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Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets and adhesive properties of bonded irradiated and non-irradiated teeth. Methods: Sixty-six extracted premolar samples were randomly divided into three groups—(a) Control group consisting of 22 non-irradiated, non-aged teeth (Group 1), (b) 22 non-irradiated, aged samples (Group 2) and (c) 22 irradiated, aged samples (Group 3). Irradiation was done using gamma irradiation with a fractionated dose of 60 Gy for 5 consecutive days per week over 6 weeks. Metal brackets were bonded on all samples with light cure adhesive and subjected to SBS test using universal testing machine. The samples were assessed under the scanning electron microscope to check for the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and tag depth. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean SBS of the irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated teeth. The non-irradiated, aged samples showed a majority of ARI scoring 1 and 2. Whereas, the irradiated samples showed ARI scoring 2 and 3. Approximately, 77·3% of the non-irradiated samples showed no adhesive present on the tooth surface, and 27·2% of the irradiated samples had more than 50% adhesive present on the enamel surface. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant decrease in SBS of irradiated enamel compared to that of non-irradiated teeth. However, the SBS observed in the three groups was well above the ideal SBS for orthodontic bonding, that is, 5·6–6·8 MPa. The adhesive remnant was found on all samples of the irradiated group. Deeper adhesive resin tags were found in the irradiated group in the resin–enamel interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Orthodontic treatment is aimed at achieving good facial aesthetic and occlusion. Proportioned soft tissue contours form an integral part of orthodontic treatment. It is important to establish standard cephalometric norms for various population groups. The present study was aimed to establish soft tissue norms (for Orthognathic surgery) for South Indian population and to compare the values with that of Caucasian standards. Materials and methods: 50 South Indian subjects comprising of 25 males and 25 females in the age group of 18-30 years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria who were subjected to lateral cephalometric radiographic analysis. Soft tissue parameters were analysed in the study group and compared with the Caucasian group based on Burstone and Legan analysis. Results: South Indian population showed increased lower face protrusion, lower lip protrusion, upper lip protrusion and deep mentolabial sulcus in both males and females when compared to Caucasian population. An increased lower face-throat angle was seen in South Indian males. Diverse results were also seen in some other soft tissue parameters. Conclusion and clinical significance: The current study shows that certain soft tissue cephalometric parameters in South Indian population are significantly different from the Caucasian population in both males and females. The differences in both racial groups are clearly evident in the study and can thus be of utmost clinical importance while planning out orthognathic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the changes in maxillary and mandibular third molar inclinations in individuals with class II div 1 malocclusion, before and after orthodontic treatment with extraction of all four first premolars. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study consisted of the pretreatment and posttreatment records of 30 patients that were obtained from the archives of the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics in A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences. The maxillary third molar’s relation to the palatal plane and the mandibular third molar’s relation to the mandibular plane were measured. The paired t test was used to calculate pre- and posttreatment changes. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The maxillary third molars showed a mean correction of 6.15° (P < 0.001) and the mandibular third molars showed a mean correction of 5.10° (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Maxillary third molars showed more uprighting when compared to the mandibular third molars and that both maxillary and mandibular third molars showed an improvement in their angulations to their respective planes after extraction of the first premolars. However, the results of the study cannot be analyzed to state if the third molars do become fully functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed evaluate the structural morphology of palatal rugae in Kerala orthodontic subjects with varying Sagittal Skeletal Malocclusions. Pretreatment maxillary casts of 105 patients were analyzed for rugae patterns qualitatively and quantitatively using modified Thomas and Kotze classification. The data were statistically analyzed. According to the Fishers exact test, the most common type of rugae pattern in all the groups (Class I, Class II, and Class III) were observed to be wavy followed by curved. Skeletal Class III had the highest number of straight rugae 71.4% among the three groups which was statistically significant. Direction of rugal alignment was horizontal and droplet-shaped incisive papilla was identified among different skeletal dysplasia groups. Palatal ruage may serve as valuable indicators for population identification and help in facial reconstructions through their association with varying skeletal malocclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The introduction of intraosseous screws as temporary orthodontic anchorage devices has proved successful in achieving sufficient molar distalization without major anchorage loss in Class II malocclusions. Bone-anchored pendulum appliance is used to obtain an effective and compliance-free molar distalization without anchorage loss. Aims And Objectives: This prospective study was designed to evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects produced by 2 types of pendulum appliance with different anchorage modalities - the Bone anchored pendulum appliance (BAPA) and Conventional pendulum appliance (CPA) in subjects with Angle's Classl I malocclusion. Materialsand Methods: BAPAgroup consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.4±1.5years. The CPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.6±1.1 years. Lateral cephalograms & dental casts were obtained at pre-treatment stage& after achieving Class I molar relation. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, soft tissue measurements and dental cast measurement were recorded & compared between the groups. Results and Conclusions: Successful distalization was achieved in both groups in a mean period of 6.2 months for BAPA and 5.2 months for CPA. It was concluded that, both theBAPA and CPA were effective for the distalization of maxillary molars. Though the distal molar movements obtained were similar between the BAPA and the CPA groups, anchorage loss was observed with the CPA in the form of premolar mesialization& incisor proclination, whereas absence of anchorage loss, significant spontaneous distal premolar movement, and distal incisor movement was observed with the BAPA, making it a viable choice compared to the CPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses iatrogenics in orthodontics. Some possible complications related to orthodontic treatment include decalficiation, enamel wear, and enamel fracture. Orthodontic treatment can reportedly improve mastication, appearance, and overall health, among others. Careful patient selection and good cooperation and understanding between all parties are said to be needed to minimize tissue damage.

Background: Dental practitioners are likely to come across patients who underwent radiotherapy, owing to the increasing survival rates with the advancing diagnostic and treatment modalities. Orthodontic intervention when the patient is in good health also becomes a necessity. Aim and objectives: Comparing the changes in shear bond strength of the adhesive used for bonding metal brackets pre and post irradiation. Material and methods: 50 premolars extracted as a part of orthodontic treatment, was obtained. The samples o were kept in artificial saliva at 37 °C. The study consisted of 2 groups (n=25). 25 samples from group 2 were subjected to x-ray irradiation of 60 Gy over a period of 6 weeks. The specimens from both the groups were bonded with metal brackets using Transbond XT (3m unitek, USA) light cure adhesive. The Shear bond strength test was conducted with the help of instron machine. The results were compared using students t-test. Result and conclusion: The results showed that the shear bond strength of the metal brackets is higher in the non-irradiated group when compared to that of the radiated group. The result is statistically significant as per students T- test (p<0.001 vhs). The study infers that there is a significant reduction in the shear bond strength of irradiated teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a product in the manufacture of Bis-GMA, which is commonly used in dentistry, and is known to have a number of adverse effects., Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice based on exposure and handling of BPA containing materials among dental surgeons for better understanding about the level of care rendered to the patients., Material and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 400 dental surgeons in Southern India. The questionnaire consisted of 20 objective type questions out of which ten questions assessed knowledge and five questions assessed the attitude and five questions to understand the practice related measures taken by the dentist. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 23., Results: A total of 402 responses were collected for this online questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months. It was found that females showed higher knowledge and attitude towards exposure to BPA which was statistically significant when compared to males. It showed that dentists with more than 20 years of practice had a higher level of knowledge. Though most of the groups agreed fairly on safety practice to be undertaken related to BPA exposure in their clinics, the ones with experience more than 20 years displayed the least positive attitude and dentists with 6-10 years of practice had the least positive behaviour among all., Conclusions: In spite of having a good knowledge regarding the harmful effects of BPA, dental surgeons are not very cautious while using materials containing them on a regular basis. Therefore, there is a need to enhance the awareness with the help of Continuing Dental Education programs or proper instructions on the packaging., Competing Interests: None, (© Copyright by the National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute.)

Aim and Background: Dental practice is blooming in India with many conventional and advanced setups providing orthodontic services. Orthodontics as a specialty has come to the forefront, as awareness of orthodontic therapy has increased. It is important to classify any health practice to understand, compare, and research the implications of various organizational setups in the country. It should possess the ability to chart the similarities and distinctions between different setups for ease of communication and patient awareness. Presently, there is no defined system that classifies the type of orthodontic practice in the country. Lack of any classification of the organizational setups makes it impossible to categorize or compare the various setups for research purpose, recognition of the dental personnel and facilities provided. This article aims to propose a simple 3-stage classification to orthodontic practices in India., Technique: Three-stage classification of orthodontic practice in group, type, and subtype gives a comprehensive coverage to all types of orthodontic setups in India. The group explains the center in three levels based on the armamentarium and services provided. The type explains the center in five levels based on ownership and scope of providing care. Finally, the subtype explains the availability and qualification of the operating personnel., Conclusion and Significance: This classification aims to provide a tool for communication and recording the levels of orthodontic care possible at any given center. It also facilitates continued study of its impact on practice efficacy and patient awareness., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)