiossincrasias dos seres humanos frente à resiliência, luto, noção de pertencimento/vínculo com o lugar e vulnerabilidades sociais. Conclusivamente, refletiu-se acerca do gap de ações governamentais amplas, que possam auxiliar na reparação de danos, na esfera humana, com ações focadas na dimensão biopsicossocial, ou voltadas a recuperação dos ecossistemas atingidos.

The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak has affected the lives of people globally on many different levels. Whilst a few antiviral drugs have been recommended for COVID-19, there are no dedicated drugs available for this disease, yet. A virus pandemic could potentially induce severe public health threats, as well as economic and social consequences. Therefore, the discovery of effective, safe, and inexpensive antiviral agents is of great importance. Graphene has extraordinary properties. A series of successful biomedical applications involving graphene/graphene-hybrid nanocomposites (G/GHNs) have been reported in recent years, including graphene-based biosensor and related drug delivery system. This review is focused on the properties, synthesis routes, and applications of G/GHNs in antiviral therapy aiming to understand and highlight the unique properties of graphene and its derivatives, particularly for antiviral therapy, to evaluate and discuss the quality of graphene prepared via various preparation methods, to present the recent development of G/GHNs and their antiviral activities in prevention, detection and treatment, to offer perspective outlooks on the role of G/GHNs in antiviral therapy. © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH

We suggest that a political leader or a political administration can be described in terms of a public sector entrepreneurship framework. To illustrate, we define the actions of US President Donald Trump’s Administration to refocus the emphasis of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an innovative public policy initiative. And, we explore empirically the social consequences of those actions in terms of changes in the number of STEM employees at the EPA and the number of attendant innovative scientific publications. We find that declining experienced STEM employees at the EPA during President Trump’s Administration is associated with declining innovative environmental scientific publications. Declining experienced STEM employees at the EPA during President Donald Trump’s Administration is associated with declining innovative environmental scientific publications. A public sector entrepreneur is an individual who champions an innovative public policy. In this paper we propose that President Trump’s Administration’s policies toward the EPA during his administration were innovative, although different from that of previous administrations. These policies sought to reorient the EPA toward industrial and industry-friendly interests which was contrary to the agency’s health and environmental missions. One response to the administration’s new policies was that experienced STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) employees left the EPA. A social consequence of the departure of experienced STEM employees is that the number of environmentally related scientific publications—one indicator of an agency’s innovative activity—from EPA scientists declined. An implication from our empirical findings is that not all public sector entrepreneurial actions are socially desirable; some have potentially detrimental short-run and possible long-run effects on society as a whole.

This article deals with the criminalization of violating religious feelings is of a scientific and research nature. The scientific problem is to determine the actual ratio legis of the act described in Article 196 of the Polish Criminal Code, which will ultimately allow to assess whether the criminalization decision is right. The author does not share the commonly held views on the protection and justification of the criminality of offending religious feelings. A comparison of crimes that provide for punishment for violating other feelings, as well as violating feelings of a different nature with impunity, allows for the formulation of the thesis that in the case of Article 196 of the Criminal Code it was not religious feelings and their protection that became the reason for the criminalization decision. This reason is the fear of the social consequences of violating religious feelings. Since this behavior is criminalized in most countries around the world, the significance of these scientific findings is of international significance both theoretically and practically.

BackgroundUnder-reporting of occupational injuries (OIs) among precariously employed workers in Sweden challenges effective surveillance of OIs and targeted preventive measures.ObjectiveTo estimate the magnitude of under-reporting of OIs among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden in 2013.MethodsCapture–recapture methods were applied using the national OIs register and records from a labour market insurance company. Employed workers 18–65 resident in Sweden in 2013 were included in the study (n=82 949 OIs). Precarious employment was operationalised using the national labour market register, while injury severity was constructed from the National Patient Register. Under-reporting estimates were computed stratifying by OIs severity and by sociodemographic characteristics, occupations and precarious employment.ResultsUnder-reporting of OIs followed a dose–response pattern according to the levels of precariousness (the higher the precarious level, the higher the under-reporting) being for the precarious group (22.6%, 95% CI 21.3% to 23.8%), followed by the borderline precarious (17.6%, 95% CI 17.1% to 18.2%) and lastly the non-precarious (15.0%, 95% CI 14.7% to 15.3%). Under-reporting of OIs, decreased as the injury severity increased and was higher with highest level of precariousness in all groups of severity. We also observed higher under-reporting estimates among all occupations in the precarious and borderline precarious groups as compared with the non-precarious ones.ConclusionsThis is the first register-based study to empirically demonstrate in Sweden that under-reporting of OIs is 50% higher among precariously employed workers. OIs under-reporting may represent unrecognised injuries that especially burden precariously employed workers as financial, health and social consequences shift from the employer to the employee.

Over the decades suicidology has experienced many challenges and changes. Language, culture, gender, and intersectionalities of experience have been domains of challenge and change. In this article I document my contributions to suicidology's transformation in these domains. These contributions include challenging stigmatizing and biased suicide-language (e.g., expressions like "successful" and "failed" suicide); questioning gender myths of suicidal behaviors (e.g., the myth that women and men are opposites in terms of suicide motives); the gender-paradox-of-suicide idea; and suicide-scripts theory and research. I then describe the evolution of suicide-scripts theory. Suicide-scripts theory builds on evidence that in each culture there are unique situations when suicidal behavior is expected from specific people, using specific methods, and with specific social consequences. The theory posits that these scripts contribute to variations in suicidality across cultures, and within cultures, across sociodemographic groups, intersectionally. Studies using a diversity of methodologies and focusing on a diversity of sociodemographic groups and cultures point to the role of suicide scripts in suicidality. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications, for suicide prevention, of suicide-scripts theory and evidence.

International migrant workers in European rural regions have supplied rural industries with necessary labour, stimulated the demography of host communities and raised questions about the inclusion of migrants. Using the case of Polish post-accession migrants employed in the farmed salmon industry in rural Norway, we explore the social consequences of changing employment relations in rural industries. By using a temporal perspective, we identify a transition from an inclusive employment regime experienced by the migrants who arrived in the locality within the first years after the EU enlargement in 2004, to an increasingly exploitative, insecure and competitive work environment for recently arrived migrants. We emphasise how employment conditions offered to different ‘waves’ of migrants affect the ways they perceive their status and value in rural hosting communities. Ultimately, we reflect on the potential long-term consequences of international migration to rural areas.

Although much of the nascent scholarship on COVID-19 has highlighted the tremendous health, economic, and social consequences of the pandemic, what has been underappreciated is the loss of commercial friendships due to the pandemic. Markets are social spaces where individuals can meet and form meaningful connections. But, because many market interactions that would have taken place in person before the pandemic moved remote and online, or were cancelled altogether, the COVID-19 pandemic has limited the ability of market participants to form and maintain meaningful social bonds. Indeed, we argue that COVID-19 is a disruptor of the formation and continuance of these commercial relationships. Specifically, we find that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) commercial interactions have become more anonymous and less personalized;(2) the formation and maintenance of commercial friendships are hindered because of the transition to virtual platforms, which are imperfect substitutes for in person connections;(3) during lockdowns, individuals spend more time interacting with closer ties rather than weaker ties;and (4) during the pandemic commercial settings are less likely to serve as social arenas. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the proportion of the population that will be susceptible to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the proportions of infections, recoveries and fatalities from the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The design was a longitudinal survey of COVID-19 infections, recoveries and fatalities in Nigeria using the data on the daily updates of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control for the period 1 May to 23 August 2020. Markov chain analysis was performed on the data. Findings The results showed that in the long run, 8.4% of the population will be susceptible to COVID-19 infections, 26.4% of them will be infected, 61.2% of the infected will recover and 4% will become fatal. Thus, if this pattern of infections and recoveries continue, the majority of the infected people in Nigeria will recover whilst a very small proportion of the infected people will die. Research limitations/implications A dearth of the extant literature on the problem, especially from the management science perspective. Practical implications Results of the study will facilitate policymakers’ response to the curtailment of the pandemic in Nigeria. Social implications Curtailing the pandemic through the results of this study will assist in easing the social consequences of the pandemic. Originality/value The proposed adjustment to the susceptibilities, infections and recoveries model through the introduction of a fourth state (fatality) to get the susceptibilities, infections, recoveries and fatalities model, signalling a point of departure from previous studies.

A 21. század elejének összetett biztonsági kihívásai növekvő bizonytalanságot eredményeznek és új konfliktusok irányába mutatnak. A konfliktusok egyre inkább olyan töréspontok mentén alakulnak ki, ahol a katonai és nem katonai eszközök egyidejű alkalmazásának változatos kombinációja jelenik meg. A konfliktusok alapvetően alacsony intenzitású, aszimmetrikus és irreguláris műveletei az ellenségeskedést az intézményi térből a társadalmi és az egyéni térbe helyezik át. A 20. század második felében Franciaország két olyan egymást követő, elhúzódó háborút is vívott, amelyekben a felkelésellenes műveletek társadalmi vonzatai meghatározók voltak. A jelentős áldozatokkal járó indokínai(1946–1954) és algériai (1954–1962) háborúkat azonban minden igyekezete ellenére sem nyerte meg. A tanulmányban a szerző két francia klasszikusnak, Roger Trinquiernek és David Galulának a lakosság háborúban betöltött szerepére vonatkozó gondolatait elemzi, megállapításai pedig egyértelmű figyelmeztetések a mai kor katonája számára.

Za vsako krizo, vključujoč zdravstveno, stoji preplet socialnih, ekonomskih, političnih in etičnih tokov upravljanja življenja (governmentality); naloga kritičnega družboslovja in humanistike je odgovoriti na krizo pandemije s predlogi za alternativne modele upravljanja z javnim dobrim. V omejenem obsegu tega sklopa je ambicija lahko le omejena. V pričujočem tematskem bloku o pandemiji COVID-19 smo zbrali družboslovno-humanistične vpoglede v družbeno-kulturne vidike pandemije in t. i. »korona krize«. Bogat nabor člankov tako razmišlja o pandemiji onkraj medicinsko-tehnicističnih premislekov, ko na eni strani ponuja filozofsko-sociološko navdihnjene razprave o družbenih in političnih implikacijah pandemije, na drugi strani pa postreže s konkretnimi sociološko-komunikološkimi empiričnimi študijami o življenju s pandemijo v slovenski družbi. Tematski blok, razdeljen na tri dele, pa je v zadnjem delu obogaten še z dvema kulturološkima premišljevanjema o pomenu pandemije za kulturni prostor, ki je pod njenim vplivom doživel številne preobrazbe.

Objective Monitoring quality of life (QoL) in patients with cancer can provide insight into functional, psychological and social consequences associated with illness and its treatment. The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of cultural factors on the communication between the patient and the health care provider and the perceived QoL in women with breast cancer in Japan and the Netherlands. Methods In Japanese and Dutch women with early breast cancer, the number, content and frequency of QoL-related issues discussed at the medical encounter were studied. Patients completed questionnaires regarding QoL and evaluation of communication with the CareNoteBook. Results The total number, frequency and content of QoL-related issues discussed differed between the two countries. Japanese women (n = 134) were significantly more reticent in discussing QoL-issues than the Dutch women (n = 70) (p < .001). Furthermore, Dutch patients perceived the CareNoteBook methodology significantly more positively than the Japanese patients (p < .001). Both groups supported the regular assessment via a CareNoteBook methodology. Conclusions Japanese women are more reluctant in expressing their problems with the illness, its treatment and patient-physician communication than Dutch women.

espanolLa paradoja denominada «maldicion de los recursos naturales» ha demostrado que las economias basadas en actividades extractivas no contribuyen positivamente a la erradicacion de la pobreza, la discriminacion y las desigualdades. Por el contrario, estos problemas parecen empeorar, incrementando los niveles de corrupcion, desigualdad y violencia. Mientras que los defensores de estas actividades enfatizan la necesidad de desarrollar las industrias extractivas, sus criticos senalan las consecuencias ambientales, politicas y sociales de esta industria. No obstante, es innegable que la principal causa de los conflictos socioambientales en el mundo, que incluye la violacion de los derechos humanos fundamentales, los derechos culturales y los derechos ambientales, tiene como corolario la mercantilizacion y explotacion de la naturaleza. El caracter global de las industrias extractivas requiere una teoria de la justicia mas comprensiva, que tenga en consideracion el desafio global y la soberania estatal, ademas de la complejidad que caracteriza a este tipo de problemas en terminos de espacio, tiempo, sujetos y materias. Filosofos politicos, en su mayoria angloamericanos, han desarrollado diversas aproximaciones teoricas a la justicia global que hacen referencia al desarrollo, la redistribucion, la proteccion ambiental, la solidaridad, la responsabilidad, la proteccion de los derechos humanos y la equidad. Este articulo busca analizar en que medida el concepto de justicia global puede contribuir a comprender mejor y resolver los conflictos socioambientales relativos a las industrias extractivas. EnglishThe paradox of «the natural resources curse» has shown that extractive economies do not contribute positively to the eradication of poverty, discrimination and inequality. On the contrary, these problems seem to worsen in such economies, increasing the levels of corruption, inequality and violence. While advocates of these activities emphasize the advantages of developing extractive industries, their critics underline the environmental, political and social consequences of this industry. It is undeniable, however, that the main cause of social and environmental conflicts in the world, including the violation of fundamental, cultural and environmental rights, is the commodification and exploitation of nature. The global character of extractive industries demands a more comprehensive theory of justice that considers the global challenge and state sovereignty, as well as the complexity that characterizes this type of problem in terms of space, time, agents and subjects. Political philosophers, mostly Anglo-American, have developed various theoretical approaches to global justice that refer to development, redistribution, environmental protection, solidarity, responsibility, the protection of human rights and equity. This article seeks to analyze the extent to which the concept of global justice can contribute to a better understanding and resolution of socio-environmental conflicts related to extractive industries.

This paper relays the findings of the evaluation of an applied theatre project for children in hospital as perceived by hospital teachers. A mixed qualitative approach was used. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to explore the teachers’ views on children’s engagement with learning and the improvement of the hospital experience as a whole through applied theatre. The article presents examples of children’s stories that illustrate the findings. The study concludes that applied theatre in paediatrics can engage children with hospital tuition and learning during treatment; improve the management of emotions; help them relax and communicate with the outside world.

El articulo destaca los principales elementos a tener en cuenta cuando se desea localizar las causas relevantes de la inflacion segun cual sea la estructura economica subyacente. De esta manera, hace hincapie en la necesidad de una respuesta precisa a preguntas como cuando, donde y por que y como se genera un proceso inflacionario, asi como en sus consecuencias economicas, politicas y sociales. Ademas, el trabajo destaca la necesidad de analizar la naturaleza de la inflacion y sus circunstancias, mas que de contrastar estructuralismo frente a monetarismo. En definitiva, pretende especificar las causas de la inflacion, su direccion, intensidad, interaccion para una estructura economica y social concreta. This paper points out the main e1ements under analysis in a study aimed at bringing out the relevant causes of inflation in each kind of economic structure. Thus, it stresses the necessity of a direct answer to questions like when, where, why and how an inflationary process is generated as well as its economic, political and social consequences. Further, it points out the necessity of analyzing the nature of inflation and its circumstances rather than contrasting structuralism vs. monetarism. Thus it seeks to specify the causes of inflation, their direction, intensity and interaction in a given type of economic and social structure. With that aim the ideas of economic efficiency and social welfare are introduced and applied to an interpretation of the Argentine case during the last hundred years. Keywords: Inflation, Structural permanence, economics efficiency, social welfare.

The global financial recession which began in 2008 has led to significant economic and social consequences for youth, with the case of Greece being a notable one in terms of severity. Repeated political-economic ‘shocks’ to the structure of Greek society have manifest in common situations of unemployment and underemployment. Although impacting heavily on the working classes, severe curtailments in medium-high-skilled labour have also been observed among the middle classes as well. Following these contexts, the article examines the experiences of highly educated young women in Greece ( n = 36) as they navigate precarious employment within the midst of the Greek economic crisis. It is argued that rather than their educated status offering opportunities to deploy resources to help withstand the crisis, their high education levels create frustrations and barriers towards achieving suitable employment. These perceived mismatches between high education and low status and/or poor-quality work conditions are assessed in the context of research on emerging adulthood.

The mounting evidence of unintended harmful social consequences of automated algorithmic decision-making (AADM), powered by AI and big data, in transformative services (e.g., welfare services), is ...

The coronavirus pandemic accelerated the transition to online by 5 years. Although the IT industry has exploded in the last 20 years, Romania is still at the bottom of the European ranking on digitization, ranking 26th out of 28 countries. In Romania only in 2020 the Romanian Digitization Authority (ADR) was established. and a ministry of research and digitization has been set up and some interesting provisions appear in the government program, such as the introduction of informatics in primary classes. Statistics show that only 9.2 percent of jobs with earnings below the average wage in the economy could be done in telework. It is now more difficult to assume that there will ever be a return to normalcy, especially since the restrictive measures imposed over a longer period of time lead to changes in human behavior in such a way that it is impossible to predict to what extent once. what the crisis generated by Covid-19 will disappear will return to a lifestyle similar to that before this period.

Pride is a positively valenced emotion that occurs in response to success and is comprised of two distinct facets: authentic pride, characterized by feelings of accomplishment and confidence; and hubristic pride, characterized by feelings of arrogance and conceit. The two facets diverge in their associations with a range of personality traits and social consequences, but they share a nonverbal expression and evolutionary function. Specifically, both pride facets facilitate the attainment of social rank, but in notably different ways: authentic pride motivates hard work to get ahead, whereas hubristic pride is associated with more antisocial and dishonest means to high status. In closing, we discuss how knowledge of pride can inform research into other positive emotions.

espanolEste articulo presenta una aproximacion al fenomeno de la desinformacion visual con la intencion de desarrollar una taxonomia que clasifique las tecnicas empleadas en la produccion de imagenes falsas en contenidos desinformativos relacionados con la aparicion y desarrollo de la pandemia del COVID-19. Partiendo de una muestra de 80 items de contenidos visuales desinformativos en relacion con la pandemia y sus consecuencias sociales, extraidos de paginas webs informativas, medios digitales y redes sociales. Se ha desarrollado sobre la muestra un proceso inductivo en cuatro fases: primeramente, una recogida y rastreo, seguido de la observacion e interpretacion de sus contenidos, para clasificarlos y obtener finalmente unas pautas comunes referenciales extrapolables. De este modo se busca establecer patrones vigentes que permitan catalogar las tecnicas y procesos de manipulacion fotografica. Como resultado se ha obtenido una propuesta de taxonomia a modo de mapa de las tacticas que mayoritariamente se han empleado para la desinformacion visual durante la pandemia. Se establecen tres segmentos clasificatorios primarios: manipulaciones ex ante, ex facto y ex post, haciendo alusion al periodo temporal en el que la alteracion de la fotografia (des)informativa tiene lugar. Finalmente, surge una segunda disposicion clasificatoria atendiendo a la tipologia exacta de la tecnica manipulativa empleada. En conclusion, queda patente el papel de la fotografia en la desinformacion que afecta a la crisis pandemica actual, poniendo de relieve los diversos caminos manipulativos que la imagen puede tomar. La propuesta pretende contribuir al anhelo de quienes, ante esta pandemia doble, la virica y la desinformativa, ven la oportunidad de reforzar una mas ferrea alfabetizacion mediatica. EnglishThis article presents an approach to the phenomenon of visual disinformation with the intention of developing a taxonomy that classifies the techniques used in the production of false images in disinformative content related to COVID-19. Based on a sample of 80 items of visual disinformative content related to the pandemic and its social consequences, extracted from informative websites, digital media and social networks. An inductive process has been developed on the sample in four phases: firstly, a collection and tracking, followed by the observation and interpretation of its contents, to classify them and finally obtain common referential patterns that can be extrapolated. In this way, we seek to establish current patterns that allow us to catalogue the techniques and processes of photographic manipulation. As a result, a taxonomy proposal has been obtained as a map of the tactics that have been mainly used for visual disinformation during the pandemic. Three primary classificatory segments are established: ex ante, ex facto and ex post manipulations, alluding to the time period in which the alteration of the (dis)informative photograph takes place. Finally, a second classificatory arrangement arises according to the exact typology of the manipulative technique employed. In conclusion, the role of photography in the disinformation that affects the current pandemic crisis is evident, highlighting the various manipulative paths that the image can take. The proposal aims to contribute to the desire of those who, in the face of this double pandemic, viral and disinformative, see the opportunity to reinforce a stronger media literacy.

In this challenging time, when the economic situation is unstable, many companies have to face such a phenomenon as bankruptcy. The procedure is new for our country and, therefore, its implementation is associated with a number of difficulties and issues. Bankruptcy sometimes turns out to be the only civilized way for a legal entity to solve the problem of accumulated debts. This procedure allows reorganizing or liquidating a business in compliance with the interests of the owner and creditors. Bankruptcy as a civil procedure has its own legal and social consequences, fi rst of all, when it comes to the workforce and threats to lay off the organization's staff . As a rule, bankruptcy affects the personnel of an organization or an enterprise and, in this case, it becomes extremely important to respect the labor rights of members of the labor collective at all levels. Dismissal of employees during the liquidation of an enterprise must be carried out strictly in accordance with the articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The contractual relationship is terminated in stages. Certain categories of workers are of great importance — people with disabilities, pregnant women, underage employees, mothers and fathers involved in raising children without a second parent, etc.

The expansion of the caravan trade in eastern Africa during the nineteenth century is considered to have had significant ecological, economic and social consequences. While available historical doc...

Due to the economic and social consequences of the Covid-19 emergency of 2020, many vulnerable Venezuelan migrants scattered across South America decided to return to their country overland. Simultaneously, exceptional measures imposed during the pandemic resulted in increased domestic and international political constraints to their mobility. Different strategies to resist and overcome such restrictions emerged in this scenario. Drawing upon the concept of Temporary Migrant Multiplicities (Tazzioli, 2020), I analyse how to camp became one of those collective strategies. I present the results of a digital ethnography focusing on a transitory settlement built (and later abandoned) by some 500 persons returning to Venezuela, between May and July 2020 in the outskirts of Bogotá (Colombia). I thereby explore how vulnerabilities can turn into vehicles of resistance in contexts of arbitrary control over precarised human mobility, such as Covid-19 exceptional politics.

Background Men have been, and still are, included in more studies than women, in large part because of the lingering belief that ovulatory cycles result in women showing too much variability to be economically viable subjects. This belief has scientific and social consequences, and yet, it remains largely untested. Recent work in rodents has shown either that there is no appreciable difference in overall variability across a wealth of traits, or that in fact males may show more variability than females. Methods We analyzed learning management system logins associated to gender records spanning 2 years from 13,777 students at Northeastern Illinois University. These data were used to assess variability in daily rhythms in a heterogeneous human population. Results At the population level, men are more likely than women to show extreme chronotypes (very early or very late phases of activity). Men were also found to be more variable than women across and within individuals. Variance correlated negatively with academic performance, which also showed a gender difference. Whereas a complaint against using female subjects is that their variance is the driver of statistical sex differences, only 6% of the gender performance difference is potentially accounted for by variance, suggesting that variability is not the driver of sex differences here. Conclusions Our findings do not support the idea that women are more behaviorally variable than men and may support the opposite. Our findings support including sex as a biological variable and do not support variance-based arguments for the exclusion of women as research subjects.

Nowadays, metropolitan areas are especially affected by the negative economic and social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Everyday life and the urban landscape have also changed in these areas significantly. Because of the current urban and social features, several scientific studies have started to profoundly dispute the positive evaluation of urban settlements. In addition to revealing the real responsibility of metropolises, and their specificities, in the spread of the virus, this paper intends to analyse the virus-related issues in four dimensions: firstly, it presents the different kinds of impact of COVID-19 in the Western and Eastern types of large cities or metropolises. Secondly, it shows how the virus spread from city to city in its(first) emergence period. In addition, the study deals with the determining factors, especially the sociological reasons for the appearance and the development of COVID-19 in large cities. Besides this, the paper hypothetically deals with the possible negative spatial structural consequences in urban areas, so that the metropolises will be able to prepare for the mitigation of the current and future pandemics. Finally, possible solutions for the protection of metropolises will be listed.

Lesch‐Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare genetic disorder with an unusual behavioral phenotype that includes severe and involuntary self‐injury requiring the near constant use of protective devices and, for some individuals, dental extraction. Often, the person with LND also engages in emotional self‐injury in the form of both self‐sabotage and behaviors directed toward others that will have a negative social consequence. When these self‐destructive behaviors present themselves, it is sometimes challenging for caregivers, professionals, or other observers to fully recognize their lack of volition. It is an even greater challenge to accurately and convincingly convey their involuntary nature to medical students, colleagues, school staff, or even family members who might be unfamiliar with the disorder. It is difficult to find words to clearly and adequately convey the essence of behaviors like those that we find in LND without, in some way, implying intent.

This article, by using general scientific methods, presents the main issues and ways to improve the appropriate technical equipment of state border crossing points, legal responsibilities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and the main results of operational activities to combat the illegal movement of radioactive materials and objects across the state border. The article shows the results of international cooperation and the implementation of international technical assistance projects by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on improving the system of prevention of illicit trafficking of radioactive materials and objects. Furthermore, the article examines the main responsibilities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on ensuring radiation safety, which affects the real needs of equipping the state border guard bodies with the necessary technical tools. It is indicated that the detection of suspicious objects at state border crossing points may be limited to detection of exceeding the permissible radiation level without details about its kind with their further transfer to specially authorised state authorities of Ukraine for detailed examination. It is essential to note the need to improve the legal regulation of illegal trafficking of materials and objects that are hazardous radioactive sources across the state border considering negative economic and social consequences to the person, society, state and international community. There is an urgent need for well-defined regulation regarding the radiation materials and objects to prevent their movement across the state border without obtaining a special permit. Taking into account the need to reduce the budget expenditure of the border agency, this article provides recommendations to determine the purpose of the state re-equipment program of state border crossing points with modern tools for detection of radiation sources.

Background Stillbirth, the death of a baby before birth, is associated with significant psychological and social consequences that can be mitigated by respectful and supportive bereavement care. The absence of high-level evidence to support the broad scope of perinatal bereavement practices means that offering a range of options identified as valued by parents has become an important indicator of care quality. This study aimed to describe bereavement care practices offered to parents across different high-income and middle-income countries. Methods An online survey of parents of stillborn babies was conducted between December 2014 and February 2015. Frequencies of nine practices were compared between high-income and middle-income countries. Differences in proportions of reported practices and their associated odds ratios were calculated to compare high-income and middle-income countries. Results Over three thousand parents (3041) with a self-reported stillbirth in the preceding five years from 40 countries responded. Fifteen countries had atleast 40 responses. Significant differences in the prevalence of offering nine bereavement care practices were reported by women in high-income countries (HICs) compared with women in middle-income countries (MICs). All nine practices were reported to occur significantly more frequently by women in HICs, including opportunity to see and hold their baby (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 4.0-5.9). The widespread occurrence of all nine practices was reported only for The Netherlands. Conclusions Bereavement care after stillbirth varies between countries. Future research should look at why these differences occur, their impact on parents, and whether differences should be addressed, particularly how to support effective communication, decision-making, and follow-up care.

Проблема безработицы, за последнее время, в период пандемии, не только не утратила своей актуальности, но и трансформировалась в одну из актуальных экономических проблем. Анализ безработицы необходим для выстраивания политики преодоления и предотвращения, вызванных неэффективным использованием трудовых ресурсов, социально-экономических проблем, разработки способов и мер борьбы с безработицей. Невостребованность трудового потенциала повышает интерес населения к неформальной экономике и теневому бизнесу. Это негативно сказывается на общем благосостоянии страны, её экономическом росте и развитии. В работе рассматривается проблематика безработицы и её влияние на качественную сторону экономики - экономическое развитие, и количественную - экономический рост. В процессе работы анализируются данные по безработице, выявляются ее причины. В рамках проведённого опроса молодёжи по вопросам занятости, заинтересованности в работе, отношению к безработице определены пути и способы снижения безработицы, разработана модель эффективного использования трудовых ресурсов для достижения экономического роста. The problem of unemployment, recently, during the pandemic, not only did not lose its relevance, but also transformed into one of the most pressing economic problems. The analysis of unemployment is necessary for building a policy of overcoming and preventing socio-economic problems caused by the inefficient use of labor resources, and developing methods and measures to combat unemployment. The lack of demand for labor potential increases the interest of the population in the informal economy and shadow business. This has a negative impact on the overall well-being of the country, its economic growth and development. The paper considers the problems of unemployment and its impact on the qualitative side of the economy - economic development, and the quantitative side - economic growth. In the process of work, data on unemployment is analyzed, its causes are identified. Within the framework of the conducted survey of young people on employment, interest in work, and attitude to unemployment, ways and means of reducing unemployment were identified, and a model of effective use of labor resources to achieve economic growth was developed.

This research examines (a) the negative impact of disinformation including a deepfake video and (b) the protective effect of media literacy education. We conducted an experiment using a two disinformation message type (deepfake video present vs. absent) by three media literacy education (general disinformation vs. deepfake-specific vs. no literacy) factorial design. In the general disinformation (vs. deepfake-specific) literacy condition, participants were informed about (a) the definition of disinformation (vs. deepfake), (b) some examples of disinformation (vs. deepfake), and (c) the social consequences of disinformation (vs. deepfake). Results showed that disinformation messages including a deepfake video resulted in greater vividness, persuasiveness, credibility, and intent to share the message. Media literacy education reduced the effects of disinformation messages.

In this paper we suggest it is essential for development planners to utilize a social geology approach in making decisions on mining concessions. This is especially so in newly decentralizing democracies, such as Indonesia, where political decisions on natural resource extraction are often subject to accusations of corruption. We investigate several sites in different provinces in eastern Indonesia, where social consequences are constrained by geology and technology for mining minerals. On Flores Island, in the East Nusa Tenggara province, manganese is found as volcanic-hosted manganese layers, requiring heavy machinery from large mining companies, while in the same province, on Timor Island, sedimentary-hosted manganese, found in softer soils, can be mined by local communities. Political decentralization, fears of environmental destruction, and concerns over mining concessions resulted in resistance growing in the province, especially where companies mine without much benefit felt by local communities. We compare mining in East Nusa Tenggara province with mining in Sulawesi, long known for nickel and gold, where small-scale gold mining boomed in the past decade. We argue taking a social geology approach is the only way to fully understand mineral resources and to develop effective, efficient, and safe policies for the benefit of local and regional actors.

Built on the important functions daily routines serve families and child health, this study aimed to explore parents’ descriptions of mealtimes and food-related challenges when living with a child using a gastrostomy feeding tube. The study was informed by ecocultural theory and based on in-depth interviews combined with stimulated recall. The interviews of 10 parents were inductively analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis. Four main categories comprised the parents’ descriptions: “One situation, different functions,” “On the child’s terms,” “Doing something to me,” and “An unpredictable pattern,” with one overarching theme. The analyses showed that the parents strived to establish mealtimes in line with their cultural context, although they struggled to reach a point of satisfaction. The study highlights the importance of health care professionals to address the medical aspects of caring for a child with a G-tube, but also the potential psychological and social consequences for ordinary family life. © The Author(s) 2021. Funding: The Department of Research and Development, Region Halland, Sweden (Grant no. 894731).

In creative industries research, there is now recognition that promoting economic growth through the creative economy has environmental and social consequences, suggesting the need for more holisti...

espanolEste articulo ofrece un estado de la cuestion sobre las uniones mixtas entre nacionales y extranjeros y sus descendientes en Espana, lo que se ha llamado de forma mas abarcadora «mixticidad». Siendo un fenomeno en aumento a escala global, este se empieza a conocer algo mas en este pais. Se muestra, primero lugar, una panoramica estadistica, fundamentalmente descriptiva, sobre la evolucion y patrones principales (temporales, tipologia y distribucion geografica), tanto en relacion con las uniones mixtas como con los nacimientos que surgen de estas. Segundo, se adentra en significados mas profundos de esta realidad, a partir de informacion etnografica de primera mano, lo que permite plantear algunas consideraciones sobre su significado y consecuencias sociales en las dinamicas de inclusion y exclusion social en Espana. Por ultimo, se ofrecen unas conclusiones con los principales hallazgos. EnglishThis paper describes the state of play for mixed unions between nationals and foreigners and for their descendants in Spain. Broadly termed “mixticidad”, this growing worldwide phenomenon, is beginning to be better known in this country. First, a mainly descriptive statistical overview is given of the main patterns and evolution (in terms of time, type and geographical distribution), both in relation to mixed unions and the births resulting from them. Second, the paper explores the deeper meanings of this reality using first-hand ethnographic information, which allows us to make some reflections on its meaning and social consequences in Spanish social inclusion and exclusion dynamics. Finally, some conclusions are offered along with the main findings. >> The full text articles of this issue are available only in Spanish language

To tackle internal and external challenges, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote economic upgrading, but little scholarly attention has been paid to its social consequences. Pre...

BACKGROUND: It is said that when things take a turn for the worse they try to teach us a lesson. What can be a better example than the ongoing series of events about SARS COV-2, the Novel Corona virus.History is observing a new lesson for Human lifetime, a very strange pandemic andits fight with a microscopic enemy. SUMMARY: The Coronavirus outbreak was first reported on 17 Nov 2019 in the city of Wuhan in china and was declared a pandemic by the WORLD HEATH ORGANIZATION on February 11, 2020. The response from countries have been different at different levels. The virus threw us into an introspective loop, coerced us to look at the things that really matter in life, a jolt that actual life isn’t all about 9-5 work and constant hustle where you are lost into the rat race. It has taught us to be prepared for the challenges in life. Like the saying goes “a lesson learned the hard way is the lesson learned for a lifetime”. CONCLUSION:The COVID-19 pandemic has brought devastating health and social consequences. But it has delivered a chance to learn valuable moral lessons that could benefit all of humanity.

The article deals with the problems of implementation of the mediation procedure in civil proceedings and the technical possibilities of distance mediation, prospects for implementation, as well as the legal and social consequences of using this method of dispute resolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors emphasize the importance and necessity of using distance mediation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it allows resolving civil cases without a health risk. Emphasis is placed on what difficulties may arise in choosing this particular way for resolving the dispute and possible ways to overcome them. It is noted that many problems arise, primarily due to the fact that mediation has not yet found its place in a separate law. The article gives a detailed analysis of how a mediator can ensure the confidentiality of the procedure and which his actions are possible if it is impossible to conduct it remotely. In contrast to mediation, which due to the flexibility of the procedure can take place remotely, a parallel is drawn with the traditional dispute resolution, in courts, as well as the reasons for the ineffectiveness of distance format in choosing this method and the advantages of mediation in this case. It is spoken in detail about the issue of conducting mediation in other countries and shown the conclusions, which summarize the solutions for overcoming problems, their effectiveness and experience for Ukrainian mediators, which can be borrowed from foreign professionals. Examples of solving the problems, caused by the pandemic, in distance mediation considered by the examples of France, the United Kingdom, and some states of the United States. The article draws attention to the fact that civil cases are best resolved through the mediation procedure, and under quarantine - remotely. It is emphasized that civil cases often meet all the criteria of the eligibility for mediation in contrast to criminal, economic, administrative cases and cases of administrative torts.