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Whether social development promotes trust or hinders it has been a controversial issue. The study conducted a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 160 studies adopting Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS) to investigate trust among Chinese college students and to explore the impact of social change on trust. The 160 papers involved 70, 394 college students, and the data was collected from 1998 to 2017. Results showed that the interpersonal trust among Chinese college students increased by 1.05 SD from 1998 to 2017. Besides, typical social development indicators and indicators related to college students are selected. The lay analysis was used to analyze the relationship between social indicators and the level of interpersonal trust among college students 10 years ago, 5 years ago, and at present. The results showed that trust was significantly positively correlated with college graduates, the gross domestic product (GDP), etc. 10 years ago, 5 years ago, and at present, respectively. While significantly negatively correlated with the unemployment rate and Gini coefficient at present. The above results indicate that interpersonal trust among Chinese college students presents an upward trend over time with social development. While the high unemployment and high Gini coefficients in the process of social development would be risk factors for trust growth in the future., Author(s): Ningmeng Cao [sup.1] , Binghai Sun [sup.1] , Weijian Li [sup.1] , Guoan Yue [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453534.0, 0000 0001 2219 2654, College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal [...]

This article explores how the concept of shock has been used in connection to processes of social change and transition, and argues that a wider exploration of the concept in [...]

Two studies assess people's reactions in the midst of dramatic social change. The studies examine consequences of social change in Russia and Mongolia after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union. They focus on the impact of social changes that are numerous, negative, and rapid. Specifically, an integration of relative deprivation and social identity theories is proposed. According to hypotheses, it is found that the more people perceive social change as numerous and negative, the more they experience social collective relative deprivation. In addition, the more people perceive social change as rapid and negative, the more they express temporal collective relative deprivation. Both types of collective relative deprivation are linked to collective esteem: Whereas the path from temporal collective relative deprivation is negative in both studies, the valence of path from social collective relative deprivation to collective esteem depends on perceived in-group status of the cultural group. Keywords: social change; relative deprivation; social comparisons; temporal comparisons; collective esteem; social mobility

P. M. Greenfield's new theory of social change and human development aims to show how changing sociodemographic ecologies alter cultural values and learning environments and thereby shift developmental pathways. Worldwide sociodemographic trends include movement from rural residence, informal education at home, subsistence economy, and low-technology environments to urban residence, formal schooling, commerce, and high-technology environments. The former ecology is summarized by the German term Gemeinschaft ('community') and the latter by the German term Gesellschaft ('society'; Tonnies, 1887/1957). A review of empirical research demonstrates that, through adaptive processes, movement of any ecological variable in a Gesellschaft direction shifts cultural values in an individualistic direction and developmental pathways toward more independent social behavior and more abstract cognition--to give a few examples of the myriad behaviors that respond to these sociodemographic changes. In contrast, the (much less frequent) movement of any ecological variable in a Gemeinschaft direction is predicted to move cultural values and developmental pathways in the opposite direction. In conclusion, sociocultural environments are not static either in the developed or the developing world and therefore must be treated dynamically in developmental research. Keywords: social change, culture, cognitive development, social development, learning

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00415.x Byline: Jungsik Kim (a2) Abstract: Focusing on the subjective perception of scope, pace, and evaluation of social change, this study investigated how social change is related to psychological well-being. A theoretical model based on the transactional model of stress was built and tested with the data drawn from Korea using structural equation modeling. The results illustrate that the perceived scope and pace of social change were negatively related to psychological well-being through the mediation of the evaluation of social change, which also mediated the relationship between coping resources and psychological well-being. Coping resources also buffered the influence of perceived social change on psychological well-being. The findings suggest that the subjective perception of social change is a crucial stress factor in understanding psychological well-being. Author Affiliation: (a)College of Business AdministrationKwangwoon UniversitySeoul, South Korea Article note: (2) Jungsik Kim, College of Business Administration, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea. E-mail: Kim.Jungsik@kw.ac.kr

When we consider the social and political disarray of the moment, we are forced to recognize how hard it is, in periods of crisis, to clarify the changes taking place. [...]

This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.

A multilevel view of social change is presented in which socially responsible organizations, society, and high-hope individuals interact in support of hopefulness--thereby leveling the playing field. Suggestions are made about future research and the roles of organizations and society in eliciting hope in organizational and societal cultures. KEY WORDS: corporate social, hope, leveling, managing diversity, playing field

American society has witnessed a clear ideological shift to less traditional, more egalitarian gender attitudes. In this paper we draw on Mannheim's theory of social change and examine forerunners of the change: men and women who are much less traditional than their parents' generation and their own generation. Specifically we explore how forerunner parents and children's own contemporary experiences shape the probability that the children will become forerunners and agents of change. Drawing on interview data from a national longitudinal study of parents and their offspring, we find that contemporary experiential factors are more important for forerunner socialization of daughters, whereas parents' forerunner status underlies sons' becoming forerunners. We argue that these sex differences in socialization effects explain in part why men's gender ideology and behaviors lag behind those of women.

In Greenland, the rapid sociocultural change of the last 50 years has been paralleled by an epidemiological transition characterized by a reduction in infectious diseases, an increase in cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and an increased prevalence of mental health problems. During 1993-94 and 1997-98, two health interview surveys were conducted among Inuit in Greenland and Inuit migrants in Denmark. The response rates were 71 and 55%. Information on mental health was obtained from 1388 and 1769 adults. As indicators of mental health, the prevalence of potential psychiatric cases according to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the prevalence of suicidal thoughts were studied in relation to childhood residence and father's occupation, current residence, and language. The statistical methods included logistic regression and graphical independence models. The results indicated a U-shaped association in Greenland of GHQ-cases with age and a high prevalence of suicidal thoughts among young people; a low prevalence of GHQ-cases among those who were bilingual or spoke only Danish; and a high prevalence of suicidal thoughts among migrants who grew up in Denmark and among residents of the capital of Greenland. In Greenland, women were more often GHQ-cases and had suicidal thoughts more often than men. The association between language and GHQ-cases is presumed to operate through socioeconomic factors. It is necessary to modify the common notion that rapid societal development is in itself a cause of poor mental health: as a result of successful integration into the modern Greenlandic society, some population groups have better mental health compared to other groups. Keywords: Sociocultural change; Language; Urbanization; Mental health; Inuit; Greenland

Five studies showed that Chinese and Americans perceive change differently. Chinese anticipated more changes from an initial state than Americans did. When events were changing in a particular direction, Chinese were more likely than Americans to predict change in the direction of change. Moreover, for patterns with changing slopes, Chinese predicted greater change in the way slopes changed, in comparison to Americans. In addition, people who predicted change were perceived as wise by Chinese more than by Americans. Implications for social attribution, tolerance for contradiction, persistence on tasks, and the illusion of control are discussed.

The author describes how time and social change distorts the memory. Topics include sentiment, history, and life.

Dynamic stereotypes characterize social groups that are thought to have changed from the attributes they manifested in the past and even to continue to change in the future. According to social role theory's assumption that the role behavior of group members shapes their stereotype, groups should have dynamic stereotypes to the extent that their typical social roles are perceived to change over time. Applied to men and women, this theory makes two predictions about perceived change: (a) perceivers should think that sex differences are eroding because of increasing similarity of the roles of men and women and (b) the female stereotype should be particularly dynamic because of greater change in the roles of women than of men. This theory was tested and confirmed in five experiments that examined perceptions of the roles and the personality, cognitive, and physical attributes of men and women of the past, present, and future.

The relationship between extreme social change and the psychological adjustment of adolescents undergoing such change was examined. The impact of extreme social change relative to other conditions of catastrophic social disorganization such as chronic social conflict and violent war-like conditions was also considered. The results indicate that Bedouin adolescents in Israel, members of a community that has experienced drastic social upheaval, show elevated rates of psychopathology. Comparisons of Bedouin adolescents to Palestinian adolescents from the West Bank and Gaza suggest that for older adolescents the impact of extreme social change on mental health adjustment generally parallels that of both chronic social conflict (West Bank) and that of violent war-like conditions (Gaza). However, this pattern did not hold for younger adolescents. In the Bedouin community, younger adolescents demonstrated significantly less adverse impact on adjustment than older adolescents, while such differences did not hold in the West Bank and Gaza. Thus the findings suggest a continuum of adverse impact of the types of social disorganization examined and a possible interaction between type of social disorganization and organismic variables such as age and gender.

Passive empathy invoked by literary works is an inadequate vehicle for social change, as it does not foster the necessary feelings of responsibility within the reader. Testimonial reading of literary works produces semiotics of empathy, or the emphasizing of social hierarchies and power. This produces an awareness on the part of the reader not present in passive empathetic readings, which can then encourage social change.

Two replication studies test in Canada a field theory of the effect of consciousness on social change. The exogenous variable is the number of participants in the largest North American group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program, in Iowa. The first study indicated a significant reduction in violent deaths (homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle fatalities), using both time series intervention analysis and transfer function analysis methods, in weeks following change in the exogenous variable during the period 1983 to 1985. The second study, using time series intervention analysis, gave during and after intervention periods a significant improvement in quality of life on an index composed of the behavioral variables available on a monthly basis for Canada from 1972 to 1986 - homicide, suicide, motor vehicle fatalities, cigarette consumption, and workers' days lost due to strikes. Implications of the findings for theory and social policy are noted briefly.

Organized psychology increasingly seeks to promote human welfare through appellate court briefs, legislative advocacy, and other means consistent with an emerging psychological jurisprudence that directs legal attention to fundamental psychological values such as dignity, privacy, justice, equality, and autonomy. It is suggested that this well-meaning liberal agenda is wedded to a legal status quo that prevents significant social change through coercion, a focus on procedural rather than substantive justice, and the myth of legal legitimacy. Co-optation inevitably prevents psychologists from advocating a radical psychology of the left in keeping with the values identified by the emerging paradigm. Psychologists interested in law should seek to identify aspects of law and society that hinder optimal well-being, arouse dissatisfaction with such conditions, and assist social movements seeking to overcome legal impediments to social change.

Conflict can damage relationships, but it can also be healthy and conducive to positive change. How does conflict affect you? As noted attorney and TED speaker Jonathan Marks has observed, [...]

LIFE COURSE studies are a flourishing enterprise across the social sciences and humanities, particularly since the 1960s, but the historical roots of this work extend back at least to the turn of the century (Elder 1985; Sorensen et al. 1986). The new era is distinguished by a rapidly growing number of longitudinal samples as well as by innovative techniques for collecting and analyzing life histories. Most distinctive of the new work is its consciousness of the interplay between lives and times. To understand life trajectories one must consider the social changes underway. The events, continuities, and transformations of a changing world shape the pathways of aging. This research explores the long-term consequences of one era of social change in particular (World War II and the preceding decade of hard times) for the life experiences and career achievements of men who lived through that period. Using the data archives of the oldest longitudinal study still active in the United States (Terman 1925), we assess the career achievements of the men (born 1904-1917) in relation to cohort membership, social origins, and wartime mobilization. Through different opportunities, resources, and support, the life stage of these men in the 1930s and 40s shaped the distinctive impact of historical circumstances on their accomplishments. All of the men are members of the Stanford-Terman study, which began in 1922 with more than 800 males and has continued across 11 additional data waves up to 1986.

ABSTRACT. This study presents data on 280 Saudi Arabian university students regarding their perception of and concern about sociocultural changes in their society and compares their scores on these variables with their responses on psychopathology measures. Subjects were administered an interview schedule evaluating perception of and concern (upset or not upset) about sociocultural changes, the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1965) the Depression Symptomatology Scale (Schwab, 1974; Schwab, Holzer, Warheit, & Schwab, 1981), and the Symptom Inventory, a measure devised for this study. The results showed that (a) substantial numbers of subjects were aware of the social and cultural transformations in Saudi Arabia, (b) depressive and psychopathological symptoms were reported by extremely higher proportions of Saudis than usually reported in other societies, and (c) higher levels of concern about sociocultural changes obtained the lowest depression scores, indicating that those not upset by social transformation were generally not depressed.

The contrasting performances of individual and corporate invention are analyzed from a long-term perspective, by exploring, first, the process of resource allocation to invention. Experiential learning, experimentation, and uncertainty are assumed to be important micro-level characteristics of inventive processes, and are incorporated in a basic learning model of resource allocation and performance. Decision-making behavior in adaptive systems, derived from the work of Simon (1955, 1962), provides a link between the scientific system's microlevel perspective and its macro effects on long-term socioeconomic patterns of change and stability. The process of invention is then related to the macrosocietal innovative capacity, by analyzing inventive performance over a 106-year period (1880-1986) with U.S. invention patent data. Fluctuations in the age distribution of patents, or age cycles, provide insights on the temporal structure of the societal innovative capacity, and help predict its fluctuations. The relationships between innovative capacity, individual and corporate invention, and long-term socioeconomic trends are then explored statistically. The societal innovative capacity and, more significantly, corporate invention, explain a substantial proportion of long-term changes in net national income. Despite the importance of corporate inventive performance, the relationship between corporate invention and national income carries greater potential risk, however. National income trends are found to be important statistical predictors of new annual corporate inventive output, exposing the latter's potential vulnerability to major economic crises.

THIS paper is an attempt to integrate the available research, clinical data and literary information concerning the developmental experiences of the New Zealand Maori. The Maori developmental pattern in the traditional society is compared with that of the Caucasian, mostly Anglo-Saxon, New Zealander (Pakeha), highlighting the contrasting elements while at the same time accomodating considerable overlap between the two postulated developmental patterns. The Maori personality development is seen as being characterized by an indulgent and permissive infancy, a withdrawal of this succorance during chilhood, which is characterized by prominent peer-orientation, and a reintegration into adult society during adolescence with gradual maturationof social roles subsequently. The disruption of this patern as a result of urbanization and Westernization is discussed, along with its adverse consequences. The recent initiatves by the Maori community to preserve the old traditions take the developmental issues into consideration, and although it is too early to judge their success or otherwise, they look quite promising.

Relations were examined among family social status, learning environments, individual characteristics, and young adults' interest in new ideas. Data were collected from 19 yr.-old Australians (4,609 females and 4,174 males), as part of a longitudinal investigation. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the predictors combined to have a small association with young adults' interest in new ideas.

A study experimentally examined the effect of a school-based emancipatory intervention on the psychological and behavioral well-being of African American adolescents. The findings demonstrated that the intervention affected participants in a number of positive ways compared with youth in the control group and was effective in improving African American student participant's communal orientation, school connectedness, motivation to achieve and overall social change involvement.

Across two meta-analyses, American women's assertiveness rose and fell with their social status from 1931 to 1993. College women and high school girls' self-reports on assertiveness and dominance scales increased from 1931 to 1945, decreased from 1946 to 1967, and increased from 1968 to 1993, explaining about 14% of the variance in the trait. Women's scores have increased enough that many recent samples show no sex differences in assertiveness. Correlations with social indicators (e.g., women's educational attainment, women's median age at first marriage) confirm that women's assertiveness varies with their status and roles. Social change is thus internalized in the form of a personality trait. Men's scores do not demonstrate a significant birth cohort effect overall. The results suggest that the changing sociocultural environment for women affected their personalities, most likely beginning in childhood.

MIRA CUDINA [*] JOSIP OBRADOVIC [**] INTRODUCTION In an effort to summarise research results on the impact of parental marriage stability on the emotional well-being of children, some meta-analytic papers […]

Objectives: This paper proposes guidelines to both parents and professionals for the prevention and reduction of risk associated with cultural differences, conflicts and misinterpretations. These guidelines are based on a conceptual framework derived from the multicultural reality of Israeli society and are supported by a growing corpus of studies on cross-cultural child development, immigration and minority families. Method: The paper is based on a conceptual model followed by practical implications for training and intervention. Results: Central to this paper is the concept of the 'adaptive adult' which serves as a guiding metaphor for the organization of socialization goals, child-rearing ideologies, perceptions and values of socializing agents in a given culture or group. Childcare practices are defined as adaptive strategies, that is, means for socializing children to become 'successful adults.' The paper describes different types of 'adaptive adult' metaphor (e.g., past and future oriented), and discusses images held by groups who have experienced either a duality of private and public culture or changes in their cultural contexts. The paper further explores and exemplifies the potential contributions of the proposed framework for a five step intervention plan with parents and for training of professionals in multicultural contexts. Conclusions: Children of families in changing cultural contexts are often considered to be at risk for maltreatment. This is because such families may experience sociocultural and socioeconomic change and a loss of their former support networks. Parental acculturation stress and related dysfunction might also affect children. The risk increases when children are exposed to systems with conflicting socialization goals and with contradictory definitions of desirable child-care or supervision frameworks. Conflicts and clashes between parents and socializing agents have been found to have long-term detrimental effects on children and families. Cultural differences may also result in misinterpretation of parental behaviors and misdiagnosis of abuse and neglect. Such conflicts and misinterpretations can be avoided if both parents and social agents learn to understand and to respect their cultural differences, so that together, they can devise ways to bridge them. [C] 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cultural change; Risk; Prevention and intervention; 'Adaptive adult'

In a comparative analysis of Poland and Ukraine, we extend the often-confirmed hypothesis that the substantive complexity of work in paid employment substantially affects (and is affected by) fundamental dimensions of personality. The extended hypothesis encompasses not only the complexity of work, whether in paid employment or in the household, but even the complexity of activities of the unemployed and pensioners. We hypothesize that the complexity of activities in any important realm of life is substantially related to personality. We test this hypothesis under conditions that pose a particularly exacting test--conditions of radical social change. We find that complexity of activities in all these realms is substantially and significantly related to intellectual flexibility, self-directedness of orientation, and a sense of well-being or distress for both men and women. The consonance of these findings with those of earlier longitudinal and simulated longitudinal analyses of the complexity of work and personality strongly implies that the relationships of the complexity of activities and personality are similarly reciprocal, even if the activities are not ordinarily thought of as 'work.'